Cadmium stress in barley seedlings: Accumulation, growth, anatomy and physiology

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 204 - 223, 15.08.2021

İbrahim İlker Özyiğit , Aizada Abakirova Aslı Hocaoğlu-özyiğit , Gülbübü Kurmanbekova , Kadyrbay Chekirov , Bestenur Yalçın , İbrahim Ertuğrul Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.833611

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Heavy metal stress has marked effects on some growth parameters, physiology, anatomy, and genetics of plants. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic one and effects living organisms at even low concentrations. The presence of Cd in air, water and soil and its accumulation in plants create significant negations such as cancer, renal failure, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases in humans when taken from direct and indirect ways. The defense mechanism of the plants which is responsible from stress tolerance can be investigated to improve crop yield under Cd stress. Numerous studies have shown negative effects in plants exposed to Cd. Therefore, in this study, 0 (for control), 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM (for experimental groups) CdCl2 were applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants and some growth, development, physiological and anatomical parameters were measured. As a result, it has been observed that barley plants can manage stress in terms of some parameters under low Cd stress conditions, however, they are negatively affected at all Cd concentrations to a certain extent. In addition, it was observed that barley plants were adversely affected by high levels of Cd stress, although they maintained their vitality throughout the experiment.

Keywords

Hordeum vulgare L., stomata, chlorophyll, toxicity, Poaceae, ICP-OES

References

• Khafaga, A. F., et al., The potential modulatory role of herbal additives against Cd toxicity in human, animal, and poultry: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019. 26(5): p. 4588-4604.
• Genchi, G., et al., The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020. 17(11): p. 3782.
• Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A. and B. N. Genc, Cadmium in plants, humans and the environment. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 2020. 1(1): p. 12-21.
• Khan, S., et al., Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2010. 73: p. 1820-1827.
• Liu, J., et al., Silicon attenuates cadmium toxicity in Solanum nigrum L. by reducing cadmium uptake and oxidative stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2013. 68: p. 1-7.
• Liu, Y., et al., High cadmium concentration in soil in the Three Gorges region: geogenic source and potential bioavailability. Applied Geochemistry, 2013. 37: p. 149-156.
• Naeem, A., et al., Cadmium-Induced Imbalance in Nutrient and Water Uptake by Plants, in Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, M. Hasanuzzaman, M. N. V. Prasad, M. Fujita, Editors. 2019, Academic Press. p. 299-326.
• Bi, X., et al., Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County, western Guizhou, China. Environment International, 2006. 32: p. 883-890.
• Cloquet, C., et al., Tracing source pollution in soils using cadmium and lead isotopes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006. 40: p. 2525-2530.
• Tamaddon, F. and W. Hogland, Review of cadmium in plastic waste in Sweden. Waste Management & Research, 1993. 11(4): p. 287-295.
• Khan, A., et al., Toxic metal interactions affect the bioaccumulation and dietary intake of macro- and micro-nutrients. Chemosphere, 2016a. 146: p. 121-128.
• Greenwood, N. N. and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements. 2001, Oxford, UK, Butterworth Heinemann.
• Smolders, E. and J. Mertens, Cadmium, in: Heavy Metals in Soils, B. J. Alloway, Editor. 2013, Springer, The Netherlands. p. 283-311.
• Siedlecka, A. Some aspects of interactions between heavy metals and plant mineral nutrients. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1995. 64(3): p. 265-272.
• di Toppi, L. S. and R. Gabbrielli, Response to cadmium in higher plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 1999. 41: p. 105-130.
• Lux, A., et al., Root responses to cadmium in the rhizosphere: a review. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011. 62: p. 21-37.
• Peralta-Videa, J. R., et al., The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: implications for the food chain. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2009. 41: p. 1665-1677.
• Mclaughlin, M. J., et al., Uptake of Metals from Soil into Vegetables, in Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory Towards Practical Application, F. A. Swartjes, Editor. 2011, Springer, Dordrecht. p. 325-367.
• Swartjes, F. A. and C. Cornelis, Human Health Risk Assessment, in Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory towards Practical Application, F. A. Swartjes, Editor. 2011, Springer, p. 209-259.
• WHO, World Health Organization. “Fifty-Third Report of The Joint Fao/Who Expert Committee on Food Additives”, Who Technical Re-port Series 896, Genova, Switzerland. 2000.
• Gill, S. S., N. A. Khan, and N. Tuteja, Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Plant Science, 2012. 182: p. 112-120.
• Ozyigit, I. I., et al., Detection of physiological and genotoxic damages reflecting toxicity in kalanchoe clones. Global Nest Journal, 2016. 18: p. 223-232.
• White, P. J. and P. Pongrac, Heavy-metal toxicity in plants. Plant Stress Physiology, 2017. 2(5): p. 300.
• Huybrechts, M., et al., Cadmium and plant development: An agony from seed to seed. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019. 20(16): p. 3971.
• Liu, H., et al., Cadmium toxicity reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron addition during primary reaction of photosynthesis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020. 200: p. 110746.
• Wang, M., et al., Cadmium accumulation and its effects on metal uptake in maize (Zea mays L.). Bioresource Technology, 2007. 98(1): p. 82-88.
• Nedjimi, B. and Y. Daoud, Cadmium accumulation in Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii and its influence on growth, proline, root hydraulic conductivity and nutrient uptake. Flora, 2009. 204(4): p. 316-324.
• Santos, F. M., et al., Inhibition effect of zinc, cadmium, and nickel ions in microalgal growth and nutrient uptake from water: An experimental approach. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019. 366: p. 358-367.
• Mikiciuk, M. and M. Rokosa, Effects of lead and cadmium ions on water balance parameters and content of photosynthetic pigments of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosk ex Link.). Annales UMCS sectio E Agricultura, 2018. 73(3): p. 5-13.
• Sfaxi-Bousbih, A., A. Chaoui, and E. El Ferjani, Cadmium impairs mineral and carbohydrate mobilization during the germination of bean seeds. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2010. 73(6): p. 1123-1129.
• Alyemeni, M. N., et al., Selenium mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants by modulating chlorophyll fluorescence, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant system. Protoplasma, 2018. 255(2): p. 459-469.
• Hendrix, S., et al., Cell cycle regulation in different leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under control and cadmium-exposed conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2018.155: p. 441-452.
• Hussain, A., et al., Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plants to Cadmium Toxicity, in Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, M. Hasanuzzaman, M. N. V. Prasad, M. Fujita, Editors. 2019, Academic Press. p. 47-72.
• Wei, R., et al., Fractionation of stable cadmium isotopes in the cadmium tolerant Ricinus communis and hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum. Scientific Reports, 2016. 6(1): p.1-9.
• Rehman, M. Z. U., et al., Effect of limestone, lignite and biochar applied alone and combined on cadmium uptake in wheat and rice under rotation in an effluent irrigated field. Environmental Pollution, 2017. 227: p. 560-568.
• Clemens, S., Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Biochimie, 2006. 88(11): p. 1707-1719.
• Salt, D. E., et al., Mechanism of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian mustard. Plant Physiology, 1995. 109: p. 1427-1433.
• Hentz, S., et al., Cadmium uptake growth and phytochelatin contents of Triticum aestivum in response to various concentrations of cadmium. World Environment, 2012. 2: p. 44-50.
• Wei, S., et al., Hyperaccumulative property of Solanum nigrum L. to Cd explored from cell membrane permeability, subcellular distribution, and chemical form. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014. 14: p. 558-566.
• Rizwan, M., et al., Cadmium minimization in wheat: a critical review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2016. 130: p. 43-53.
• Hart, J. J., et al., Transport interactions between cadmium and zinc in roots of bread and durum wheat seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 2002. 116: p. 73-78.
• Tudoreanu, L. and C. J. C. Phillips, Modeling cadmium uptake and accumulation in plants. Advances in Agronomy, 2001. 84: p. 121-157.
• Seregin, I.V., L. K. Shpigun, and V. B. Ivanov, Distribution and toxic effects of cadmium and lead on maize roots. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004. 51: p. 525-533.
• Nakanishi, H., et al., Iron deficiency enhances cadmium uptake and translocation mediated by the Fe2+ transporters OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in rice. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2006. 52: p. 464-469.
• Akhtar, T., et al., Photosynthesis and growth response of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids exposed to cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017. 24(6): p. 5521-5529.
• Rizwan, M., et al., Use of maize (Zea mays L.) for phytomanagement of Cd contaminated soils: a critical review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2016. 39(2): p. 259-277.
• Rizwan, M., et al., Phytomanagement of heavy metals in contaminated soils using sunflower: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2016. 46(18): p. 1498-1528.
• Karahan, F., et al., Heavy metal levels and mineral nutrient status in different parts of various medicinal plants collected from eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Biological Trace Element Research, 2020, 197(1): p. 316-329.
• Cobbett, C. S. and P. Golsbrough, Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metals detoxification and homeostasis. Annual Reviews of Plant Biology, 2002. 53: p. 159-182.
• Yousefi, Z., et al., Effect of cadmium on morphometric traits, antioxidant enzyme activity and phytochelatin synthase gene expression (SoPCS) of Saccharum officinarum var. cp48-103 in vitro. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018. 157: p. 472-481.
• Höfgen, R., et al., Manipulation of thiol contents in plants. Amino Acids, 2001. 20: p. 291-299.
• Brunetti, P., et al., Cadmium tolerance and phytochelatin content of Arabidopsis seedlings over-expressing the phytochelatin synthase gene AtPCS1. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011. 62(15): p. 5509-5519.
• Rauser, W. E., Roots of maize seedlings retain most of their cadmium through two complexes. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2000. 156: p. 545-555.
• Figueira, E.R., et al., Efficiency of cadmium chelation by phytochelatins in Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W. Smith. Ecotoxicology, 2014. 23: p. 285-292.
• Terzi, H. and M. Yildiz, Ağır metaller ve fitoremediasyon: fizyolojik ve moleküler mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2011. 11(1): p. 1-22.
• Gozukirmizi, N. and E. Karlik, Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) improvement past, present and future. Brewing Technology, 2017. p. 49-78.
• USDA, 2020, https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/Default.aspx?id=KG
• Severoglu, Z., et al., The usability of Juniperus virginiana L. as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Bishkek City, Kyrgyzstan. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 2015. 29(6): p. 1104-1112.
• Ozyigit, I. I., et al., Heavy metal levels and mineral nutrient status of natural walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations in Kyrgyzstan: nutritional values of kernels. Biological Trace Element Research, 2019. 189(1): p. 277-290.
• Can, H., et al., Environment based impairment in mineral nutrient status and heavy metal contents of commonly consumed leafy vegetables marketed in Kyrgyzstan: A case study for health risk assessment. Biological Trace Element Research, 2020. p. 1-22.
• Hoagland, D. R. and D. I. Arnon, The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular. California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1950. 347(2nd edit).
• Fotiadis, E. and P. C. Lolas, Phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil through certain weed and crop species. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2011. 1: p. 811-817.
• Zhang, X., et al., Potential of four forage grasses in remediation of Cd and Zn contaminated soils. Bioresource Technology, 2010. 101(6): p. 2063-2066.
• Vaculik, M., et al., Root anatomy and element distribution vary between two Salix caprea isolates with different Cd accumulation capacities. Environmental Pollution, 2012. 163: p. 117-126.
• Hernandez-Allica, J., J. M. Becerril, and C. Garbisu, Assessment of the phytoextraction potential of high biomass crop plants. Environmental Pollution, 2008. 152(1): p. 32-40.
• Di Baccio, D., et al., Early responses to cadmium of two poplar clones that differ in stress tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2014. 171(18): p. 1693-1705.
• Podazza, G., M. Arias, and F. E. Prado, Cadmium accumulation and strategies to avoid its toxicity in roots of the citrus rootstock Citrumelo. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012. 215: p. 83-89.
• Shah, K., et al., Cadmium-Induced Anatomical Abnormalities in Plants, in Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, M. Hasanuzzaman, M. N. V. Prasad, M. Fujita, Editors. 2019, Academic Press. p. 111-139.
• Liu, C., et al., Effects of cadmium and salicylic acid on growth, spectral reflectance and photosynthesis of castor bean seedlings. Plant and Soil, 2011. 344: p.131-141.
• Yilmaz, D. D. and K. U. Parlak, Changes in proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in Groenlandia densa under cadmium stress. Ecological Indicators, 2011. 11: p. 417-423.
• Xu, D., et al., Effect of cadmium on the physiological parameters and the subcellular cadmium localization in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2013. 97: p. 147-153.
• Khan, M. I. R., et al., Selenium and sulfur influence ethylene formation and alleviate cadmium-induced oxidative stress by improving proline and glutathione production in wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2015. 173: p. 9-18.
• Li, F. T., et al., Effect of cadmium stress on the growth, antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in two kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) plant seedlings. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2013. 12: p. 610-620.
• Ehsan, S., et al., Citric acid assisted phytoremediation of cadmium by Brassica napus L. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014. 106: p. 164-172.
• Kopernická, M., et al., Bioaccumulation of cadmium by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its effect on selected physiological and morphological parameters. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 2016. 10(1): p. 100-106.
• Kilic, S. and M. Kilic, Effects of cadmium-induced stress on essential oil production, morphology and physiology of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2017. 15(3): p. 1653-1669.
• Peco, J. D., et al., Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020. 201: 110784.
• Mukhtar, N., et al., Modifications in stomatal structure and function in Cenchrus ciliaris L. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. in response to cadmium stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2013. 45(2): p. 351-357.
• Ahmad, S. H., et al., Morpho-anatomical responses of Trigonella foenum graecum Linn. to induced cadmium and lead stress. Journal of Plant Biology, 2005. 48(1): p. 64-84.
• Khudsar, T. and M. Iqbal, Cadmium-induced changes in leaf epidermis, photosynthetic rate and pigment concentrations in Cajanus cajan. Biologia Plantarum, 2001. 44(1): p. 59-64.