Research Article
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Türkiye’de Gelir Eşitsizliği Suç İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi Yaklaşımı

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 111 - 144, 15.12.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı; 2008-2018 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin 12 alt bölgesinde işlenen suçlar ve gelir eşitsizliği arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını test etmektir. Söz konusu ilişkiyi test ederken kesit ve zaman boyutunun bir arada bulunduğu seriler için uygun olan panel veri analizi yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak suçu temsilen çeşitli suçlar sebebiyle cezaevine giren kişi sayısı kullanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişken üzerindeki etkisi incelenen temel bağımsız değişken, gelir eşitsizliğini temsilen Gini katsayısıdır. Kullanılan diğer kontrol değişkenler ise kişi başına düşen GSYİH, işsizlik oranı, üçüncül okullaşma oranı ve kentleşmedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, gelir eşitsizliği ve suç arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmadan elde edilen diğer bulgular şu şekildedir: Kişi başına düşen gelir ve üçüncül okullaşma oranındaki artış ile işlenen suç sayısı arasında negatif, kentleşme oranı ve işsizlik oranındaki artış ile işlenen suç sayısı arasında pozitif bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, ilgili literatürle karşılaştırıldığında uyumludur. Buna göre gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğini, işsizliği ve kentleşmeyi azaltıcı politikalar; yüksek eğitime katılımı ve kişi başına düşen geliri artırıcı politikalar suçla mücadelede önemlidir.

References

  • Andrienko, Y. (2001). Explaining crime growth in Russia during transition: economic and criminometric approach. Moscow: Centre for Economic and Financial Research.
  • Akerlof, G. A. ve Dickens, W. T. (1982). The economic consequences of cognitive dissonance. The American Economic Review, 72(3), 307-319.
  • Aksu, H. ve Akkuş, Y. (2010). Türkiye’de mala karşı suçların sosyoekonomik belirleyicileri üzerine bir deneme: Sınır testi yaklaşımı (1970-2007). Sosyoekonomi, 11(11), 191-213.
  • Allen, R. C. (1996). Socioeconomic conditions and property crime: A comprehensive review and test of the professional literature. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55(3), 293-308.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q. ve Kao, C. (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Beccaria, C. (1764). On crimes and punishments. Criminology Theory: Selected Classic Readings, 367.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. N. G. Fielding, A. Clarke ve R. Witt (Ed.). The economic dimensions of crime içinde (ss. 13-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Blau, J. R. ve Blau, P. M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 114-129.
  • Block, M. K. ve Heineke, J. M. (1975). A labor theoretic analysis of the criminal choice. The American Economic Review, 65(3), 314-325.
  • Buonanno, P. ve Leonida, L. (2006). Education and crime: Evidence from Italian regions. Applied Economics Letters, 13(11), 709-713.
  • Bourguignon, F., Nuñez, J. ve Sanchez, F. (2003). A structural model of crime and inequality in Colombia. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(2-3), 440-449.
  • Bruinsma, G. J. (2007). Urbanization and urban crime: Dutch geographical and environmental research. Crime and Justice, 35(1), 453-502.
  • Brush, J. (2007). Does income inequality lead to more crime? A comparison of cross-sectional and time-series analyses of United States counties. Economics Letters, 96(2), 264-268.
  • Chadwick, E. (1887). Precis of preventative police. B. W. Richardson (Ed.). The health of nations: A review of the works of Edwin Chadwick (11. Cilt içinde). London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Cheong, T. S. ve Wu, Y. (2015). Crime rates and inequality: A study of crime in contemporary China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 20(2), 202-223.
  • Chintrakarn, P. ve Herzer, D. (2012). More inequality, more crime? A panel cointegration analysis for the United States. Economics Letters, 116(3), 389-391.
  • Choe, J. (2008). Income inequality and crime in the United States. Economics Letters, 101(1), 31-33.
  • Cömertler, N. ve Kar, M. (2007). Türkiye’de suç oranının sosyo-ekonomik belirleyicileri: yatay kesit analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 62(2), 37-57.
  • Doğan, B. B. ve Tunç, Ş. Ö. (2016). Türkiye’nin Orta Asya ülkeleri ile ticaretinin panel çekim modeli ile analizi. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(11), 139-156.
  • Doyle, J. M., Ahmed, E. ve Horn, R. N. (1999). The effects of labor markets and income inequality on crime: Evidence from panel data. Southern Economic Journal, 65(4), 717-738.
  • Driscoll, J. C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Eide, E., Aasness, J. ve Skjerpen, T. (1994). Economics of crime: Deterrence and the rational offender (No. 227). North-Holland.
  • Ehrlich, I. (1973). Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation. Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), 521-565.
  • Enamorado, T., López-Calva, L. F., Rodríguez-Castelán, C. ve Winkler, H. (2016). Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Development Economics, 120, 128-143.
  • Farrington, D. P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St. Ledger, R. J. ve West, D. J. (1986). Unemployment, school leaving, and crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 26(4), 335-356.
  • Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D. ve Loayza, N. (2002). Inequality and violent crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), 1-39.
  • Fella, G. ve Gallipoli, G. (2014). Education and crime over the life cycle. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(4), 1484-1517.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2013). Türkiye›de suç ve emek piyasası ilişkisi. A. A. Aşıcı (Ed.). Ümit Şenesen›e armağan paylaşımlar: Sayılarla Türkiye ekonomisi içinde (ss. 377-396). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Flango, V. E. ve Sherbenou, E. L. (1976). Poverty, urbanization, and crime. Criminology, 14(3), 331-346.
  • Fougère, D., Kramarz, F. ve Pouget, J. (2009). Youth unemployment and crime in France. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(5), 909-938.
  • Greene, W.H. (1997). Economic analysis (3. Baskı). Prentice Hall.
  • Groot, W. ve Van Den Brink, H. M. (2010). The effects of education on crime. Applied Economics, 42(3), 279- 289
  • Hashmi, R. ve Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • Hassan, M. S., Akbar, M. S., Wajid, A. ve Arshed, N. (2016). Poverty, urbanization and crime: Are they related in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4(9), 483-492.
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Kelly, M. (2000). Inequality and crime. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 530-539.
  • Kesbiç, C. Y. ve Dündar, Ö. (2017). İşsizlik ve suç arasındaki ilişkiye teorik bir bakış. Journal of Management & Economics, 24(2), 327-348.
  • Konak, A. ve Demir, M. A. (2019). Türkiye’nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70. Le, T. H., Le, H. C. ve Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). Does financial inclusion impact CO2 emissions? Evidence from Asia. Finance Research Letters, 34.
  • Lochner, L. (2020). Education and crime. S. Bradley ve C. Green (Ed.). The economics of education içinde (ss. 109-117). Academic Press.
  • Loftin, C. ve McDowall, D. (1982). The police, crime, and economic theory: An assessment. American Sociological Review, 74, 393-401.
  • Machin, S. ve Meghir, C. (2004). Crime and economic incentives. Journal of Human Resources, 39(4), 958-979.
  • Messner, S. F. ve Tardiff, K. (1986). Economic inequality and levels of homicide: An analysis of urban neighborhoods. Criminology, 24(2), 297-316.
  • Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682.
  • Meiselman, D. ve Tullock, G. (1973). The economics of crime and punishment. Washington, DC: American Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Neumayer, E. (2005). Inequality and violent crime: Evidence from data on robbery and violent theft. Journal of Peace Research, 42(1), 101-112.
  • Nilsson, A. (2004). Income inequality and crime: The case of Sweden (No. 6 :2004). Working Paper.
  • Nişancı, Z. ve Aysan, Ü. (2019). Türkiye’de sosyodemografik ve sosyokültürel göstergelere göre dindarlık seviyeleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 39(2), 303-328. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2019.39.2.108
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Poveda, A. C. (2011). Economic development, inequality and poverty: An analysis of urban violence in Colombia. Oxford Development Studies, 39(4), 453-468.
  • Pridemore, W. A. (2011). Poverty matters: A reassessment of the inequality-homicide relationship in cross-national studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(5), 739-772.
  • Raphael, S. ve Winter-Ebmer, R. (2001). Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 44(1), 259-283.
  • Runciman, W. G. ve Runciman, B. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England (13 Cilt). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Saridakis, G. (2004). Violent crime in the United States of America: A time-series analysis between 1960- 2000. European Journal of Law and Economics, 18(2), 203-221

Income Inequality and Crime in Turkey: A Panel Data Approach

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 111 - 144, 15.12.2020

Abstract

The main goal of this study is to determine whether there is a relation between crime and income inequality for Turkey’s 12 sub-regions during 2008-2018. For testing this relation, the panel data analysis was used which is the proper approach when a dataset has both cross-section and time dimensions together. The dependent variable of the study is the number of people who end up in prison which is used as the proxy of crime. Gini is selected as the main independent variable which is a proxy of income inequality. GDP per capita, unemployment rate, tertiary school enrollment rate and urbanization rate are the control variables of the model. The results reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between income inequality and crime. Besides that, while GDP per capita and tertiary school enrollment effect the crime negatively, urbanization and unemployment effect positively. These results are compatible with the related literature. Accordingly these results, the policies which decrease the income inequality, unemployment and urbanization, and the policies which increase tertiary school enrollment and GDP per capita, are the deterrent factors of crime.

References

  • Andrienko, Y. (2001). Explaining crime growth in Russia during transition: economic and criminometric approach. Moscow: Centre for Economic and Financial Research.
  • Akerlof, G. A. ve Dickens, W. T. (1982). The economic consequences of cognitive dissonance. The American Economic Review, 72(3), 307-319.
  • Aksu, H. ve Akkuş, Y. (2010). Türkiye’de mala karşı suçların sosyoekonomik belirleyicileri üzerine bir deneme: Sınır testi yaklaşımı (1970-2007). Sosyoekonomi, 11(11), 191-213.
  • Allen, R. C. (1996). Socioeconomic conditions and property crime: A comprehensive review and test of the professional literature. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55(3), 293-308.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q. ve Kao, C. (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Beccaria, C. (1764). On crimes and punishments. Criminology Theory: Selected Classic Readings, 367.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. N. G. Fielding, A. Clarke ve R. Witt (Ed.). The economic dimensions of crime içinde (ss. 13-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Blau, J. R. ve Blau, P. M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 114-129.
  • Block, M. K. ve Heineke, J. M. (1975). A labor theoretic analysis of the criminal choice. The American Economic Review, 65(3), 314-325.
  • Buonanno, P. ve Leonida, L. (2006). Education and crime: Evidence from Italian regions. Applied Economics Letters, 13(11), 709-713.
  • Bourguignon, F., Nuñez, J. ve Sanchez, F. (2003). A structural model of crime and inequality in Colombia. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(2-3), 440-449.
  • Bruinsma, G. J. (2007). Urbanization and urban crime: Dutch geographical and environmental research. Crime and Justice, 35(1), 453-502.
  • Brush, J. (2007). Does income inequality lead to more crime? A comparison of cross-sectional and time-series analyses of United States counties. Economics Letters, 96(2), 264-268.
  • Chadwick, E. (1887). Precis of preventative police. B. W. Richardson (Ed.). The health of nations: A review of the works of Edwin Chadwick (11. Cilt içinde). London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Cheong, T. S. ve Wu, Y. (2015). Crime rates and inequality: A study of crime in contemporary China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 20(2), 202-223.
  • Chintrakarn, P. ve Herzer, D. (2012). More inequality, more crime? A panel cointegration analysis for the United States. Economics Letters, 116(3), 389-391.
  • Choe, J. (2008). Income inequality and crime in the United States. Economics Letters, 101(1), 31-33.
  • Cömertler, N. ve Kar, M. (2007). Türkiye’de suç oranının sosyo-ekonomik belirleyicileri: yatay kesit analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 62(2), 37-57.
  • Doğan, B. B. ve Tunç, Ş. Ö. (2016). Türkiye’nin Orta Asya ülkeleri ile ticaretinin panel çekim modeli ile analizi. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(11), 139-156.
  • Doyle, J. M., Ahmed, E. ve Horn, R. N. (1999). The effects of labor markets and income inequality on crime: Evidence from panel data. Southern Economic Journal, 65(4), 717-738.
  • Driscoll, J. C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Eide, E., Aasness, J. ve Skjerpen, T. (1994). Economics of crime: Deterrence and the rational offender (No. 227). North-Holland.
  • Ehrlich, I. (1973). Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation. Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), 521-565.
  • Enamorado, T., López-Calva, L. F., Rodríguez-Castelán, C. ve Winkler, H. (2016). Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Development Economics, 120, 128-143.
  • Farrington, D. P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St. Ledger, R. J. ve West, D. J. (1986). Unemployment, school leaving, and crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 26(4), 335-356.
  • Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D. ve Loayza, N. (2002). Inequality and violent crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), 1-39.
  • Fella, G. ve Gallipoli, G. (2014). Education and crime over the life cycle. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(4), 1484-1517.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2013). Türkiye›de suç ve emek piyasası ilişkisi. A. A. Aşıcı (Ed.). Ümit Şenesen›e armağan paylaşımlar: Sayılarla Türkiye ekonomisi içinde (ss. 377-396). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Flango, V. E. ve Sherbenou, E. L. (1976). Poverty, urbanization, and crime. Criminology, 14(3), 331-346.
  • Fougère, D., Kramarz, F. ve Pouget, J. (2009). Youth unemployment and crime in France. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(5), 909-938.
  • Greene, W.H. (1997). Economic analysis (3. Baskı). Prentice Hall.
  • Groot, W. ve Van Den Brink, H. M. (2010). The effects of education on crime. Applied Economics, 42(3), 279- 289
  • Hashmi, R. ve Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • Hassan, M. S., Akbar, M. S., Wajid, A. ve Arshed, N. (2016). Poverty, urbanization and crime: Are they related in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4(9), 483-492.
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Kelly, M. (2000). Inequality and crime. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 530-539.
  • Kesbiç, C. Y. ve Dündar, Ö. (2017). İşsizlik ve suç arasındaki ilişkiye teorik bir bakış. Journal of Management & Economics, 24(2), 327-348.
  • Konak, A. ve Demir, M. A. (2019). Türkiye’nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70. Le, T. H., Le, H. C. ve Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). Does financial inclusion impact CO2 emissions? Evidence from Asia. Finance Research Letters, 34.
  • Lochner, L. (2020). Education and crime. S. Bradley ve C. Green (Ed.). The economics of education içinde (ss. 109-117). Academic Press.
  • Loftin, C. ve McDowall, D. (1982). The police, crime, and economic theory: An assessment. American Sociological Review, 74, 393-401.
  • Machin, S. ve Meghir, C. (2004). Crime and economic incentives. Journal of Human Resources, 39(4), 958-979.
  • Messner, S. F. ve Tardiff, K. (1986). Economic inequality and levels of homicide: An analysis of urban neighborhoods. Criminology, 24(2), 297-316.
  • Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682.
  • Meiselman, D. ve Tullock, G. (1973). The economics of crime and punishment. Washington, DC: American Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Neumayer, E. (2005). Inequality and violent crime: Evidence from data on robbery and violent theft. Journal of Peace Research, 42(1), 101-112.
  • Nilsson, A. (2004). Income inequality and crime: The case of Sweden (No. 6 :2004). Working Paper.
  • Nişancı, Z. ve Aysan, Ü. (2019). Türkiye’de sosyodemografik ve sosyokültürel göstergelere göre dindarlık seviyeleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 39(2), 303-328. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2019.39.2.108
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Poveda, A. C. (2011). Economic development, inequality and poverty: An analysis of urban violence in Colombia. Oxford Development Studies, 39(4), 453-468.
  • Pridemore, W. A. (2011). Poverty matters: A reassessment of the inequality-homicide relationship in cross-national studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(5), 739-772.
  • Raphael, S. ve Winter-Ebmer, R. (2001). Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 44(1), 259-283.
  • Runciman, W. G. ve Runciman, B. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England (13 Cilt). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Saridakis, G. (2004). Violent crime in the United States of America: A time-series analysis between 1960- 2000. European Journal of Law and Economics, 18(2), 203-221
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics, Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Furkan Yıldız

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 10 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yıldız, F. (2020). Türkiye’de Gelir Eşitsizliği Suç İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi Yaklaşımı. İnsan Ve Toplum, 10(4), 111-144.