Evaluation of Psychological Symptom Differences Between Disabled and Non-Disabled Individuals

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 343 - 353, 21.06.2023

İlknur Uz , Hüseyin Ünübol , Gökben Hızlı

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in psychological symptoms between disabled and non-disabled individuals.
Material and Method: This paper conducts a multi-facet analysis (depression, anxiety, negative self, hostility and somatization) on disabled people for the first time. This study included 24493 people (non-disabled=23391, disabled=1102) from 9 demographic regions in Turkey and participants in the study were 18 years or older. Socio-demographic information form and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used as data collection tools. The participants' scores from the BSI were evaluated according to their disability status for each of the subdimensions of depression, anxiety, negative self, hostility and somatization. Results: When the mean BSI scores of the participants were compared, it was seen that the lowest mean scores in all sub-dimensions belong to non-disabled individuals. When the groups of people with disabilities were compared according to psychological symptoms, there were no differences for the 4 symptoms, whereas the scores of individuals with chronic disease were significantly higher in the somatization sub-dimension than the others. It was observed that hearing impaired individuals had the lowest mean score in anxiety, somatization and hostility sub-dimensions among the groups of disabled individuals.
Conclusion: Increasing awareness of disabled people in society and supporting them with psychotherapy methods that will improve the resistance mechanisms and increase adaptation to disability will contribute to social welfare.

Keywords

Disabled, psychological symptoms, brief symptom inventory, chronic illness/ disease, fhysical impairment.

Thanks

This research is fully funded by Scientific Research Programme of Uskudar University under the research project entitled “Turkey’s Addiction and Mental Health Risk Profile Map (TURBAHAR)”.

Engelli Olan Bireylerle Engelli Olmayan Bireyler Arasındaki Psikolojik Semptom Farklılıklarının Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, engelli bireylerle engelli olmayan bireyler arasındaki psikolojik semptom farklılıklarının değerlendirilmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu makale ilk kez engelli bireyler üzerinde çok yönlü bir analiz (depresyon, kaygı, olumsuz benlik, düşmanlık ve somatizasyon) yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmaya Türkiye geneli 9 demografik bölgeden 24493 kişi (Engelli olmayan=23391, Engelli=1102) dahil edilmiş olup çalışmada yer alan katılımcılar 18 yaş ve üzerindedir. Veri toplama araçları olarak sosyodemografik bilgi formu ve kısa semptom envanteri (KSE) kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların kısa semptom envanterinden aldıkları puanlar depresyon, anksiyete, olumsuz benlik, hostilite ve somatizasyon alt boyutlarının her biri için engel durumlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin KSE puan ortalamaları karşılaştırıldığında, tüm alt boyutlarda en düşük puan ortalamalarının engelli olmayan bireylere ait olduğu görülmüştür. Psikolojik semptomlara göre engelli birey grupları kendi içinde karşılaştırıldığında 4 semptom için farklılık bulunmazken somatizasyon alt boyutunda kronik hastalığa sahip bireylerin puanları anlamlı olarak diğerlerine göre yüksek bulunmuştur. İşitme engelli bireylerin engelli birey grupları içinde anksiyete, somatizasyon ve öfke/saldırganlık alt boyutlarında en düşük puan ortalamasına sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Sonuç: Sonuçlar alanyazındaki verilerle karşılaştırıldığında birbirini destekler niteliktedir. Toplumda engelli bireylere yönelik farkındalığın artması ve engelli bireylerin direnç mekanizmalarını geliştirecek ve engelliliğe uyumu arttıracak psikoterapi yöntemleri ile desteklenmesi, toplumsal refaha katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

Engelli, psikolojik belirti, kısa belirti envanteri, kronik hastalık, fiziksel bozukluk

References

• Aydınöz G. Engellinin sosyal güvenliği bakımından sosyal yardım ve sosyal hizmetler. [dissertation on the internet]. İstanbul (TR): Galatasaray Üniversitesi; 2008, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. Dünya engellilik raporu yönetici özeti.Cenevre; 2011, Available from: https://www.engellilerkonfederasyonu.org.tr/wp content/uploads/2020/04/D%C3%BCnya-Engellilik-Raporu-2011.pdf
• World Health Organization. 10 facts on disability. Cenevre; 2019, Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/disabilities
• Aktürk U, Aylaz R. An evaluation of anxiety in parents with disabled children and their coping strategies. Int J Caring Sci, [Internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 10(1):342-354. Available from: http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/38_akturk_original_10_1.pdf
• Konukbay D, Arslan F. The analysis of hopelessness levels and problem solving skills of parents with the disabled children. Int J Caring Sci, [Internet]. 2015 Aug [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 8(2):344-356. Available from: http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/11_konukbay.pdf
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Turkey disability survey. Ankara; 2002, Available from: https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0014899.pdf
• Öztürk M. Türkiye’de Engelli Gerçeği. [Internet]. İstanbul: Müsiad; 2011 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 17 p. Available from: https://www.musiad.org.tr/uploads/yayinlar/cep-kitaplari/pdf/30-turkiye%E2%80%99de engelli-gercegi.pdf
• Ildız Gİ, Tezel D. Türkiye’de engelli bireylere yönelik tutumlara ilişkin çalışmaların incelenmesi. IBAD Int J Sci Res, [Internet]. 2018 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 3(2), 599-609. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/496552
• Polikandrioti M, Govina O, Vasilopoulos G, Adamakidou T, Plakas S, Kalemikerakis I, et al. Nursing students' attitudes towards people with disabilities. Int J Caring Sci, [Internet].2020 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 13(1):480-489. Available from:http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences .org/docs/53_g alanis_original_13_1.pdf
• Toplumsal Haklar ve Araştırmalar Derneği. Engelli kişilerin haklarına ilişkin sözleşmeye istinaden Türkiye tarafından Sözleşmenin 35.maddesi uyarınca sunulmuş ilk rapor. İstanbul; 2018, Available from: http://www.tohad.org/tohad/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/UNCRPD_Turkey _Report_ TR.pdf
• Alır G, Soydal İ, Öztürk Ö. (2007). Türkiye’de e-devlet Uygulamaları Kapsamında Kamu Kurumlarına Ait Web Sayfalarının Değerlendirilmesi, 1st International Symposium on Information Management in a Changing World, October 24-26, 2007, Ankara, Turkey. Proceedings (pp. 56-165). Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü.
• Subaşıoğlu F. Üniversitelerin bilgi ve belge yönetimi bölümleri’nin “engellilik farkındalığı” üzerine bir araştırma. Bilgi Dünyası, [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 9 (2), 399-430. Available from: https://d.org.tr/index.php/bd/article/view/312/309
• Karataş K. Özürlüler kentlerde özgürce hareket etmek istiyorlar. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 1998, Jun; 4(1)10-19.
• Shontz FC. Six principles relating disability and psychological adjustment. Rehabil Psychol, [Internet]. 1977 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 24(4), 207-210. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1982-10199-001
• McDaniel J. (1976). Physical disability and human behavior. 2nd ed. Great Britain: A. Wheaton & Co. Exeter; 1976. 125p.
• Adler A. Üstünlük duygusu ve toplumsal ilgi. 6th Ed. (Çev: B. Çorakçı). İstanbul: Say Yayınları; 2002. 92p
• Gorman L, Sultan D, Raines M. (2011). Davis’ s manual of psychosocial nursing in general patient care. Philadelphia: F A Davis Company.Gorman; 2011. 142p.
• World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010, Burden: Mortality, Morbidity and isk Factors. Cenevre; 2010, Available from:http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_re port2010/en/
• McBride AB. Managing chronicity: the heart of nursing care. In key aspect of caring for the chronically Ill (Funk SG, Tornquist EM, Champagne MT, Weiss RA. eds). Newyork: Springer Publishing Company, 1993; 14p.
• Lubkin IM. Chronic Illness: Impact and Interventions, 6th edn. Boston : Jones & Bartlett; 2005. 156p.
• Karadakovan A, Eti-Aslan F. Dahili ve Cerrahi Hastalıklarda Bakım. Adana: Nobel Kitapevi; 2010. 140p.
• Fellinger J, Holzinger D, Pollard R. Mental health of deaf people, Lancet, [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 379:1037-1044. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22423884/
• Fellinger J, Holzinger D, Dobner U. An innovative and reliable way of measuring health-related quality of life and mental distress in the deaf community. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, [Internet]. 2005 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 40(3):245-250. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15742231/
• Kvam MH, Loeb M, Tambs K. Mental health in deaf adults: symptoms of anxiety and depression among hearing and deaf individuals. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. [Internet]. 2007 Winter [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 12(1):1-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950865/
• Rebouças CB, de Araújo MM, Braga FC, Fernandes GT, Costa SC. Evaluation of quality of life of visually impaired. Rev Bras Enferm. [Internet]. 2016 Jan-Feb Winter [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 69(1):64-70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26871218/
• Van der Aa HP, Comijs HC, Penninx BW, van Rens GH, van Nispen RM. Major depressive and anxiety disorders in visually impaired older adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 20;56(2):849-54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25604690/
• Eldridge WD. The importance of psychotherapy for athletic-related orthopedic injuries among adults. Compr Psychiatry. [Internet]. 1983 ay-Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25];24(3):271-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6191920/
• Batıgün AD, Şahin NH. Öfke, dürtüsellik ve problem çözme becerilerindeki yetersizlik gençlik intiharlarının habercisi olabilir mi? Türk Psikol. D., [Internet]. 2003 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25];18(51): 37-59. Available from: https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TXpReE5EUT0/ofke durtusellik-ve-problem-cozme-becerilerindeki-yetersizlik-genclik intiharlarinin-habercisi-olabilir-mi
• Savaşır I, Şahin NH. Bilişsel davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları; 1997. 165p.
• Þorvarðardóttir E. (2014). Adolescents with physical disabilities and their wellbeing and peer relationships within secondary schools in Iceland. [dissertation on the internet]. Reykjavik (IS): Reykjavik University, 2014, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/19427/1/BSc%20ritger%C3%B0%20pdf.pdf
• King GA, Shultz IZ, Steel K, Gilpin M, Cathers T. Self-evaluation and self concept of adolescents with physical disabilities. Am J Occup Ther. [Internet]. 1993 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 25];47(2):132-40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8470742/
• Akçamete G, Kargın T. Bedensel engeli olan ve olmayan üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam yönelimi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikol. D, [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 13(42), 37-44. Available from: https://www.psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar dergiler/1031828/tpd1300443319980000m000249.pdf
• Kaner S. (1995). Görme ve ortopedik engelli ve engelli olmayan ergenlerin benlik saygılarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. Özel Eği. D, [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 2 (1), 11-18. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/159263
• Kaner S. Ortopedik engelli ve engelli olmayan erkek ergenlerde benlik saygısı ve beden imajı. Özel Eği. D, [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 2 (4), 13-22. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article file/159240
• Wade TD, Tiggemann M. The role of perfectionism in body dissatisfaction. J Eat Disord. [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 22;1:2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24764525/
• Ferguson CJ, Muñoz ME, Garza A, Galindo M. Concurrent and prospective analyses of peer, television and social media influences on body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms and life satisfaction in adolescent girls. J Youth Adolesc. [Internet].2014 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 43(1):1-14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23344652/
• Furnham A, Badmin N, Sneade I. Body image dissatisfaction: gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. J Psychol. [Internet].2002 Nov [cited 2021 Dec 25];136(6):581-96. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12523447/
• Gupta C. The relation between body image satisfaction and selfesteem to academic behaviour in adolescents and pre-adolescents. [dissertation on the internet]. Winnipeg (CAN): University of Manitoba, 2011, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1993/14438/gupta_charulata.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Pendley JS, Dahlquist LM, Dreyer Z. Body image and psychosocial adjustment in adolescent cancer survivors. J Pediatr Psychol. [Internet].1997 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 25];22(1):29-43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9019046/
• Moss H. Body dissatisfaction in adolescents with eating disorders: Associations with maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety. [dissertation on the internet]. Christchurch (NZ): University of Canterbury, 2011, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/6674/Thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=2
• Jonstang IC. The effect of body dissatisfaction on eating disorder symptomatology: Mediating effects of depression and low self-esteem. [dissertation on the internet]. Oslo (NO): Universitetet Oslo, 2009, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/18527/Thesis2.pdf?sequence=2
• Tan SY, Yew WP. (2012). The relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder among exercises. SEGİ Rev., [Internet].2012 July [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 5(1), 132-156. Available from: https://docplayer.net/22588113-The-relationship-between-body-dissatisfaction-and-eating-disorder among-exercisers-abstract.html
• Seki T, Dilmaç B. Ergenlerin sahip oldukları değerler ile öznel iyi oluş ve sosyal görünüş kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler: bir model önerisi. Eği. Bil., [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2021 Dec 25];40 (179), 57-67. Available from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/3663/1032
• Öksüz, Y. Üniversite öğrencilerinin özerklik düzeyleri ile vücut algıları arasındaki ilişki. G. Üni. End.San. Eği Fak D, [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 28, 69-77. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/296411
• Gürsel F, Koruç Z. The influence of physical activity on body image in people with and without acquired mobility disability. Gymn. [Internet]. 2011 Jan[cited 2021 Dec 25]; 41 (4), 29-35. Available from: https://gymnica.upol.cz/pdfs/gym/2011/04/03.pdf
• Hummel JW, Schirmer BE. Review of research and description of programs for the social development of hearing-impaired students. The Volta Rev., [Internet]. 1984 Oct [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 259-267. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232537539_ Review_of_research_and_description_of_programs_for_the_social_development_of_hearing-impaired_students
• Black PA, Glickman NS. Demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and other characteristics of North American Deaf and hard-of-hearing inpatients. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. [Internet]. 2006 Summer [cited 2021 Dec 25];11(3):303-21. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16687730/
• Cooper AF, Curry AR, Kay DW, Garside RF, Roth M. Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Lancet. [Internet]. 1974 Oct [cited 2021 Dec 25];12;2(7885):851-4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4137694/
• Allahi Z, Mirabdi R, Mazaheri M. A Comparative Study of the Deaf and Blind Exceptional Children on Satisfaction with life. Int J Sci Eng Res, [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 3(3), 1-5. Available from: https://www.ijser.org/onlineResearchPaperViewer.aspx?A-Comparative-Study of-the-Deaf-and-Blind-Exceptional-Children-on-Satisfaction-with-Life.pdf
• Kömürcüoğlu B, Balcıoğlu M, Öztuna I, Büyükşirin M, Işık E, Perim K. KOAH’ lı erkek olgularda depresyon. Toraks D, [Internet]. 2000 Dec [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 1(3):31- 4. Available from: https://turkthoracj.org/content/files/sayilar/92/buyuk/pdf_Toraksder_79.pdf
• Sukan MY. Vitiligo hastalarının psikiyatrik değerlendirmesi ve kronik ürtiker hastaları ve sağlıklı kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırılması. [dissertation on the internet]. İstanbul (TR): T. C. Sağ. Bak., Bakırköy H., 2005, [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://docplayer.biz.tr/3784228-Vitiligo-hastalarinin-psikiyatrik-degerlendirmesi-ve-kronik urtiker-hastalari-ve-saglikli-kontrol-grubu-ile-karsilastirilmasi.html
• Yeşilbalkan ÖU, Akyol AD, Çetinkaya Y. Kemoterapi tedavisi alan hastaların tedaviye bağlı yaşadıkları semptomlar ve yaşam kalitesine olan etkisinin incelenmesi. Ege Üni Hem. Yük. O. D., [Internet]. 2005 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 21 (1), 13-31. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/836051
• Akın S, Durna Z. Kalp yetersizliği hastalarının psikososyal uyumu. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25];10 (2),1-8. Available from: http://eskidergi.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/makale/1368.pdf
• Bahar A, Sertbaş G, Sönmez A. Diabetes mellituslu hastaların depresyon ve anksiyete duzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Psi. D., [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 7, 18- 26. Available from: https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TlRNMk5EZzQ/diyabetes-mellituslu hastalarin-depresyon-ve-anksiyete-duzeylerinin-belirlenmesi
• Çam O, Saka Ş, Gümüş AB. Meme kanserli hastaların psikososyal uyumlarını etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Meme Sağ. D., [Internet]. 2009 Oct [cited 2021 Dec 25]; (5)12, 73-84. Available from: https://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_42585/ejbh-5-73-En.pdf
• Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, O'Connor C, Keteyian S, Landzberg J, Howlett J, et al. Effects of exercise training on depressive symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure: the HF-ACTION randomized trial. JAMA. [Internet].2012 Aug [cited 2021 Dec 25];1;308(5):465-74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22851113/
• Gallagher D, O'Regan C, Savva GM, Cronin H, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA. Depression, anxiety and cardiovascular disease: which symptoms are associated with increased risk in community dwelling older adults? J Affect Disord. [Internet].2012 Dec [cited 2021 Dec 25];15;142(1-3):132-8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22858218/
• Jan J, Freeman R, Scott E. Visual impairment in children and adolescents. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1997. 122p.
• Huurre TM, Aro HM. Psychosocial development among adolescents with visual impairment. Eur Child Adolesc Psyc.. [Internet].1998 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 25];7(2):73-8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9712373/
• Wong HB, Machin D, Tan SB, Wong TY, Saw SM. Visual impairment and its impact on health-related quality of life in adolescents. Am J Ophth., [Internet]. 2009 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 25];147(3):505-51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056077/
• Haran S. Ergenlerde gelişimsel kriz üzerine bir klinik örnek. Kriz D., [Internet].2004 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 12 (1), 47-53. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kriz /issue/41075/496466
• Hancock KA, Cobb LS. Psychological perspectives on physically disabled children and adolescents. J Aca. Rehabil Audi., [Internet]. 1980 Fall [cited 2021 Dec 25]; 13 (2), 51-65. Available from: https://www.audrehab.org/_files/ugd /caf823_fecb54387bb04fc580c44794b5160f04.pdf
• Thompson K. Depression and disability. Chapel Hill: Grant/Cooperative Agreement; 2002. 144p
• TURBAHAR (2019). Türkiye Bağımlılık Risk Profili ve Ruh Sağlığı Haritası Proje Sonuç Raporu, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Yayınları – 21