Time of Day Effect on Repeated Sprint Ability, Aerobic Capacity and Physiological Responses in Team-Sport Athletes

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 467 - 484, 30.12.2018

Özcan Saygın Halil İbrahim Ceylan , Ahmet Rahmi Günay

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the time of day effect on aerobic capacity, repeated sprint ability and physiological responses in team-sport athletes. Ten male athletes (age: 21.60 ± 1.42, height: 185.10 ± 7.30cm, body weight: 82.15 ± 4.88, % body fat: 12.98 ± 2.39) who regularly exercise and engage in team sports, participated in this study voluntarily. Athletes were subjected to Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test and 20m Shuttle Run Test at three different times of the day in the morning (09.00-10.00), afternoon (12.00-13.00) and evening (16.00-17.00) at two-day intervals. As a result of Repeated Measures ANOVA, statistically significant differences were observed when comparing body temperature (F(2,18)=10.042, p=.001), vertical jump height (F(2,18)=9.216, p=.005), maximal power (F(2,18)=9.059, p=.002), mean power (F(2,18)=8.617, p=.002), minimum power (F(2,18)=7.120, p=.002), aerobic capacity (F(2,18)=6.967, p=.006), maximal heart rate F(2,18)=6.859, p=.006), and blood lactate levels after exercise tests (F(2,18)=6.041, p=.010) measured at morning, afternoon and evening time periods. According to Bonferroni test results; body temperature, vertical jump height, maximal power, aerobic capacity values were found to be statistically higher in the evening hours than the morning hours (p<0.05). Blood lactate level and maximal heart rate were increased significantly after tests in the evening (p<0.05). In this study, factors such as having a good sleep quality, body temperature and circadian type can be shown as reasons for the performance of the athletes to be good in the evening compared to the morning hours. In conclusion, while planning the athletic training programs, it is thought that it is important to perform training which include aerobic and anaerobic capacity, explosive power and jumping exercises in the evening hours because of the significant increases in performance of the athletes

Keywords

Team Sport, Aerobic Capacity, Anaerobic Capacity, Blood Lactate, Different Time of Day

References

• Astrand P, Rohdahl K (1986). Textbook of work physiology - physiological basis of exercise (3 rd Edition), p 627. Singapore: McCraw-Hill
• Atkinson G, Reilly T (1996). Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports Medicine, 21(4): 292-312.
• Aziz AR, Chia M, Teh KC (2000). The relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and repeated sprint performance indices in field hockey and soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40(3): 195.
• Bangsbo J, Michalsik L (2002). Assessment of the physiological capacity of elite soccer players. Science and football IV, 53-62.
• Bessot N, Nicolas A, Moussay S, Gauthier A, Sesboue B, Davenne D (2006). The effect of pedal rate and time of day on the time to exhaustion from high-intensity exercise. Chronobiol International, 23(5): 1009–1024.
• Bishop D, Edge J, Goodman C (2004). Muscle buffer capacity and aerobic fitness are associated with repeated-sprint ability in women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(4-5): 540-547.
• Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. (2011). Repeated-sprint ability – part II: Recommendations for training. Sports Med. 41: 741–56.
• Boussetta N, Abedelmalek S, Aloui K, Souissi N (2017). The effect of air pollution on diurnal variation of performance in anaerobic tests, cardiovascular and hematological parameters, and blood gases on soccer players following the Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1. Chronobiology International, 34(7): 903-920.
• Brown FM, Neft EE, LaJambe CM (2008). Collegiate rowing crew performance varies by morningness-eveningness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6): 1894-1900.
• Cappaert TA (1999). Time of day effect on athletic performance: An update. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 13(4): 412-421.
• Chin CY, Chow GCC, Hung KC, Kam LH, Chan KC, Mok YT, Cheng NM (2015). The diurnal variation on cardiovascular endurance performance of secondary school athlete student. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(2): e22697.
• Chtourou H, Souissi N (2012) The effect of training at a specific time of day: a review. J Strength Cond Res. 26(7):1984–2005.
• Chtourou H, Aloui A, Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N (2013). Effect of static and dynamic stretching on the diurnal variations of jump performance in soccer players. PloS One, 8(8): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070534
• Chtourou H, Engel FA, Fakhfakh H, Fakhfakh H, Hammouda O, Souissi N, Sperlich B (2018). Diurnal variation of short-term repetitive maximal performance and psychological variables in elite judo athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 9: 1499.
• Cruz R, de Assis Manoel F, Melo BP, da Silva SF (2014). Circadian cycle and ıts ınfluence on parameters of aerobic training. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2(2): 65-69.
• Dalton B, McNaughton L, Davoren B (1997). Circadian rhythms have no effect on cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(7): 538–542. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972678
• Da Silva JF, Guglielmo LG, Bishop D (2010). Relationship between different measures of aerobic fitness and repeated-sprint ability in elite soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8): 2115-2121
• Draper N, Whyte G (1997). Here’s a new running based test of anaerobic performance for which you need only a stopwatch and a calculator. Peak Performance, 96: 3-5
• Durnin J, Womersley J (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32(1): 77-97.
• Gholamhasan J, Sajad A, Mehdi RG, Javad MS (2013). The effect of exercise in the morning and the evening times on aerobic and anaerobic power of the inactive subjects. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(8): 1146-1150.
• Gunay M, Tamer K, Cicioğlu I. (2010). Spor fizyolojisi ve performans ölçümü. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
• Grant MC, Glen J (2018). An investigation into sleep patterns and the effect of time of day on performance in youth swimmers. Biological Rhythm Research, 1-14: https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2018.1424774
• Ferchichi S, Taktak H, Taktak Y, Zarrouk F, Tabka Z, Souissi N (2015). Diurnal variation in stroke parameters and motor organization in front-crawl swimmers. Biological Rhythm Research, 46(6): 887-895.
• Forsyth JJ, Reilly T (2004). Circadian rhythms in blood lactate concentration during incremental ergometer rowing. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(1-2): 69-74.
• Hammouda O, Chtourou H, Chaouachi A, Chahed H, Bellimem H, Chamari K (2013). Time-of-day effects on biochemical responses to soccer-specific endurance in elite Tunisian football players. J Sports Sci. 31(9): 963–971.
• Hammouda O, Chtourou H, Farjallah MA, Davenne D, Souissi N (2012). The effect of Ramadan fasting on the diurnal variations in aerobic and anaerobic performances in Tunisian youth soccer players. Biological Rhythm Research, 43(2): 177-190.
• Heishman AD, Curtis MA, Saliba EN, Hornett RJ, Malin SK, Weltman AL (2017). Comparing performance during morning vs. afternoon training sessions in ıntercollegiate basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6): 1557–1562.
• Hower, IM, Harper, S., Buford, TW (2018). Circadian rhythms, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Journal of Circadian Rhythms, 16(1): doi: http://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.164
• Izci B, Ardıc S, Firat H, Sahin A, Altinors, M, Karacan I (2008). Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep Breath., 12(2): 161-168.
• Jarraya S, Jarraya M, Chtourou H, Souissi N (2014). Diurnal variations on cognitive performances in handball goalkeepers. Biological Rhythm Research, 45(1): 93-101.
• Jones RM, Cook CC, Kilduff LP, Milanovic Z, James N, Sporis G, Fiorentini B, Fiorentini F, Turner A, Vuckovic G (2013). Relationship between repeated sprint ability and aerobic capacity in professional soccer players. The Scientific World Journal, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2013/952350
• Kin-Isler A (2006). Time-of-day effects in maximal anaerobic performance and blood lactate concentration during and after a supramaximal exercise. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 14(4): 335-340.
• Konishi M, Kawano H, Xiang M, Kim HK, Ando K, Tabata H, Nishimaki M, Sakamoto S (2016). Diurnal variation in the diving bradycardia response in young men. Clinical Autonomic Research, 26(2): 135-140.
• Leger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J (1988). The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 6(2): 93-101.
• Lopez-Samanes A, Moreno-Perez D, Mate-Munoz JL, Dominguez R, Pallares JG, Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF (2016). Circadian rhythm effect on physical tennis performance in trained male players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(21): 2121–2128.
• Lopes-Silva JP, Santos JFDS, Franchini E (2018). Can caffeine supplementation reverse the effect of time of day on repeated sprint exercise performance?. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 1-22: doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0373
• Manfredini R, Manfredini F, Fersini C, Conconi F (1998). Circadian rhythms, athletic performance, and jet lag. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(2): 101-106.
• Mizuno K (2014). Human circadian rhythms and exercise: Significance and application in real-life situations. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 3(3): 307-315.
• Morgan JA, Corrigan F, Baune BT (2015). Effects of physical exercise on central nervous system functions: a review of brain region specific adaptations. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 3(1): 3. Doi 10.1186/s40303-015-0010-8
• Movaseghi F, Kazemi N, Moein E (2016). Time of day effect on oxygen uptake changes and lung function of active female. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 18(2): 85-89. NIH (2017). Circadian rhythms. https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/Documents/CircadianRhythms.pdf (accessed October 17, 2018)
• Ozcelik MA, Guvenc A (2016). Genç sporcularda diurnal değişkenliğin yüksek şiddetli egzersiz sonrası toparlanmaya etkisi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 6(2): 399-415
• Pallares JG, Lopez-Samanes A, Moreno J, Fernandez-Elias VE, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R (2014). Circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular and sprint swimming performance. Biological Rhythm Research, 45(1): 51-60.
• Pullinger SA, Oksa J, Clark LF, Guyatt JW, Newlove A, Burniston JG, Doran DA, Waterhouse JM, Edwards BJ (2018). Diurnal variation in repeated sprint performance cannot be offset when rectal and muscle temperatures are at optimal levels (38.5° C). Chronobiology International: 1-12: Doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1454938
• Punduk Z, Gur H, Ercan G (2005). Sabahçıl- akşamcıl anketi Türkçe uyarlamasında güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16 (1): 40-45.
• Racinais S, Connes P, Bishop D, Blonc S, Hue O (2005). Morning versus evening power output and repeated‐sprint ability. Chronobiology International, 22(6): 1029-1039.
• Racinais S, Perrey S, Denis R, Bishop D (2010). Maximal power, but not fatigability, is greater during repeated sprints performed in the afternoon. Chronobiology International, 27(4): 855-864.
• Rai V, Tiwari LM (2015). Diurnal variation on the performance of selected motor fitness components of volleyball Players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2(2): 86-88
• Ramsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C (1988). A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 22: 141-14.
• Reilly T (1990). Human circadian rhythms and exercise. Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 18(3): 165-180.
• Reilly T, Garrett R (1998). Investigation of diurnal variation in sustained exercise performance. Ergonomics, 41(8): s1085-1094.
• Seo DY, Lee S, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Park BJ, Han J (2013). Morning and evening exercise. Integrative Medicine Research, 2(4): 139-144. Shephard RJ (1984). Sleep, biorhythms and human performance. Sports Medicine, 1(1): 11-37.
• Souissi N, Bessot N, Chamari K, Gauthier A, Sesboüé B, Davenne D (2007). Effect of time of day on aerobic contribution to the 30‐s Wingate test performance. Chronobiology International, 24(4): 739-748.
• Souissi N, Driss T, Chamari K, Vandewalle H, Davenne D, Gam A, Fillard JR, Jousselin E (2010). Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: influence of active warmup. Chronobiology International, 27(3): 640–652
• Souissi N, Chtourou H, Aloui A, Hammouda O, Dogui M, Chaouachi A, Chamari K (2013). Effects of time-of-day and partial sleep deprivation on short-term maximal performances of judo competitors. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(9): 2473-2480.
• Starkie RL, Hargreaves M, Lambert DL, Proietto J, Febbraio MA (1999). Effect of Temperature on Muscle Metabolism During Submaximal Exercise in Humans. Experimental Physiology, 84(4): 775–784. doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.1999.01815.x
• Thun E, Bjorvatn B, Flo E, Harris A, Pallesen S (2015). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 23: 1-9.
• Touitou Y, Haus E (1992). Biologic rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Vitosevic B (2017). The circadian clock and human athletic performance. The University Thought-Publication in Natural Sciences, 7(1): 1-7.
• Wadley G, Le Rossignol P (1998). The relationship between repeated sprint ability and the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1(2): 100-110.
• Waterhouse J, Drust B, Weinert D, Edwards B, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Kao S, Aizawa S, Reilly T (2005). The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiology International, 22(2): 207-225.
• Winter EM, Jones AM, Davison RR, Bromley PD, Mercer TH (2007). Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I–Sport Testing: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide. London and Newyork: Routledge.
• Youngstedt SD, Kline CE, Elliott JA, Zielinski M, Devlin TM, Moore TA (2016). circadian phase-shifting effects of bright light, exercise, and bright light + exercise. Journal of Circadian Rhythms, 14(1): 2. doi:http://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.137
• Zagatto AM, Beck WR, Gobatto CA (2009). Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances. J Strength Cond Res., 23(6): 1820-1827.
• Zghibi M, Mzid Abdelmalek S, Sahli H, Ben Khlifa W, Selmi O (2018). Effect of time of day on the offensive capability and aerobic performance in football game. Biological Rhythm Research, 1-9: https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2018.1445499
• Zorba E, Saygin O (2013). Fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk. Ankara: Fırat Maatbacılık
• Zarrouk N, Chtourou H, Rebai H, Hammouda O, Souissi N, Dogui M, Hug F (2012). Time of day effects on repeated sprint ability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(12): 975-999