WHY TERRITORIALITY STILL MATTERS IN REGULATING HUMAN AND POLITICAL INTERACTIONS?

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 317 - 343, 26.06.2019

Samet Yılmaz , Çiğdem Aydın Koyuncu

Abstract

Territoriality is one of the core concepts of human and political geography since spatial differentiation and how this differentiation is achieved are essentially the basics of geography discipline. Thus, as a spatial control strategy or claim aiming to regulate interactions through demarcating and bounding geographical areas, territoriality is performed in various geographical spheres and contexts, and still matters in human and political interactions. Although amid the globalization discourse in the context of inter-state system, it is claimed that borders have been gradually faded, and flows will alter the old spatial separations, territoriality still exists in shaping interactions. So, the concept should be considered in a broader context because human action is essentially local, and polities struggle to exert control on space. In this framework, rather than a comprehensive empirical study, the article deals with why territoriality still matters in regulating human and political interactions, drawing on different disciplines about territoriality but remaining within the geography.

Keywords

Territoriality, Spatial Control, Spatial Differentiation, Boundedness, Human and Political Interactions

TERİTORYALİTE BEŞERİ VE SİYASAL ETKİLEŞİMLERİN DÜZENLENMESİNDE NEDEN HÂLÂ ÖNEMLİ?

Abstract

Teritoryalite, beşeri ve siyasi coğrafyanın temel inceleme alanlarından biridir zira mekânsal farklılaşma ve bu mekânsal farklılaşmanın nasıl gerçekleştirildiği, coğrafya disiplininin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Coğrafi alanları sınırlandırmaya ve düzenlemeye yönelik mekânsal bir kontrol stratejisi olan teritoryalite, farklı coğrafi ölçek ve bağlamlarda uygulanan bir stratejidir; beşeri ve siyasal etkileşimler için çerçevede oluşturmaktadır. Her ne kadar devletler-sistemi bağlamında sınırlarının öneminin azaldığı ve var olan mekânsal ayrımların artan akışkanlıklar neticesinde dönüşeceği küreselleşme söylemleri içerisinde ileri sürülse de teritoryalite hâlâ devletler ve diğer düzeylerde varlığını devam ettirmektedir. Bu bakımdan da temel mekânsal kontrol stratejilerinden biri olan teritoryalite, beşeri ve siyasal etkileşimlerin düzenlenmesinde hâlâ belirleyicidir. Beşeri eylemin öz itibarıyla yerel nitelik gösterdiği ve yönetimsel/siyasal örgütlenmelerin mekân üzerinde kontrol kurmaya çalıştığı dikkate alındığında teritoryalite kavramının daha geniş bir açıdan ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, farklı disiplinlerde teritoryalite üzerine yapılmış çalışmalardan istifade edilerek ancak coğrafya disiplini çerçevesinde kalınarak teritoryalitenin neden hâlâ beşeri ve siyasal etkileşimler için önemli olduğu üzerinde durulacaktır.

Keywords

Teritoryalite, Mekânsal Kontrol, Mekânsal Farklılaşma, Sınırlandırılmışlık, Beşeri ve Siyasal Etkileşimler

References

• Agnew, John (1994). “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory”. Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53-80.
• Allen, John (2009). “Three Spaces of Power: Territory, Networks, Plus a Topological Twist in the Tale of Domination and Authority”. Journal of Power, 2(2), 197-212.
• Antonsich, Marco (2010). “Rethinking Territory”. Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), 422-425.
• Ardrey, Robert (1966). The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations. New York: Athenaeum Press.
• Arı, Tayyar (2013). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika, 10. b., Bursa: MKM Yayıncılık.
• Axford, Barrie (2006). “The Dialectic of Borders and Networks in Europe: Reviewing Topological Presuppositions”. Comparative European Politics, 4(2-3), 160-182.
• Bialasiewicz, Luiza; Elden, Stuart; Painter, Joe (2005). “The Constitution of EU Territory”. Comparative European Politics, 3(3), 333-363.
• Brenner, Neil (1999). “Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies”. Theory and Society, 28, 39-78.
• Brenner, Neil; Jessop Bob; Jones, Martin; Macleod, Gordon (2003). “Introduction: State Space in Question”, Brenner, Neil; Jessop, Bob; Jones, Martin; MacLeod, Gordon (Der.). State/Space A Reader, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 1-26.
• Brighenti, Andrea Mubi (2010a). “On Territorology: Towards a General Science of Territory”. Theory, Culture & Society, 27(1), 52–72.
• Brighenti, Andrea Mubi (2010b). “Lines, Barred Lines. Movement, Territory and the Law”. International Journal of Law in Context, 6(3), 217–227.
• Brown, Wendy (2011). Yükselen Duvarlar Zayıflayan Egemenlik. Emine Ayhan (Çev.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Castells, Manuel (2008). Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür Birinci Cilt: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi. Ebru Kılıç (Çev.), İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Castells, Manuel (2011). “A Network Theory of Power”. International Journal of Communication, 5, 773-787.
• Colman, Arthur D. (1968). “Territoriality in Man: A Comparison of Behavior in Home and Hospital”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32(3), 464-468.
• Dahlman, Carl T. (2009). “Territory”, Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (Der.). Key Concepts in Political Geography, London: SAGE Publications, 77-86.
• Delaney, David (1997). “The Political Construction of Scale”. Political Geography, 16(2), 93-97.
• Delaney, David (2005). Territory: A Short Introduction. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
• Delaney, David (2009). “Territory and Territoriality”, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography Vol. 11, (Der.), Rob Kitchin, Nigel Thrift Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 196-208.
• Doyle, Michael W. (1986). Empires. New York: Cornell University Press.
• Edney, Julian J. (1974). “Human Territoriality”. Psychological Bulletin, 81(12), 959-975.
• Elden, Stuart (2010). “Land, Terrain, Territory”. Progress in Human Geography, 34(6), 799–817.
• Elden, Stuart (2013). The Birth of Territory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Forsberg, Tuomas (1996). “Beyond Sovereignty, Within Territoriality Mapping the Space of Late-Modern (Geo) Politics”. Cooperation and Conflict, 34(4), 355-386.
• Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij, H. J. (2012). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons Press.
• Giddens, Anthony (1985). The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Gottmann, Jean (1973). The Significance of Territory. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia.
• Gümüşçü, Osman (2017). Coğrafya’ya Davet: Tarihçe, Kavramlar, Yapı, Sistematik, Kaynaklar, Metod. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları.
• Hickman, John (2016). Space is Power: The Seven Rules of Territory. London: Lexington Books.
• Jensen, Ole B.; Richardson, Tim (2004). Making European Space: Mobility, Power and Territorial Identity. London: Routledge Press.
• Jones, Martin; Jones, Rhys; Woods, Michael (2004). An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics. London: Routledge Press.
• Karabağ, Servet (2008). Jeopolitik Açıdan Sınırlar. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
• Kireev, Anton A. (2015). “State border”, Sevastianov, Sergei V.; Laine, Jussi P.; Kireev, Anton A. (Der.). Introduction to Border Studies, Vladivostok: Far Eastern Federal University Press, 98-117.
• Malmberg, Torsten (1980). Human Territoriality: Survey on the Behavioural Territories in Man with Preliminary Analysis and Discussion of Meaning.The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
• Mann, Michael (1984). “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results”. European Journal of Sociology, 25(2), 185-213.
• Marston, Sallie A. (2000). “The Social Construction of Scale”. Progress in Human Geography, 24(2), 219–242.
• Moisio, Sami (2011). “Geographies of Europeanization: The EU’s Spatial Planning as a Politics of Scale”, Bialasiewicz, Luiza (Der.). Europe in the World: EU Geopolitics and the Making European Space, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 19-39.
• Moisio, Sami; Paasi, Anssi (2013). “Beyond State-Centricity: Geopolitics of Changing State Spaces”. Geopolitics, 18(2), 255-266.
• Osiander, Andreas (2001). “Before Sovereignty: Society and Politics in Ancien Régime Europe”. Review of International Studies, 27(5), 119-145.
• Özgüç, Nazmiye; Tümertekin Erol (2017). Coğrafya: Geçmiş, Kavramlar, Coğrafyacılar. İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
• Paasi, Anssi (2000). “Territorial Identities as Social Constructs”. International Social Science Review, 1(2), 91-113.
• Paasi, Anssi (2009). “Bounded Spaces in a ‘Borderless World’: Border Studies, Power and the Anatomy of Territory”. Journal of Power, 2(2), 213-234.
• Painter, Joe (2009). “Territoire et Réseau: Une Fausse Dichotomie? =Territory and Network: A False Dichotomy?”. (translated by Joe Painter), Vanier, Martin (Der.), Territories, Territoriality, Territorialisation: Controversies and Perspectives, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 57-66.
• Painter, Joe (2010). “Rethinking Territory”. Antipode, 42(5), 1090–1118.
• Parker, Noel; Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (2012). “Picking and Choosing the ‘Sovereign’ Border: a Theory of Changing State Bordering Practices”. Geopolitics, 17(4), 773-796.
• Pastalan, Leon A. (1970). “Privacy as an Expression of Human Territoriality”, Pastalan, Leon A.; Carson, Daniel H. (Der.). Spatial Behavior of Older People, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 88-101.
• Popescu, Gabriel (2012). Bordering and Ordering the Twenty-First Century: Understanding Borders. Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield Press.
• Power, Marcus (2009). “Empire”, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography Vol. 3, (Der.), Rob Kitchin, Nigel Thrift Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 453-463.
• Pullano, Teresa (2009). “The Evolving Category of Territory: From the Modern State to the European Union”, GARNET Working Paper, (64), 1-30.
• Sack, Robert D. (1983). “Human Territoriality: A Theory”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 73(1), 55-74.
• Sack, Robert D. (1986). Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sack, Robert D. (1997). Homo Geographicus. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Sassen, Saskia (2003). “Globalization or Denationalization?”. Review of International Political Economy, 10(1), 1-22.
• Sassen, Saskia (2005). “When National Territory is Home to the Global: Old Borders to Novel Borderings”. New Political Economy, 10(4), 523-541.
• Sassen, Saskia (2008). Territory-Authority-Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Sassen, Saskia (2013). “When Territory Deborders Territoriality”. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1(1), 21-45.
• Scheidel, Walter (2006). “Republics between Hegemony and Empire: How Ancient City-States Built Empires and the USA Doesn’t (Anymore)”, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, 1-16.
• Scholte, Jan Aart (2005). Globalization: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Press.
• Smith, Neil (2003). “Remaking Scale: Competition and Cooperation in Pre-National and Post-National Europe”, Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones (Der.). State/Space: A Reader, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 227-238.
• Soja, Edward W. (1971). “The Political Organization of Space”, Association of American Geographers Resource Paper, (8), 1-54.
• Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Storey, David (2001). Territory: The Claiming of Space. Essex: Pearson Prentice Hall Press.
• Storey, David (2015). “Territoriality: Geographical”, International Encyclopedia of the Social&Behavioral Sciences Vol. 24, (Der.). James D. Wright, Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 221-227.
• Taylor, Peter J. (1994). “The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System”. Progress in Human Geography, 12(2), 151-162.
• Taylor, Ralph B. (1988). Human Territorial Functioning: An Empirical, Evolutionary Perspective on Individual and Small Group Territorial Cognitions, Behaviors, and Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Tekin, Ferhat (2014). Sınırın Sosyolojisi: Ulus, Devlet ve Sınır İnsanları. İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
• Tümertekin, Erol; Özgüç, Nazmiye (2016). Beşeri Coğrafya: İnsan, Kültür ve Mekân. İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
• Vollaard, Hans (2009). “The Logic of Political Territoriality”. Geopolitics, 14(4), 687-706.
• Yılmaz, Samet (2018). “Human Territoriality: A Spatial Control Strategy”. Alternatif Politika, 10(2), 131-155.
• Zierhofer, Wolfgang (2004). “‘Your Passport Please!’ On Territoriality and the Fate of the Nation-State”, Bærenholdt, Jørgen Ole; Simonsen, Kirsten (Der.). Space Odysseys: Spatiality and Social Relations in the 21st Century, Hants: Ashgate Publishing, 101-117.