An Investigation Of The Toxic Effects Of Water Samples Collected From 3 Different Regions Of Antarctica On Drosophila melanogaster

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 97 - 108, 24.08.2021

Mehmet Fidan , Arif Ayar

https://doi.org/10.38058/ijsl.961391

Abstract

In this research, it was aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of seawater from Galindez Island, lake sediment samples collected from Ardley Island, and green algae ice samples collected from Horseshoe Island on Drosophila melanogaster, which is an important model organism. Newly hatched Drosophila melanogaster larvae of the same age and adult individuals were used. While the individuals in the control group were tested in standard media, the individuals in the experimental group were tested under 3 different conditions at the rates of 25%, 50%, and 100% of each water sample. The effects of polar water added to the media on mortality rates on Drosophila melanogaster eggs, larvae, and adults were investigated. The effect of water samples collected from Ardley and Horseshoe Islands on the survival percentage in Drosophila melanogaster larvae was found to be similar to the control group. Furthermore, while the viability rate in Ardley and Horseshoe Island was 92% and 96%, respectively, in the control group individuals, similar results were obtained in all rates in the experimental group. The water samples obtained from 3 different points from the Antarctic region have not reached a level that will adversely affect the lives of the larvae and adults of the creature as of the present day. Nevertheless, although pollution was detected in some areas in the Antarctic region in the literature, we consider that this pollution can be prevented before it reaches dangerous levels with some measures to be taken.

Keywords

Antarctic marine pollution, Drosophila melanogaster, Ecotoxicity

References

• Aislabie, J., Balks, M., Astori, N., Stevenson, G., Symons, R. 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel-oil contaminated soils, Antarctica, Chemosphere, 39(13): 2201-2207.
• Bargagli, R. 2008. Environmental contamination in Antarctic ecosystems, Science of the Total Environment, 400(1-3): 212-226.
• Bessa, F., Ratcliffe, N., Otero, V., Sobral, P., Marques, J.C. et al. 2019. Microplastics in gentoo penguins from the Antarctic region, Scientific Reports, 9(1): 1-7.
• Bidleman, T. F., Walla, M. D., Roura, R., Carr, E., Schmidt, S. 1993. Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, January–March, 1990, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26(5): 258-262.
• Binelli, A., Provini, A. 2003. The PCB pollution of Lake Iseo (N. Italy) and the role of biomagnification in the pelagic food web, Chemosphere, 53(2): 143-151.
• Borghesi, N., Corsolini, S., Focardi, S. 2008. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pollutants in two species of Antarctic fish (Chionodraco hamatus and Trematomus bernacchii), Chemosphere, 73(2): 155-160.
• Convey, P., Barnes, D., Morton, A. 2002. Debris accumulation on oceanic island shores of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica, Polar Biology, 25(8): 612-617.
• Eriksson, C., Burton, H., Fitch, S., Schulz, M., van den Hoff, J. 2013. Daily accumulation rates of marine debris on sub-Antarctic island beaches, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 66(1-2): 199-208.
• Fraser, C. I., Kay, G. M., du Plessis, M., Ryan, P.G. 2016. Breaking down the barrier: Dispersal across the Antarctic Polar Front, Ecography (Copenhagen), 40(1): 235-237.
• Geisz, H. N., Dickhut, R. M., Cochran, M. A., Fraser, W. R., Ducklow, H. W. 2008. Melting glaciers: a probable source of DDT to the Antarctic marine ecosystem, Environmental Science & Technology, 42(11): 3958-3962.
• Howstuffworks,https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question473.htm (March, 2017).
• IAATO. 2020. Scope of Antarctic tourism, a background presentation. Retrieved from https://iaato.org/tourism-overview
• Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M. et al. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science, 347(6223): 768-771.
• Kırkıncı, S. F., Marakli, S., Aksoy, H. M., Ozcimen, D., Kaya, Y. 2021. Antarctica: a review of life sciences and biotechnology research, International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 4(1): 158-177.
• Kim, M., Kennicutt II., M.C., Qian, Y. 2006. Molecular and stable carbon isotopic characterization of PAH contaminants at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(12): 1585-1590.
• Lacerda, A. L. D. F., Rodrigues, L. D. S., Van Sebille, E., Rodrigues, F. L., Ribeiro, L. et al. 2019. Plastics in sea surface waters around the Antarctic Peninsula, Scientific Reports, 9(1): 3977.
• Lacorte, S., Raldúa, D., Martínez, E., Navarro, A., Diez, S. et al. 2006. Pilot survey of a broad range of priority pollutants in sediment and fish from the Ebro river basin (NE Spain), Environmental Pollution, 140(3): 471-482.
• Li, W. C., Tse, H., Fok, L. 2016. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects, Science of the Total Environment, 566: 333-349.
• Light, D. A. 2017. A New Period in Polar Transportation: "Polar Code", Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(32); 1-15.
• Lindsley, D. L., Zimm, G. G. 2012. The Genome of Drosophila melanogaster, Academic Press. California
• Morgan, T. H., Bridges, C. B. 1916. Sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 237: 1-88
• Muller, H. J. 1928. The production of mutations by X-rays, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 14(9): 714-726.
• Pinto, E., Sigaudkutner, T. C., Leitao, M. A., Okamoto, O. K., Morse, D. et al. 2003. Heavy metal–induced oxidative stress in algae, Journal of Phycology, 39(6): 1008-1018.
• Rand, M. D. 2010. Drosophotoxicology: the growing potential for Drosophila in neurotoxicology, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 32(1): 74-83.
• Stewart, J. 2011. Antarctica-An Encyclopedia. McFarland & Company. Inc., London.
• Torres, M. A., Barros, M. P., Campos, S. C., Pinto, E., Rajamani, S. et al. 2008. Biochemical biomarkers in algae and marine pollution: a review, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 71(1): 1-15.
• Waller, C. L., Griffiths, H. J., Waluda, C. M., Thorpe, S.E., Loaiza, I. et al. 2017. Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: An emerging area of research, Science of the Total Environment, 598: 220-227.
• Wania, F., Mackay, D. 1993. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions, Ambio, 22: 10-18.
• Wilson, T. G. 1988. Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae): a model insect for insecticide resistance studies, Journal of Economic Entomology, 81(1): 22-27.
• Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_Subantarctic_islands. (January 2021).
• Wu, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q. 2014. Biomonitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere with mosses: performance and application, Environment International, 66: 28-37.
• Zhou, Q., Zhang, J., Fu, J., Shi, J., Jiang, G. 2008. Biomonitoring: an appealing tool for assessment of metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem, Analytica Chimica Acta, 606(2): 135-150.