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100'üncü Yılında Svalbard Antlaşması: Anlaşmazlıklar, Çözüm Önerileri ve Türkiye İçin Fırsatlar

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 307 - 331, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.818828

Abstract

Yeryüzünde herhangi bir toprak parçası üzerindeki egemenlik genellikle alışılagelmiş bir uluslararası hukuk meselesidir. Ancak Svalbard Antlaşması, Svalbard Takımadaları üzerinde farklı ve belirleyici bir özelliğe sahiptir. Svalbard Antlaşması, Norveç’in Svalbard Takımadaları üzerindeki tam ve mutlak egemenliğini vurgularken, askerî faaliyetleri yasaklamakta, Svalbard Takımadaları’nın coğrafî bir sınırlamasını ve tanımlamasını yapmaktadır. Antlaşma; bu Antlaşma’ya taraf olan devletlere Svalbard Takımadaları’nda ve karasularında ticaret ve balıkçılık gibi bazı haklar tanımakta ve Svalbard Takımadaları üzerinde Norveç otoritesinin nasıl uygulayacağı hususunda sınırlamalar getirmektedir. Böylelikle taraf devletler Svalbard Takımadaları’nda yaşayan kendi vatandaşları ve şirketleri adına Norveç tarafından eşit hak talebinde bulunabilmektedir. Svalbard Antlaşması’nda anlaşmazlığa esas teşkil eden konu; ayrımcı olmayan ekonomik erişim hakkının Svalbard Takımadaları’nın karasuları genişliğinin ötesine Norveç egemenliğinin ulaşıp ulaşmadığıyla ilgili olmayıp, bu egemenliğin Svalbard Antlaşması’na göre kısıtlanıp kısıtlanmadığı ile ilgilidir.
Bu makalenin amacı, 100’üncü yılında Svalbard Antlaşması’nın Antlaşma’ya taraf devletlerarasındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözmekte neden yetersiz kaldığını ve Türkiye’nin neden Svalbard Antlaşması’na taraf olmadığını ve neden taraf olması gerektiğini incelemektir.

Thanks

Bu çalışmanın gelişmesine, getirdiği öneri ve düzeltmelerle daha yetkin bir hale gelmesinde önemli katkı sağlayan Prof.Dr. Hasan Berke Dilan’a ve İsviçre örneği fikrini veren Prof.Dr. Heather Exner-Pirot’a çok teşekkür ederim.

References

  • Anderson, Alun, After The Ice Life, Death and Geopolitics in the New Arctic, Smithsonian Books, New York, 2009.
  • Barr, Susan, Norway’s Polar Territories, Engers Boktrykkeri A/S. Otta, 1987.
  • Byers, Michael, International Law and The Arctic, Cambrdige University Press, New York, 2013.
  • Emmerson, Charles, The Future History of The Arctic, Vintage, Great Britain, 2011.
  • Holland, Clive, Arctic Exploration and Development C.500 B.C. to 1915, The Fram Museum, Oslo, 2013.
  • McCannon, John, A History of The Arctic, Nature, Exploration, and Expoloation, Reaktion Books, London, 2012.
  • McGhee, Robert, The Last Imaginary Place A Human History of the Arctic World, Oxford University Press, Kanada, 2005.
  • Nansen, Fridtjof, In Northern Mists, Arthur G. Chater (İngilizce Çev.), Cilt: 1, Ballantyne Press, Londra, 2012.
  • Nansen, Fridtjof, In Northern Mists, Arthur G. Chater (İngilizce Çev.), Cilt: 2, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1911.
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  • Heininen, Lassi, “Küreselleşmenin Etkileri ve Dünya Siyasetinde Kuzey Kutbu’nun Yeri”, Demet Tunçeri (Çev.), Harun Gümrükçü, Natalia Shulgina Şanlı, Selçuk Demirkılınç, Aybüke İnan ve Tamer İlbuğa (Ed.), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı: Çatışmalar, İşbirlikleri ve Ulusal Çıkarlar, Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara, 2015, ss 33-46.
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  • Moe, Arild, “Russian and Norwegian Petroleum Strategies in the Barents Sea”, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, https://Arcticreview.no/index.php/Arctic/article/view/13, (Erişim: 12.08.2018), ss. 225-248.
  • Numminen, Lotta, “A History of Functioning of The Spitsbergen Treaty”, Diana W. Mep ve Stewart Arnold (Ed.), The Spitsbergen Treaty, Multilateral Governance in The Arctic, Arctic Papers, Cilt: 01, https://dianawallis.org.uk/en/document/spitsbergen-treaty-booklet#document, (Erişim: 11.12.2017), ss. 7-20.
  • Scott, B. James, “Arctic Exploration and International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Cilt: 3, No: 4, Ekim 1909, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2186419?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, (Erişim: 27.12.2017), ss. 928-941.
  • USGS, “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of Arctic Circle”, US Geological Survey, 2008, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf, (Erişim: 10.10.2017), ss. 1-4. “Joint Statement on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”,https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ud/vedlegg/folkerett/030427_english_4.pdf, (Erişim: 30.08.2018), ss. 1-3.
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  • “Treaty of 9 February 1920 Relating to Spitsbergen (Svalbard)-Act of 17 July 1925 Relating to Svalbard The Mining Code for Spitsbergen (Svalbard)”, http://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19250717-011-eng.pdf, (Erişim: 12.12.2017), ss. 1-20.
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  • Arctic Council, “Arctic Council Observer Manual For Subsidiary Bodies”, https://oaarchive.Arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/939/EDOCS-3020-v1B-Observer-manual-with-addendum-finalized_Oct2016.PDF?sequence=8&isAllowed=y, (Erişim: 06.01.2018), ss. 1-16.
  • Dilara Zengin, “Türk Bilim İnsanları Rotayı Kuzey Kutbuna Çevirdi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 06 Ağustos 2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/turk-bilim-insanlari-rotayi-kuzey-kutbuna-cevirdi/1550592, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
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  • “Press Release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Message to Norwegian Foreign Minister Ine Eriksen Soreide on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Spitsbergen Treaty”, 04 Şubat 2020, https://www.mid.ru/web/guest/maps/no/-/asset_publisher/f4MKo6byouc4/content/id/4019093?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_f4MKo6byouc4&_101_INSTANCE_f4MKo6byouc4_languageId=en_GB, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
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  • “SH-201 The History of Svalbard, Svalbard in National and International Politics: Problems of Sovereignty and Strategy”, https://www.unis.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SH201Summary09 _2017.pdf, (Erişim: 12.12.2017).
  • Spitsbergen-Svalbard, “The History of Spitsbergen”, https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history.html, (Erişim: 29.01.2018).
  • Spitsbergen-Svalbard, “The Spitsbergen Treaty”, https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html, (Erişim: 04.03.2020).
  • Statistics Norway, “Population of Svalbard”, https://www.ssb.no/en/befsvalbard/, (Erişim: 28.07.2020).
  • Statistics Norway, “Industry statistics for Svalbard”, https://www.ssb.no/en/virksomheter-foretak-og-regnskap/statistikker/sts, (Erişim: 28.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Research Communities”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Barentsburg”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/barentsburg/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Hornsund”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/hornsund/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Longyearbyen”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/longyearbyen/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Ny-Alesund”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/ny-alesund/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • “Treaty Concerning The Archipelago of Spitsbergen, Including Bear Island”, https://verdragenbank.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/004293, (Erişim: 30.01.2018).
  • TBMM, “Geçmiş Dönem Yazılı Sözlü Soru Önergesi Bilgileri”, Dönemi ve Yasama Yılı: 24/4, Esas Numarası: 7/40465, Başkanlığa Geliş Tarihi: 03/03/2014, https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-40465s.pdf, (Erişim: 12.11.2020).
  • Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Denizcilik, Havacılık ve Hudut Genel Müdür Yardımcılığı (DHGY) ile Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Merkezi (CİMER) üzerinden yapılan görüşme, 02 Şubat 2018.

100th Anniversary of Svalbard Treaty: Disputes and Challenges, Opportunities for Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 307 - 331, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.818828

Abstract

Sovereignty over any piece of land on earth is usually a customary matter of international law. However, the Treaty of Svalbard has a distinct and decisive feature over the Svalbard archipelago. The Svalbard Treaty emphasizes Norway’s complete and absolute sovereignty over the Svalbard Archipelago, prohibits military activities, and makes a geographical limitation and definition of the Svalbard Archipelago. The Svalbard Treaty grants the parties to the Treaty some rights, such as trade and fishing in the Svalbard Archipelago and its territorial waters, and limits on how Norwegian authority can exercise over the Svalbard Archipelago. Thus, the states parties can claim equal rights by Norway on behalf of their citizens and companies located in the Svalbard Archipelago. The issue that is the basis for the dispute in the Svalbard Treaty; It is not about whether the non-discriminatory right of economic access has reached Norwegian sovereignty beyond the territorial waters of the Svalbard Archipelago, but whether this sovereignty is restricted according to the Svalbard Treaty.
The aim of this article is to examine why, in its 100th year, the Svalbard Treaty has failed to resolve disputes between states parties to the Treaty and why Turkey is not a party to the Treaty of Svalbard, and why it should be a party.

References

  • Anderson, Alun, After The Ice Life, Death and Geopolitics in the New Arctic, Smithsonian Books, New York, 2009.
  • Barr, Susan, Norway’s Polar Territories, Engers Boktrykkeri A/S. Otta, 1987.
  • Byers, Michael, International Law and The Arctic, Cambrdige University Press, New York, 2013.
  • Emmerson, Charles, The Future History of The Arctic, Vintage, Great Britain, 2011.
  • Holland, Clive, Arctic Exploration and Development C.500 B.C. to 1915, The Fram Museum, Oslo, 2013.
  • McCannon, John, A History of The Arctic, Nature, Exploration, and Expoloation, Reaktion Books, London, 2012.
  • McGhee, Robert, The Last Imaginary Place A Human History of the Arctic World, Oxford University Press, Kanada, 2005.
  • Nansen, Fridtjof, In Northern Mists, Arthur G. Chater (İngilizce Çev.), Cilt: 1, Ballantyne Press, Londra, 2012.
  • Nansen, Fridtjof, In Northern Mists, Arthur G. Chater (İngilizce Çev.), Cilt: 2, Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1911.
  • Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security, “Svalbard”, Meld. St. 32 (2015–2016) Report to The Storting (White Paper), https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/379f96b0ed574503b47765f0a15622ce/en-gb/pdfs/stm201520160032000engpdfs.pdf, (Erişim: 29.01.2018).
  • Barbaros Büyüksağnak, “Svalbard Antlaşması ve Türkiye”, https://drive.google.com/file/d/177BqGZ1DXSrgHlwzi3619P6rQ0U4LT7G/view, (Erişim: 15.05.2019), ss. 1-40.
  • Churchill, Robin ve Ulfstein, Geir, “The Disputed Maritime Zones Around Svalbard”, Myron Nordquist, John Norton Moore ve Tomas H. Heidar (Ed.), Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, Center for Oceans Law and Policy, Cilt: 14, 03 Mayıs 2010, ss. 551-594.
  • Gronning, Ragnhild, “Op-Ed: Need Debate on the Svalbard Treaty”, High North News, 10 Kasım 2017, http://www.highnorthnews.com/op-ed-need-debate-on-the-svalbard-treaty/, (Erişim: 12.02.2018), ss. 1-2.
  • Gümrükçü, Harun, “Ön Söz Yerine: Yüksek Kuzey’e Genel Bir Bakış”, Harun Gümrükçü, Aybüke İnan Şimşek ve Güneş Ersoy (Ed.), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı: Farklı Disiplinler Çok Yönlü Perspektifler, Efil Yayınevi, Ankara, 2016, ss. 1-25.
  • Heininen, Lassi, “Küreselleşmenin Etkileri ve Dünya Siyasetinde Kuzey Kutbu’nun Yeri”, Demet Tunçeri (Çev.), Harun Gümrükçü, Natalia Shulgina Şanlı, Selçuk Demirkılınç, Aybüke İnan ve Tamer İlbuğa (Ed.), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı: Çatışmalar, İşbirlikleri ve Ulusal Çıkarlar, Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara, 2015, ss 33-46.
  • İnam, İlknur, Ünal, Eda ve Koçak, Mesut, “Arktik Bölgesi ve Yürütülen Çalışmalar, Türkiye’nin Kutup Çalışmaları”, Kalkınmada Anahtar Verimlilik Dergisi, Ekim 2018, Yıl: 30, Sayı: 358, T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Sanayi ve Verimlilik Genel Müdürlüğü, http://anahtar.sanayi.gov.tr/Files/Pdfs/anahtar_ekim_2018.pdf, (Erişim: 05.06.2019), ss. 41-43.
  • Konyshev, Valery ve Sergunin, Alexander, “Russia’s Policies on the Territorial Disputes in the Arctic”, Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Cilt: 2, No: 1, Mart 2014, http://jirfp.com/journals/jirfp/Vol_2_No_1_March_2014/4.pdf, (Erişim: 28.07.2018), ss. 55-83.
  • Moe, Arild, “Russian and Norwegian Petroleum Strategies in the Barents Sea”, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, https://Arcticreview.no/index.php/Arctic/article/view/13, (Erişim: 12.08.2018), ss. 225-248.
  • Numminen, Lotta, “A History of Functioning of The Spitsbergen Treaty”, Diana W. Mep ve Stewart Arnold (Ed.), The Spitsbergen Treaty, Multilateral Governance in The Arctic, Arctic Papers, Cilt: 01, https://dianawallis.org.uk/en/document/spitsbergen-treaty-booklet#document, (Erişim: 11.12.2017), ss. 7-20.
  • Scott, B. James, “Arctic Exploration and International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Cilt: 3, No: 4, Ekim 1909, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2186419?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, (Erişim: 27.12.2017), ss. 928-941.
  • USGS, “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of Arctic Circle”, US Geological Survey, 2008, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf, (Erişim: 10.10.2017), ss. 1-4. “Joint Statement on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”,https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ud/vedlegg/folkerett/030427_english_4.pdf, (Erişim: 30.08.2018), ss. 1-3.
  • Svalbard Treaty, “Treaty Between Norway, The United States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Great Britain And Ireland and The British Overseas Dominions and Sweden Concerning Spitsbergen Signed in Paris 9th February 1920”, http://library.arcticportal.org/1909/1/The_Svalbard_Treaty_9ssFy.pdf, (Erişim: 12.12.2017), ss. 1-7.
  • “Treaty of 9 February 1920 Relating to Spitsbergen (Svalbard)-Act of 17 July 1925 Relating to Svalbard The Mining Code for Spitsbergen (Svalbard)”, http://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19250717-011-eng.pdf, (Erişim: 12.12.2017), ss. 1-20.
  • Arctic Council, “Observers”, http://www.Arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/Arctic- council/observers, (Erişim: 05.01.2018), ss. 1-3.
  • Arctic Council, “Arctic Council Observer Manual For Subsidiary Bodies”, https://oaarchive.Arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/939/EDOCS-3020-v1B-Observer-manual-with-addendum-finalized_Oct2016.PDF?sequence=8&isAllowed=y, (Erişim: 06.01.2018), ss. 1-16.
  • Dilara Zengin, “Türk Bilim İnsanları Rotayı Kuzey Kutbuna Çevirdi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 06 Ağustos 2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/turk-bilim-insanlari-rotayi-kuzey-kutbuna-cevirdi/1550592, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Governor of Svalbard, “Svalbard Environmental Protection Act”, Act of 15 June 2001 No.79 Relating to the Protection of the Environment in Svalbard, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/svalbard-environmental-protection-act/id173945/, (Erişim: 27.07.2020).
  • Karakaş, Gökhan, “Türkiye Svalbard’da Olmalı”, Milliyet Gazetesi, 06 Mart 2018, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-svalbard-da-olmali--gundem-2621745/, (Erişim: 16.05.2019).
  • “Press Release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Message to Norwegian Foreign Minister Ine Eriksen Soreide on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Spitsbergen Treaty”, 04 Şubat 2020, https://www.mid.ru/web/guest/maps/no/-/asset_publisher/f4MKo6byouc4/content/id/4019093?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_f4MKo6byouc4&_101_INSTANCE_f4MKo6byouc4_languageId=en_GB, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • “Settlements and Stations”, https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/settlements-and-stations.html, (Erişim: 29.01.2018).
  • “SH-201 The History of Svalbard, Svalbard in National and International Politics: Problems of Sovereignty and Strategy”, https://www.unis.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SH201Summary09 _2017.pdf, (Erişim: 12.12.2017).
  • Spitsbergen-Svalbard, “The History of Spitsbergen”, https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history.html, (Erişim: 29.01.2018).
  • Spitsbergen-Svalbard, “The Spitsbergen Treaty”, https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/history/the-spitsbergentreaty.html, (Erişim: 04.03.2020).
  • Statistics Norway, “Population of Svalbard”, https://www.ssb.no/en/befsvalbard/, (Erişim: 28.07.2020).
  • Statistics Norway, “Industry statistics for Svalbard”, https://www.ssb.no/en/virksomheter-foretak-og-regnskap/statistikker/sts, (Erişim: 28.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Research Communities”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Barentsburg”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/barentsburg/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Hornsund”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/hornsund/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Longyearbyen”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/longyearbyen/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • Svalbard Science Forum, “Ny-Alesund”, https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/svalbard-science-forum/svalbard-research-planning/research-communities/ny-alesund/, (Erişim: 29.07.2020).
  • “Treaty Concerning The Archipelago of Spitsbergen, Including Bear Island”, https://verdragenbank.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/004293, (Erişim: 30.01.2018).
  • TBMM, “Geçmiş Dönem Yazılı Sözlü Soru Önergesi Bilgileri”, Dönemi ve Yasama Yılı: 24/4, Esas Numarası: 7/40465, Başkanlığa Geliş Tarihi: 03/03/2014, https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-40465s.pdf, (Erişim: 12.11.2020).
  • Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Denizcilik, Havacılık ve Hudut Genel Müdür Yardımcılığı (DHGY) ile Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Merkezi (CİMER) üzerinden yapılan görüşme, 02 Şubat 2018.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Onur Limon 0000-0002-4097-303X

Publication Date October 1, 2021
Submission Date October 30, 2020
Acceptance Date January 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Limon, Onur. “100’üncü Yılında Svalbard Antlaşması: Anlaşmazlıklar, Çözüm Önerileri Ve Türkiye İçin Fırsatlar”. International Journal of Politics and Security 3, no. 3 (October 2021): 307-31. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.818828.

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This journal encourages authors to share the data obtained as a result of their research while remaining within the requirements of the universal and legal criteria for the protection of personal rights with scientific ethics and citation rules. In this context, IJPS adopts the Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration (2001).