COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Anne Sütü ile Beslenmenin Önemi

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 153 - 158, 30.06.2020

Gamze Yurtdaş , Gamze Çalık , Tuba Yalçın , Gülşah Kaner

Abstract

Özet

Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 kısa sürede birçok ülkeye yayılarak pandemi düzeyine ulaşmıştır. Gebeler bu süreçte riskli grupta yer almaktadır. COVID-19’un, fetusu nasıl etkileyeceği ve virüsün doğum sırasında fetüse geçip geçemeyeceği net değildir. Bugüne kadar anne sütünde COVID-19 tespit edilmemiştir, ancak onunla savaşacak antikorların bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Anne sütünde bulunan laktoferrin, salgısal immunoglobulin A (sIg-A), α-laktalbumin ve oligosakkaritler gibi immünolojik bileşenlerin yenidoğanı enfeksiyonlara karşı koruduğu bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca bu virüsün emzirme yoluyla bulaştığına dair mevcut bir kanıt bulunmamaktadır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri, Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu, Emzirme Hekimliği Akademisi ve Birleşmiş Milletler Nüfus Fonu gibi kuruluşlar COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde anne sütü ile beslenmenin önemli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. COVID-19 tanısı almış veya semptomlarını taşıyan emziren annelerin gerekli önlemleri alarak bebeklerini emzirmeye devam etmeleri önerilmektedir. Bu derlemede COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde anne sütü ile beslenmenin önemi ve beslenme ilkeleri güncel kılavuzlar doğrultusunda incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, anne sütü, emzirme.

Abstract

The COVID-19, which emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019, has reached a pandemic level by spreading to many countries in a short time. Pregnant women are in the risky group in this time. It is not clear how the COVID-19 will affect the fetus and whether the virus can pass to the fetus during birth. To date, the COVID-19 has not been detected in the breast milk, however, antibodies which are available to fight with it were reported in the breast milk. Immunological components such as lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIg-A), α-lactalbumin and oligosaccharides which are existed in breast milk are reported to protecting the newborn from infections. In addition, there is no evidence that the coronavirus is transmitted through breastfeeding. Organizations such as The World Health Organization, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The United Nations Children’s Fund, The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine and The United Nations Population Fund emphasize that breastfeeding is important during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Breastfeeding mothers who are diagnosed COVID-19 or showing symptoms are recommended to continue breastfeeding by taking the necessary precautions. In this review, the importance of breastfeeding and nutritional principles during the COVID-19 pandemic period were examined in line with current guidelines.

Keywords: COVID-19, human milk, breastfeeding.

Keywords

COVID-19, anne sütü, emzirme

References

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2020). ABM Statement on Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Retrie¬ved May 18, 2020, from https://www.bfmed. org/abm-statement-coronavirus.
• Ahn, D.-G., Shin, H.-J., Kim, M.-H., Lee, S., Kim, H.-S., Myoung, J., et al. (2020). Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(3), 313-324.
• Andreas, N. J., Kampmann, B., & Le-Doare, K. M. (2015). Human breast milk: a review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Human Development, 91(11), 629-635.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). Türkiye’deki Güncel Durum. https://covid19. saglik.gov.tr/. Erişim Tarihi:22.05.2020
• Ballard, O., & Morrow, A. L. (2013). Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics, 60(1), 49-74.
• Bode, L. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology, 22(9), 1147-1162.
• Center for Disease Control (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/needextra- precautions/pregnancy-breastfeeding.html.
• Chen, D., Yang, H., Cao, Y., Cheng, W., Duan, T., Fan, C., et al.(2020). Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 149(2), 130-136.
• Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet, 395(10226), 809-815.
• Çelik, M. (2019). Annede Bulaşici Hastaliklar Ve Emzirme. I. Uluslararasi “Emzirme Gerçeği” Kongresi.
• Davanzo, R. (2020). Breast feeding at the time of COVID-19: Do not forget expressed mother’s milk, please. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition.
• Davanzo, R., Moro, G., Sandri, F., Agosti, M., Moretti, C., & Mosca, F. (2020). Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease-2019: ad interimindications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed bythe Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies. Matern Child Nutr, e13010.
• Demmelmair, H., & Koletzko, B. (2018). Lipids in human milk. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 32(1), 57-68.
• Di Benedetto, M. G., Bottanelli, C., Cattaneo, A., Pariante, C. M., & Borsini, A. (2020). Nutritional and immunological factors in breast milk: a role in the intergenerational transmission from maternal psychopathology to child development. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 85, 57-68.
• Dong, L., Tian, J., He, S., Zhu, C., Wang, J., Liu, C., & Yang, J. (2020). Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. Jama.
• Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics.
• Donovan, S. M., & Comstock, S. S. (2016). Human milk oligosaccharides influence neonatal mucosal and systemic immunity. Ann Nutr Metab, 69(Suppl 2), 42-51.
• Dror, D. K., & Allen, L. H. (2018). Overview of nutrients in human milk. Advances in Nutrition, 9, 278S-294S. El-Gilany, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Breastfeeding. In: Asploro.
• Goldman, A. S. (2019). Future research in the immune system of human milk. The Journal of Pediatrics, 206, 274-279.
• Gökçay, G., & Keskindemirci, G. (2020). Anne sütü ve COVID-19. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.
• Demmelmair, H., Prell, C., Timby, N., & Lönnerdal, B. (2017). Benefits of Lactoferrin, Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants. Nutrients, 9, 817.
• Hill, D. R., & Newburg, D. S. (2015).Clinical applications of bioactive milk components. Nutrition Reviews, 73(7), 463-476.
• Hong, H., Wang, Y., Chung, H.-T., & Chen, C.-J. (2020). Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in newborns, infants and children. Pediatrics & Neonatology.
• Hui, D. S., Azhar, E. E., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., et al. (2020). The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhang, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 158
• Kannan, S., Ali, P. S. S., Sheeza, A., & Hemalatha, K. (2020). COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019)–recent trends. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Cciences, 24(4), 2006-2011.
• Lake, M. A. (2020). What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clinical Medicine, 20(2), 124.
• Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2010). Breastfeeding E-Book: A Guide for the Medical Professional (Expert Consult-Online and Print): Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Li, F., Feng, Z. C., & Shi, Y. (2020). Proposal for prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease in newborn infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition.
• Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., et al. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus– infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine.
• Lönnerdal, B. (2014). Infant formula and infant nutrition: Bioactive proteins of human milk and implications for composition of infant formulas. Am J Clin Nutr, 99(Suppl), 712S–717S.
• Lu, X., Zhang, L., Du, H., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Qu, J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection in children [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 18]. N Engl J Med, 10.
• Martin, C. R., Ling, P. R., & Blackburn, G. L. (2016). Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula. Nutrients, 8(5), 279. Mosca, F., & Giannì, M. L. (2017). Human milk: Composition and health benefits. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica, 39, 155.
• Palmeira, P., & Carneiro-Sampaio, M. (2016). Immunology of breast milk. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 62(6), 584-593
• Riccardo Davanzo, G. M., Fabrizio Sandri, Massimo Agosti, Corrado Moretti, Fabio Mosca. (2020). Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease-2019: Ad interimindications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies. Matern Child Nutr.
• Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 102433.
• Schwartz, D. A. (2020). An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARSCoV- 2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.
• United Nations Population Fund (2020). UNFPA statement on novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and pregnancy https://www.unfpa.org/ press/unfpa-statement-novelcoronavirus- covid-19-and-pregnancy. Erişim Tarihi:18.05.2020
• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): What parents should know. How to protect yourself and your children? https://www.unicef.org/stories/ novel-coronavirusoutbreak- what-parents-should-know. Erişim Tarihi:18.05.2020
• Wang, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J., Zhu, F., Tang, Y., & Shen, X. (2020). A case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in a pregnant woman with preterm delivery. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
• World Health Organization (2020). Q&A on COVID-19, pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Retrie¬ved May 18, 2020, from https:// www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/ q-a-on-covid-19-pregnancychildbirth- and-breastfeeding.
• World Health Organization (2004). Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies. Retrie¬ved May 18, 2020, from https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ emergencies/9241546069/en/.
• World Health Organization (2003). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42590/9241562218.pdf;jsessionid. ABD7CE0C01C7F7AAB01C16A88C207C?sequence=1.
• Yang, N., Che, S., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Tang, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2020). Breastfeeding of Infants Born to Mothers with COVID-19: A Rapid Review.
• Zhu, H., Wang, L., Fang, C., Peng, S., Zhang, L., Chang, G., et al. (2020). Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Translational Pediatrics, 9(1), 51.