Sağlık Harcamalarının Medikal Ürün İhracatı Üzerindeki Etkisi: E7 Ülkeleri Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 19, 468 - 476, 29.10.2022

Elif Tuğçe Bozduman , Birol Erkan

https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1144254

Abstract

Bu çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkeler grubunda yer alan E7 ülkelerinde (Türkiye, Çin, Hindistan, Rusya, Endonezya, Brezilya ve Meksika) sağlık harcamalarının medikal ürün ihracatı üzerindeki etkisinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, 2000-2017 dönemini kapsayan çalışmada öncelikle serilerin durağanlığını sınamak için MADF birim kök testi, serilerin homojenliğini-heterojenliğini belirlemek amacıyla Swamy S testi ve son olarak, nedensellik ilişkini belirleyebilmek için Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular sonucunda, serilerin birinci farkta durağan ve heterojen olduğu ve iki değişken arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Hem sağlık harcamaları medikal ürün ihracatını hem de medikal ürün ihracatı sağlık harcamalarını etkilemiştir. Böylece, ülkelerin sağlık harcamaları arttığında medikal ürün ihracatı da artmakta, medikal ürün ihracatı arttığında sağlık harcamaları da artmaktadır.

Keywords

Sağlık Harcamaları, Medikal Ürün İhracatı, Panel Nedensellik, E7 Ülkeleri

The Impact of Health Expenditures on Medical Product Exports: A Case of E7 Countries

Abstract

It was aimed to analyze the impact of health expenditures on medical product exports in E7 countries (Turkey, China, India, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil and Mexico) in the developing countries group in the paper. In this context, it was first performed the MADF unit root test to test the stationarity of the series in the study covering the period 2000-2017. Then it was performed the Swamy S test to determine the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the series. Finally, it was applied the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel causality test to determine the causality relationship between the series. As a result of the findings, it was determined that the series were stationary and heterogeneous in the first difference and that there was a bidirectional causality relationship between the two variables. In other words, both health expenditures affected medical product exports and medical product exports affected health expenditures. In this perspective, when countries' health expenditures increase, medical product exports also increase, and when medical product exports increase, health expenditures also increase. 

Keywords

Health Expenditures, Medical Product Export, Panel Causality, E7 Countries

References

• Abuaf, N., and Jorion, P. (1990). Purchasing power parity in the long run. The Journal of Finance, 45(1), 157-174.
• Anderton, B., and Schultz, S. (1999). Ezplaining export success in the UK and German medical equipment industry. Berlin: DIW.
• Anyanwu, J. C., A,and Erhijakpor, A. E. (2009). Health expenditures and health outcomes in Africa. Oxford: African Development Bank.
• Berger, M. C., and Messer, J. (2002). Public financing of health expenditures, insurance and health outcomes. Applied Economics, 34(17), 2105-2113.
• Bilgel, F., and Tran, K. C. (2013). The determinants of canadian provincial health expenditures: Evidence from a dynamic panel. Applied Economics, 45(2), 201-212.
• Boachie, M. K., Ramu, K., and Põlajeva, T. (2018). Public health expenditures and health outcomes: New evidence from ghana. Economies, 6(58), 1-25.
• Bokhari, F. A., Gai, Y., and Gottret, P. (2007). Goverment health expenditures and health. Health Economics, 16, 257–273.
• Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 239-253.
• Cebeci, E., and Ay, A. (2016). The effects of health expenditures on economic growth: A panel regression analysis on BRICS countries and Turkey. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 91-102.
• COMTRADE. (2021). 04 2020, 07, World integrated trade solution: Https://Wits.Worldbank.Org/WITS/WITS/Restricted/Login.Aspx
• Dumitrescu, E. I., and Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
• Elmi, Z. M., and Sadeghi, S. (2012). Health care expenditures and economic growth in developing countries: Panel co-integration and causality. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(1), 88-91.
• Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G., and Erbil, C. (2013). Health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 13, 33-52.
• Fazaeli, A. A., Ghaderi, H., Salehi, M., and Fazaeli, A. R. (2016). Health care expenditure and GDP in oil exporting countries: Evidence from OPEC data, 1995-2012. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(2), 93-98.
• Furuoka, F. (2012). Unemployment hysteresis in the East Asia‐Pacific Region: New evidence from MADF and SURADF tests. Asian Pacific Economic Literature, 26(2), 133-143.
• Gaag, J. V., and Barham, T. (1998). Health and health expenditures in adjusting and non-adjusting countries. Social Science and Medicine, 46(8), 995-1009.
• Govindaraj, R., Chellaraj, G., and Murray, C. J. (1997). Health expenditures in Latin America and the Caribbean. Social Science And Medicine, 44(2), 157-169.
• Hosoya, K. (2014). Determinants of health expenditures: Stylized facts and A new signal. Modern Economy, 5, 1171-1180.
• Jakovljevic, M., Timofeyev, Y., Ekkert, N. V., Fedorova, J. V., Skvirskaya, G., Bolevich, S., and Reshetnikov, V. A. (2019). The impact of health expenditures on public health in BRICS nations. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8, 516-519.
• Kennedy, O. (2015). Macro-economic and public health expenditures in kenya. International Journal Of Education And Research, 3(9), 15-32.
• Khan, H. N., Razali, R. B., and Shafie, A. B. (2016). Modeling determinants of health expenditures in Malaysia: Evidence from time series analysis. Frontiersinpharmacology, 7(69), 1-7.
• Lautier, M. (2008). Export of health services from developing countries. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 101-110.
• Matteo, L. D. (2005). The macro determinants of health expenditure in the United States and Canada: Assessing the impact of income, age distribution and time. Health Policy, 71, 23-42.
• Mehrara, M., Fazaeli, A. A., Fazaeli, A. A., and Fazaeli, A. R. (2012). The relationship between health expenditures and economic growth in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. International Journal Of Business Management and Economic Research (IJBMER), 3(1), 425-428.
• Nghiem, S. H., and Connelly, L. B. (2017). Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Economics Review, 7(29), 1-11.
• Ozsoy, O. (2002). Budgetary trade-offs between defense, education and health expenditures: The case of Turkey. Education and Health Expenditures: The Case Of Turkey, 13(2), 129-136.
• Öztürk, S., and Topçu, E. (2014). Health expenditures and economıc growth: Evidence from G8 countries. International Journal Of Economics and Empirical Research, 2(6), 256-261.
• Potrafke, N. (2010). The growth of public health expenditures in OECD countries: Do government. Journal of Health Economics, 29, 797-810.
• Sarno, L., and Taylor, M. P. (1998). Real exchange rates under the recent float: Unequivocal evidence of mean reversion. Economics Letters, 60, 131-137.
• Sartia, S., Terraneob, M., and Bordognaba, M. T. (2017). Poverty and private health expenditures in Italianhouseholds during the recent crisis. Health Policy, 121, 307-314.
• Sülkü, S. N., and Caner, A. (2011). Health care expenditures and gross domestic product: The Turkish case. The European Journal Of Health Economics, 12, 29-38.
• Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica Journal, 38(2), 311-323.
• Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul. Beta Yayınları.
• The World Bank Data. (2021).,The World Bank: Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/
• Wang, Z., and Rettenmaier, A. J. (2007). A note on cointegration of health expenditures and income. Health Economics, 16, 559-578.
• Wang, Z., Asghar, M. M., Zaidi, S. A., and Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic linkages among CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15285–15299.
• Yew, S. L., and Uğur, M. (2015). Effects of government education and health expenditures on economic growth: A meta-analysis. GPERC.
• Yıldırım, J., and Sezgin, S. (2002). Defence, education and health expenditures in 1924-1996. Journal Of Peace Research, 39(5), 69–580.