Development and initial validation of the online risk-taking scale
Year 2024,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 177 - 187, 30.09.2024
Rabia Şengün Afşin
,
Özcan Doğan
,
Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik
Abstract
This study aims to develop and validate the Online Risk-Taking Scale. Based on the results of expert opinions and a trial application, a 20-item draft form was created. This scale includes 20 questions about behaviors that are considered risky and have been performed in the last six months. The scale was administered to 214 secondary school students as an online questionnaire, and data were collected. Validity and reliability studies were conducted using these final data. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to determine the validity levels of the scale. Cronbach's α coefficient and McDonald's Omega (ω) coefficient were analyzed to assess the reliability levels. The scale demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. As a result, a valid and reliable measurement tool that will contribute to the literature by determining the online risk-taking levels of secondary school students has been obtained.
References
- Andreassen, C.S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M.D., & Kuss, D. ( 2016 ). The Relationship Between Addictive Use of Social Media and Video Games and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252 – 262.
- Bargeron, A.H., & Hormes, J.M. (2017). Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: Psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 388 – 394.
- Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
- Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International journal of testing, 1(1), 55-86.
- Çalışkan, M. (2019). Toplum ve suç araştırmalarında sınırları aşan bir sorun ‘çevrimiçi çocuk istismarı’. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 122-131
- Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2016). Çocuk ve Ergenler İçin Bilinçlilik Ölçeği English Formunun uyumluk ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24 (2), 905-916.
- De Moor, S., Dock, M., Gallez, S., Lenaerts, S., Scholler, C., Vleugels, C. (2008). Teens and ICT: Risks and Opportunities. Retrieved July 30, 2024, from http://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/TA/synTA08_nl.pdf.
- Evgin, D., Işık Çalıskan, Z., Kaplan, B., & Caner, N. (2019). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin atılgan davranışları ve bilgisayar oyunları. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18( 72 ), 1521 – 1540 .https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.471222.
- Greco, L., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 606-614.
- Gross, E. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 633-649.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- İnandı, T., & Akyol, İ. (2001). Bilgisayar Kullanımı ile İlgili Sağlık Sorunları. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. Retrieved October 1, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132.
- Joshi, S. C., & Rose, G. (2018). Information technology, internet use, and adolescent cognitive development. In 2018 3rd International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS) (pp. 22-28). IEEE.
- Karaman, H. & Ayhan, H. (2021). Çocuğa Yönelik Teknolojik İhmal ve İstismar. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 2021, 8(1), 43-59.
- Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet.
- Liu, A.K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P.H. (2005). Factors influencing adolescents engagement in risky Internet behavior. Cyber Psychology and Behavior. 8(6), 513–520.
- Livingstone, S. (2009). Children and the Internet: Great Expectations, Challenging Realities. Retrived April 29, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30529730_Children_and_the_Internet_Great_Expectations_Challenging_Realities.
- Livingstone ve Bober (2014). UK children go online: surveying the experiences of young people and their parents. London School of Economics and Political Scienc: London, UK. Retrieved June 4, 2024, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000395.
- Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (Eds.). (2009). Introduction. Eu Kids Online: Opportunities and risks for children. The Policy Press.
- Livingstone, S.,& Helsper, E. (2007). Taking risks when communicating on the Internet: The role of offline social-psychological factors in young people's vulnerability to online risks. Information Communication and Society, 10(5), 619–643.
- Livingstone, S., & Smith, P. K. (2017). Child Users of Online and Mobile Technologies – Risks, Harms and Intervention. D. Skuse, H. Bruce, & L. Dowdney (Eds.). In book: Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for Clinical Training and Practice (pp.141-148). DOI:10.1002/9781119170235.ch17
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD's brief self-report measure of educational psychology's most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360.
- Mesch, G.S., & Beker, G. (2010). Are norms of disclosure of online and offline personal information associated with the disclosure of personal information online? Human Communication Research 36(4) 570-592.
- Mesch, G.S., & Talmud, I. (2010). Wired youth: The social world of adolescence in the information age. Adolescence and society Series. Retrived June 29, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288741612_Wired_youth_The_social_world_of_adolescence_in_the_information_age.
- Mridha, M. A. A. (2019). Impact of digital technology on child health. Bangladesh Journal of Child Health, 43(1), 1-3 .https://doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v43i1.41209
- Mustafaoğlu, R., Zirek, E., Yasacı, Z., & Özdinçler, A.R. (2018). Dijital teknolojinin insanların gelişimi ve sağlığı üzerine olumsuz etkileri. Addicta: Türkiye Bağımlılık Dergisi, 5(2), 1 – 21. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0051.
- OECD, (2021). Retrived April 28, 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/children-in-the-digital-environment.html.
- Ofcom (2016). Adults' media use and attitudes report. London, England: Office of Communications.
- Sasson, H. (2015). Perceptions and attitudes towards online risk behaviors: An examination of factors related to involvement in online risk behaviors among adolescents. (Doctoral dissertation, Haifa University). ProQuest Dissetations & Theses Global.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: the role of media in development. Springer.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics: International edition. Pearson.
- TÜİK. (2021). Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması. Retrived October 1, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132.
- Ybarra, M., Mitchell, K., Finkelhor, D. & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 138-145.
Year 2024,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 177 - 187, 30.09.2024
Rabia Şengün Afşin
,
Özcan Doğan
,
Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik
References
- Andreassen, C.S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M.D., & Kuss, D. ( 2016 ). The Relationship Between Addictive Use of Social Media and Video Games and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252 – 262.
- Bargeron, A.H., & Hormes, J.M. (2017). Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: Psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 388 – 394.
- Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
- Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International journal of testing, 1(1), 55-86.
- Çalışkan, M. (2019). Toplum ve suç araştırmalarında sınırları aşan bir sorun ‘çevrimiçi çocuk istismarı’. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 122-131
- Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2016). Çocuk ve Ergenler İçin Bilinçlilik Ölçeği English Formunun uyumluk ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24 (2), 905-916.
- De Moor, S., Dock, M., Gallez, S., Lenaerts, S., Scholler, C., Vleugels, C. (2008). Teens and ICT: Risks and Opportunities. Retrieved July 30, 2024, from http://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/TA/synTA08_nl.pdf.
- Evgin, D., Işık Çalıskan, Z., Kaplan, B., & Caner, N. (2019). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin atılgan davranışları ve bilgisayar oyunları. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18( 72 ), 1521 – 1540 .https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.471222.
- Greco, L., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 606-614.
- Gross, E. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 633-649.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- İnandı, T., & Akyol, İ. (2001). Bilgisayar Kullanımı ile İlgili Sağlık Sorunları. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. Retrieved October 1, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132.
- Joshi, S. C., & Rose, G. (2018). Information technology, internet use, and adolescent cognitive development. In 2018 3rd International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS) (pp. 22-28). IEEE.
- Karaman, H. & Ayhan, H. (2021). Çocuğa Yönelik Teknolojik İhmal ve İstismar. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 2021, 8(1), 43-59.
- Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet.
- Liu, A.K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P.H. (2005). Factors influencing adolescents engagement in risky Internet behavior. Cyber Psychology and Behavior. 8(6), 513–520.
- Livingstone, S. (2009). Children and the Internet: Great Expectations, Challenging Realities. Retrived April 29, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30529730_Children_and_the_Internet_Great_Expectations_Challenging_Realities.
- Livingstone ve Bober (2014). UK children go online: surveying the experiences of young people and their parents. London School of Economics and Political Scienc: London, UK. Retrieved June 4, 2024, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000395.
- Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (Eds.). (2009). Introduction. Eu Kids Online: Opportunities and risks for children. The Policy Press.
- Livingstone, S.,& Helsper, E. (2007). Taking risks when communicating on the Internet: The role of offline social-psychological factors in young people's vulnerability to online risks. Information Communication and Society, 10(5), 619–643.
- Livingstone, S., & Smith, P. K. (2017). Child Users of Online and Mobile Technologies – Risks, Harms and Intervention. D. Skuse, H. Bruce, & L. Dowdney (Eds.). In book: Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for Clinical Training and Practice (pp.141-148). DOI:10.1002/9781119170235.ch17
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD's brief self-report measure of educational psychology's most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360.
- Mesch, G.S., & Beker, G. (2010). Are norms of disclosure of online and offline personal information associated with the disclosure of personal information online? Human Communication Research 36(4) 570-592.
- Mesch, G.S., & Talmud, I. (2010). Wired youth: The social world of adolescence in the information age. Adolescence and society Series. Retrived June 29, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288741612_Wired_youth_The_social_world_of_adolescence_in_the_information_age.
- Mridha, M. A. A. (2019). Impact of digital technology on child health. Bangladesh Journal of Child Health, 43(1), 1-3 .https://doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v43i1.41209
- Mustafaoğlu, R., Zirek, E., Yasacı, Z., & Özdinçler, A.R. (2018). Dijital teknolojinin insanların gelişimi ve sağlığı üzerine olumsuz etkileri. Addicta: Türkiye Bağımlılık Dergisi, 5(2), 1 – 21. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0051.
- OECD, (2021). Retrived April 28, 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/children-in-the-digital-environment.html.
- Ofcom (2016). Adults' media use and attitudes report. London, England: Office of Communications.
- Sasson, H. (2015). Perceptions and attitudes towards online risk behaviors: An examination of factors related to involvement in online risk behaviors among adolescents. (Doctoral dissertation, Haifa University). ProQuest Dissetations & Theses Global.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: the role of media in development. Springer.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics: International edition. Pearson.
- TÜİK. (2021). Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması. Retrived October 1, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132.
- Ybarra, M., Mitchell, K., Finkelhor, D. & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 138-145.