Review
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Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 162 - 176, 15.12.2020

Abstract

References

  • 1. Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;79(5):727-747.
  • 2. Jung S-T, Park Y-S, Zachwieja Z, et al. Some essential phytochemicals and the antioxidant potential in fresh and dried persimmon. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2005;56(2):105-113.
  • 3. Igual M, Castelló M, Ortolá M, Andrés A. Influence of vacuum impregnation on respiration rate, mechanical and optical properties of cut persimmon. Journal of Food Engineering. 2008;86(3):315-323.
  • 4. Itamura H, Zheng Q, Akaura K. Industry and research on persimmon in Japan. Paper presented at: III International Symposium on Persimmon 685, 2004.
  • 5. Yokozawa T, Kim YA, Kim HY, Lee YA, Nonaka G-i. Protective effect of persimmon peel polyphenol against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007;45(10):1979-1987.
  • 6. Luo Z. Extending shelf-life of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit by hot air treatment. European Food Research and Technology. 2006;222(1-2):149-154.
  • 7. Del Bubba M, Giordani E, Pippucci L, Cincinelli A, Checchini L, Galvan P. Changes in tannins, ascorbic acid and sugar content in astringent persimmons during on-tree growth and ripening and in response to different postharvest treatments. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009;22(7-8):668-677.
  • 8. Bibi N, Khattak AB, Mehmood Z. Quality improvement and shelf life extension of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki). Journal of food engineering. 2007;79(4):1359-1363.
  • 9. Rahman M, Islam A, Khair A, Bala B. Effect of non polar gases on the storage of persimmon fruits at different temperatures. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2002;5:84-87.
  • 10. Zheng Q-l, Nakatsuka A, Itamura H. Involvement of negative feedback regulation in wound-induced ethylene synthesis in ‘Saijo'persimmon. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2006;54(16):5875-5879.
  • 11. Butt MS, Sultan MT, Aziz M, et al. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit: hidden phytochemicals and health claims. EXCLI journal. 2015;14:542.
  • 12. Tao R, Sugiura A. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). High-Tech and Micropropagation II: Springer; 1992: 424-440.
  • 13. Matsumoto T, Mochida K, Itamura H, Sakai A. Cryopreservation of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) by vitrification of dormant shoot tips. Plant Cell Reports. 2001;20(5):398-402.
  • 14. Suzuki T, Someya S, Hu F, Tanokura M. Comparative study of catechin compositions in five Japanese persimmons (Diospyros kaki). Food Chemistry. 2005;93(1):149-152.
  • 15. Tuzcu Ö, Yıldırım B. Trabzon Hurması (Diospyros kaki L) ve Yetiştiriciliği. TÜBİTAK TARP Yayınları, Adana. 2000.
  • 16. Lee J, Lee M, Ha T, et al. Supplementation of whole persimmon leaf improves lipid profiles and suppresses body weight gain in rats fed high-fat diet. Food and chemical toxicology. 2006;44(11):1875-1883.
  • 17. Jo C, Son JH, Shin MG, Byun MW. Irradiation effects on color and functional properties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. folium) leaf extract and licorice (Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fischer) root extract during storage. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2003;67(2):143-148.
  • 18. Kotani M, Matsumoto M, Fujita A, et al. Persimmon leaf extract and astragalin inhibit development of dermatitis and IgE elevation in NC/Nga mice. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000;106(1):159-166.
  • 19. Wang H, Leng P, Zhao G, Ji Q. Advances in research of storage technology for persimmon. Journal of Fruit Science. 2004;21(2):164-166.
  • 20. Park S-Y, Bok S-H, Jeon S-M, et al. Effect of rutin and tannic acid supplements on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Nutrition Research. 2002;22(3):283-295.
  • 21. Kawase M, Motohashi N, Satoh K, et al. Biological activity of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) peel extracts. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(5):495-500.
  • 22. Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y, Okada Y. Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha). Food chemistry. 2005;89(4):569-575.
  • 23. Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Johnson JM, Perchellet JP. Hydrolyzable tannins: Potent inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion in mouse skin treated with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate in vivo. International Journal of Cancer. 1992;51(3):425-432.
  • 24. Achiwa Y, Hibasami H, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Komiya T. Inhibitory effects of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) extract and related polyphenol compounds on growth of human lymphoid leukemia cells. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 1997;61(7):1099-1101.
  • 25. Prakash P, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Retinoids, carotenoids, and human breast cancer cell cultures: a review of differential effects. Nutrition reviews. 2000;58(6):170-176.
  • 26. Gu H-F, Li C-M, Xu Y-j, Hu W-f, Chen M-h, Wan Q-h. Structural features and antioxidant activity of tannin from persimmon pulp. Food Research International. 2008;41(2):208-217.
  • 27. Sun L, Zhang J, Lu X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Evaluation to the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extract from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves. Food and chemical toxicology. 2011;49(10):2689-2696.
  • 28. Gato N, Kadowaki A, Hashimoto N, Yokoyama S-i, Matsumoto K. Persimmon fruit tannin-rich fiber reduces cholesterol levels in humans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2013;62(1):1-6.
  • 29. Kashif M, Akhtar N, Mustafa R. An overview of dermatological and cosmeceutical benefits of Diospyros kaki and its phytoconstituents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2017;27(5):650-662.
  • 30. Jung HG, Kim HH, Paul S, et al. Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside suppresses melanin synthesis by augmenting p38 MAPK and CREB signaling pathways and subsequent cAMP down-regulation in murine melanoma cells. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2015;22(6):706-713.
  • 31. Xue Y-L, Miyakawa T, Hayashi Y, et al. Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(11):6011-6017.
  • 32. Ohguchi K, Nakajima C, Oyama M, et al. Inhibitory effects of flavonoid glycosides isolated from the peel of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki ‘Fuyu’) on melanin biosynthesis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2010;33(1):122-124.
  • 33. Fukai S, Tanimoto S, Maeda A, Fukuda H, Okada Y, Nomura M. Pharmacological activity of compounds extracted from persimmon peel (Diospyros kaki THUNB.). Journal of oleo science. 2009;58(4):213-219.
  • 34. Thuong PT, Lee CH, Dao TT, et al. Triterpenoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki (persimmon) and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Journal of natural products. 2008;71(10):1775-1778.
  • 35. Tiechi L, Wenyuan Z, Mingyu X. Studies on the Effect of TCM on Melanin Biosynthesis I. Inhibitory Actions of Ethanolic Extracts of 82 Different Chinese Crude Drugs on Tyrosinase Activity [J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 1999;5.
  • 36. An BJ, Kwak JH, Park JM, et al. Inhibition of enzyme activities and the antiwrinkle effect of polyphenol isolated from the persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on human skin. Dermatologic Surgery. 2005;31:848-855.
  • 37. Tsang MS, Jiao D, Chan BC, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of pentaherbs formula, berberine, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Molecules. 2016;21(4):519.
  • 38. Kumar KS, Vani MG, Wang SY, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies disclosed the depigmenting effects of gallic acid: A novel skin lightening agent for hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Biofactors. 2013;39(3):259-270.
  • 39. Santo Domingo D, Camouse MM, Hsia AH, et al. Anti-angiogenic effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human skin. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2010;3(7):705.
  • 40. Jeon H, Kim J, Seo D, Cho S, Lee S. Beneficial effect of dietary epigallocatechin-3-gallate on skin via enhancement of antioxidant capacity in both blood and skin. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2010;23(6):283-289.
  • 41. Li L, Wei D, Wei G, Du Y. Transformation of cefazolin during chlorination process: Products, mechanism and genotoxicity assessment. Journal of hazardous materials. 2013;262:48-54.
  • 42. Kitagawa S, Yoshii K, Morita S-y, Teraoka R. Efficient topical delivery of chlorogenic acid by an oil-in-water microemulsion to protect skin against UV-induced damage. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2011;59(6):793-796.
  • 43. Zaghdoudi K, Pontvianne S, Framboisier X, et al. Accelerated solvent extraction of carotenoids from: Tunisian Kaki (Diospyros kaki L.), peach (Prunus persica L.) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Food chemistry. 2015;184:131-139.
  • 44. Zaghdoudi K, Framboisier X, Frochot C, et al. Response surface methodology applied to Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of carotenoids from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Food chemistry. 2016;208:209-219.
  • 45. Anunciato TP, da Rocha Filho PA. Carotenoids and polyphenols in nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2012;11(1):51-54.
  • 46. Kaulmann A, Jonville M-C, Schneider Y-J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Carotenoids, polyphenols and micronutrient profiles of Brassica oleraceae and plum varieties and their contribution to measures of total antioxidant capacity. Food chemistry. 2014;155:240-250.
  • 47. Zhou Z, Huang Y, Liang J, Ou M, Chen J, Li G. Extraction, purification and anti-radiation activity of persimmon tannin from Diospyros kaki Lf. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2016;162:182-188.
  • 48. Kim K-S, Lee D-S, Kim D-C, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of coussaric and betulinic acids isolated from Diospyros kaki in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules. 2016;21(9):1206.
  • 49. Wang L, Xu ML, Rasmussen SK, Wang M-H. Vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→ 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Diospyros Kaki stimulates the glucose uptake in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Carbohydrate research. 2011;346(10):1212-1216.
  • 50. Chen G, Lu H, Wang C, et al. Effect of five triterpenoid compounds isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki on stimulus-induced superoxide generation and tyrosyl phosphorylation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Clinica chimica acta. 2002;320(1-2):11-16.
  • 51. Xie C, Xie Z, Xu X, Yang D. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves: a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2015;163:229-240.
  • 52. DENG R-c, ZHANG W-s, YANG H-j. Effect of leaf of persimmon oral solution on rats with acute myocardial ischemia. Chinese Journal of Information on TCM. 2004;7.
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  • 54. Sun L, Zhang J, Fang K, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Flavonoids from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves (FPL) attenuate H 2 O 2-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells via the NF-κB pathway. Food & function. 2014;5(3):471-479.
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Medical and Cosmetic Applications of Persimmon (Diospyros Kaki): Toxicity Assessment-A review

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 162 - 176, 15.12.2020

Abstract

Objective: In this review study, it is aimed to summarize the information cited about medical and cosmetic applications of the date persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and accordingly the toxicity assessment.
Material-Method: In this study, it was summarized the information cited about medical and cosmetic applications of the date persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and accordingly the toxicity assessment.
Results: Persimmon (Diospyros kaki), which is cultivated in tropical/subtropic regions such as China, Korea, Japan and Brazil, especially in the Far Eastern countries with more hot climate conditions, has been named as Trabzon Persimmon because it entered Turkey through the Black Sea region. This fruit type has a very important role on the immune system thanks to vitamins and some active ingredients. Although it is mostly consumed as fresh fruit and dried in our country, there are also formulations developed as medical support products (dematological and cosmetic applications etc.) in different countries and reagions. However, toxicity assessment studies on natural plants/herbal products are also very few.
Conclusion: Since there is scientific evidence on the phytotherapeutic effects of Diospyros kaki, and the product scale on the market is very narrow, this is highly promising for future healthcare products.

References

  • 1. Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;79(5):727-747.
  • 2. Jung S-T, Park Y-S, Zachwieja Z, et al. Some essential phytochemicals and the antioxidant potential in fresh and dried persimmon. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2005;56(2):105-113.
  • 3. Igual M, Castelló M, Ortolá M, Andrés A. Influence of vacuum impregnation on respiration rate, mechanical and optical properties of cut persimmon. Journal of Food Engineering. 2008;86(3):315-323.
  • 4. Itamura H, Zheng Q, Akaura K. Industry and research on persimmon in Japan. Paper presented at: III International Symposium on Persimmon 685, 2004.
  • 5. Yokozawa T, Kim YA, Kim HY, Lee YA, Nonaka G-i. Protective effect of persimmon peel polyphenol against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007;45(10):1979-1987.
  • 6. Luo Z. Extending shelf-life of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit by hot air treatment. European Food Research and Technology. 2006;222(1-2):149-154.
  • 7. Del Bubba M, Giordani E, Pippucci L, Cincinelli A, Checchini L, Galvan P. Changes in tannins, ascorbic acid and sugar content in astringent persimmons during on-tree growth and ripening and in response to different postharvest treatments. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009;22(7-8):668-677.
  • 8. Bibi N, Khattak AB, Mehmood Z. Quality improvement and shelf life extension of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki). Journal of food engineering. 2007;79(4):1359-1363.
  • 9. Rahman M, Islam A, Khair A, Bala B. Effect of non polar gases on the storage of persimmon fruits at different temperatures. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2002;5:84-87.
  • 10. Zheng Q-l, Nakatsuka A, Itamura H. Involvement of negative feedback regulation in wound-induced ethylene synthesis in ‘Saijo'persimmon. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2006;54(16):5875-5879.
  • 11. Butt MS, Sultan MT, Aziz M, et al. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit: hidden phytochemicals and health claims. EXCLI journal. 2015;14:542.
  • 12. Tao R, Sugiura A. Micropropagation of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). High-Tech and Micropropagation II: Springer; 1992: 424-440.
  • 13. Matsumoto T, Mochida K, Itamura H, Sakai A. Cryopreservation of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) by vitrification of dormant shoot tips. Plant Cell Reports. 2001;20(5):398-402.
  • 14. Suzuki T, Someya S, Hu F, Tanokura M. Comparative study of catechin compositions in five Japanese persimmons (Diospyros kaki). Food Chemistry. 2005;93(1):149-152.
  • 15. Tuzcu Ö, Yıldırım B. Trabzon Hurması (Diospyros kaki L) ve Yetiştiriciliği. TÜBİTAK TARP Yayınları, Adana. 2000.
  • 16. Lee J, Lee M, Ha T, et al. Supplementation of whole persimmon leaf improves lipid profiles and suppresses body weight gain in rats fed high-fat diet. Food and chemical toxicology. 2006;44(11):1875-1883.
  • 17. Jo C, Son JH, Shin MG, Byun MW. Irradiation effects on color and functional properties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. folium) leaf extract and licorice (Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fischer) root extract during storage. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2003;67(2):143-148.
  • 18. Kotani M, Matsumoto M, Fujita A, et al. Persimmon leaf extract and astragalin inhibit development of dermatitis and IgE elevation in NC/Nga mice. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000;106(1):159-166.
  • 19. Wang H, Leng P, Zhao G, Ji Q. Advances in research of storage technology for persimmon. Journal of Fruit Science. 2004;21(2):164-166.
  • 20. Park S-Y, Bok S-H, Jeon S-M, et al. Effect of rutin and tannic acid supplements on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Nutrition Research. 2002;22(3):283-295.
  • 21. Kawase M, Motohashi N, Satoh K, et al. Biological activity of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) peel extracts. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(5):495-500.
  • 22. Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y, Okada Y. Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha). Food chemistry. 2005;89(4):569-575.
  • 23. Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Johnson JM, Perchellet JP. Hydrolyzable tannins: Potent inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion in mouse skin treated with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate in vivo. International Journal of Cancer. 1992;51(3):425-432.
  • 24. Achiwa Y, Hibasami H, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Komiya T. Inhibitory effects of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) extract and related polyphenol compounds on growth of human lymphoid leukemia cells. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 1997;61(7):1099-1101.
  • 25. Prakash P, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Retinoids, carotenoids, and human breast cancer cell cultures: a review of differential effects. Nutrition reviews. 2000;58(6):170-176.
  • 26. Gu H-F, Li C-M, Xu Y-j, Hu W-f, Chen M-h, Wan Q-h. Structural features and antioxidant activity of tannin from persimmon pulp. Food Research International. 2008;41(2):208-217.
  • 27. Sun L, Zhang J, Lu X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Evaluation to the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extract from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves. Food and chemical toxicology. 2011;49(10):2689-2696.
  • 28. Gato N, Kadowaki A, Hashimoto N, Yokoyama S-i, Matsumoto K. Persimmon fruit tannin-rich fiber reduces cholesterol levels in humans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2013;62(1):1-6.
  • 29. Kashif M, Akhtar N, Mustafa R. An overview of dermatological and cosmeceutical benefits of Diospyros kaki and its phytoconstituents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2017;27(5):650-662.
  • 30. Jung HG, Kim HH, Paul S, et al. Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside suppresses melanin synthesis by augmenting p38 MAPK and CREB signaling pathways and subsequent cAMP down-regulation in murine melanoma cells. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2015;22(6):706-713.
  • 31. Xue Y-L, Miyakawa T, Hayashi Y, et al. Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(11):6011-6017.
  • 32. Ohguchi K, Nakajima C, Oyama M, et al. Inhibitory effects of flavonoid glycosides isolated from the peel of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki ‘Fuyu’) on melanin biosynthesis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2010;33(1):122-124.
  • 33. Fukai S, Tanimoto S, Maeda A, Fukuda H, Okada Y, Nomura M. Pharmacological activity of compounds extracted from persimmon peel (Diospyros kaki THUNB.). Journal of oleo science. 2009;58(4):213-219.
  • 34. Thuong PT, Lee CH, Dao TT, et al. Triterpenoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki (persimmon) and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Journal of natural products. 2008;71(10):1775-1778.
  • 35. Tiechi L, Wenyuan Z, Mingyu X. Studies on the Effect of TCM on Melanin Biosynthesis I. Inhibitory Actions of Ethanolic Extracts of 82 Different Chinese Crude Drugs on Tyrosinase Activity [J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 1999;5.
  • 36. An BJ, Kwak JH, Park JM, et al. Inhibition of enzyme activities and the antiwrinkle effect of polyphenol isolated from the persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on human skin. Dermatologic Surgery. 2005;31:848-855.
  • 37. Tsang MS, Jiao D, Chan BC, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of pentaherbs formula, berberine, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Molecules. 2016;21(4):519.
  • 38. Kumar KS, Vani MG, Wang SY, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies disclosed the depigmenting effects of gallic acid: A novel skin lightening agent for hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Biofactors. 2013;39(3):259-270.
  • 39. Santo Domingo D, Camouse MM, Hsia AH, et al. Anti-angiogenic effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human skin. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2010;3(7):705.
  • 40. Jeon H, Kim J, Seo D, Cho S, Lee S. Beneficial effect of dietary epigallocatechin-3-gallate on skin via enhancement of antioxidant capacity in both blood and skin. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2010;23(6):283-289.
  • 41. Li L, Wei D, Wei G, Du Y. Transformation of cefazolin during chlorination process: Products, mechanism and genotoxicity assessment. Journal of hazardous materials. 2013;262:48-54.
  • 42. Kitagawa S, Yoshii K, Morita S-y, Teraoka R. Efficient topical delivery of chlorogenic acid by an oil-in-water microemulsion to protect skin against UV-induced damage. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2011;59(6):793-796.
  • 43. Zaghdoudi K, Pontvianne S, Framboisier X, et al. Accelerated solvent extraction of carotenoids from: Tunisian Kaki (Diospyros kaki L.), peach (Prunus persica L.) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Food chemistry. 2015;184:131-139.
  • 44. Zaghdoudi K, Framboisier X, Frochot C, et al. Response surface methodology applied to Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of carotenoids from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Food chemistry. 2016;208:209-219.
  • 45. Anunciato TP, da Rocha Filho PA. Carotenoids and polyphenols in nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2012;11(1):51-54.
  • 46. Kaulmann A, Jonville M-C, Schneider Y-J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Carotenoids, polyphenols and micronutrient profiles of Brassica oleraceae and plum varieties and their contribution to measures of total antioxidant capacity. Food chemistry. 2014;155:240-250.
  • 47. Zhou Z, Huang Y, Liang J, Ou M, Chen J, Li G. Extraction, purification and anti-radiation activity of persimmon tannin from Diospyros kaki Lf. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2016;162:182-188.
  • 48. Kim K-S, Lee D-S, Kim D-C, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of coussaric and betulinic acids isolated from Diospyros kaki in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules. 2016;21(9):1206.
  • 49. Wang L, Xu ML, Rasmussen SK, Wang M-H. Vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→ 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Diospyros Kaki stimulates the glucose uptake in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Carbohydrate research. 2011;346(10):1212-1216.
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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ayşe Kurt 0000-0003-0085-7517

Ertuğrul Kaya 0000-0003-0081-682X

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Submission Date July 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kurt, A., & Kaya, E. (2020). Medical and Cosmetic Applications of Persimmon (Diospyros Kaki): Toxicity Assessment-A review. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(3), 162-176.

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