Evaluation of Sustainable University Campuses and Sports Facilities from the Perspective of Administrators and Students: A Multiple Case Study
Year 2024,
Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 136 - 150, 30.06.2024
Kadir Çalışkan
,
Veli Onur Çelik
Abstract
Sustainable higher education institutions contribute to the building of a sustainable society at regional and global levels by raising individuals with environmental awareness. Universities can also offer their stakeholders the opportunity to lead a healthy life with the sports fields on their campuses In this context, the “campuses” and “sports fields” of 6 Turkish universities which are in the top ten of the UI GreenMetric list (ranked by country), were analyzed in a holistic structure with a qualitative paradigm in terms of sustainability officers, sports facilities managers and students. The research was designed in a case study pattern and supported by in-depth interviews and document analysis. In this direction, it was analyzed within the scope of themes and sub-themes with the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the findings, it has been found that the sustainability studies in the examined universities are mainly carried out on environmental sustainability such as energy, water and waste management. It has been revealed that the reason for this for legal obligations. In addition, it has been determined that the sustainability initiatives of private universities are carried out both with various sustainability rating systems (STARS, THE, etc.) and within the framework of an integrated program with students. The inclusion of the opinions of the participants of different statuses in the study enabled us to reach multi-dimensional findings and results in the research fields.
Thanks
Çalışma, 2023 Yılında Çevre Vakfı tarafından "Sürdürülebilirlik Alanında Yazılmış Yılın En iyi İkinci Doktora Tezi" ödülüne layık görülmüştür. Vakfın değerlendirme jürisine ve tüm çalışma ekibine teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim.
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Koçak, F., & Balcı, V. (2010). Doğada yapılan sportif etkinliklerde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Ankara University Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(2), 213-222.
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- Mallen, C., Adams, L., Stevens, J. & Thompson, L. (2010). Environmental sustainability in sport facility management: A Delphi study. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 367-389.
- Mallen, C. & Chard, C. (2012). “What could be” in Canadian sport facility environmental sustainability. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 230-243.
- McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E. & Nguyen, S. N. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040-1065.
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- Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. & Behrens, W.W. (1972). The Limits to Growth. New York: New American Library.
- O’Riordan, T. (1998). Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management: Principles and Practice. R. Kerry Turner (ed.), Belhaven Press, London.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (3.ed.). Thousand Oaks. Sage.
- Pelcher, J. A. & McCullough, B. P. (2019). Greening our front porch: Environmental sustainability in collegiate athletics. Case Studies in Sport Management, 8(1), 13-17.
- Pigou, A. C. (1912). “Wealth and Welfare”. Macmillan and Company, London.
- Pigou, A. C. (1920). “The Economics of Welfare”. Macmillan and Company, London.
- Pouya, S., Yılmaz, B. & Oğuz, A. (2019). Üniversite kampüs meydanlarında peyzaj tasarımı (İnönü Üniversitesi Kampüsü, Mediko Meydanı peyzaj tasarım projesi örneği). Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 8(2), 251-264.
- Sazonov, S. P., Kharlamova, E. E., Chekhovskaya, I. A. & Polyanskaya, E. A. (2015). Evaluating financial sustainability of higher education institutions. Asian Social Science, 11(20), 34.
- Schumacher, J. (2016). Environmentally Sustainable Practices at Small Community Sport Facilities. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut Graduate School).
- Sharp, L. (2009). Higher education: The quest for the sustainable campus. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 5(1), 1-8.
- Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75.
- STARS (2019). STARS Technical manual v2.2 – June 2019. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. https://stars.aashe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/STARS-2.2-Technical-Manual.pdf
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- Suwartha, N. & Sari, R. F. (2013). Evaluating UI GreenMetric as a tool to support green universities development: Assessment of the year 2011 ranking. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 46-53.
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https://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/publications/guidelines/2022/english
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https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/dsgsm1097.doc.htm
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- Velaquez, L., Munguia, N., Platt, A. & Taddei, J. (2006). Sustainable university: What can be matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(8), 810-819.
- Warde, P. (2011). The invention of sustainability. Modern Intellectual History, 8(1), 153.
- WCED (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- White, S. S. (2014). Campus sustainability plans in the United States: Where, what, and how to evaluate? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(2), 228-241.
- Wiersum, K. F. (1995). 200 years of sustainability in forestry: lessons from history. Environmental Management, 19(3), 321-329.
- Xu, J. (2018). Research on the resident perception rating for green building through ESGB in China (Master’s thesis, University of Twente, Holland.) Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/77522/1/thesis-Jiange_Xu-s2030136%2017-18.pdf
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3.ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Yüce, A., Katırcı, H. & Yüce, S. G. (2020). Examination of sustainable features of stadiums as an integral part of sustainable urban development: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 142-163.
- Zain, S. M., Basri, N. E. A., Mahmood, N. A., Basri, H., Zakaria, N., Elfithri, R., Ahmad, M., Ghee, T. K. & Shahudin, Z. (2012). Recycling practice to promote sustainable behavior at University Campus. Asian Social Science, 8(16), 163.
- Zutshi, A., Credo, A. & Connelly, L. (2019). Education for sustainable development: Emerging themes from adopters of a declaration. Sustainability, 11(1), 156-171.
Year 2024,
Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 136 - 150, 30.06.2024
Kadir Çalışkan
,
Veli Onur Çelik
Ethical Statement
Çalışma, Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından verilen 27.04.2021 tarihli ve 53780 Protokol no’lu “Etik Kurul İzni” dahilinde yürütülmüştür.
References
- Allen, J. & Farber, S. (2018). How time-use and transportation barriers limit on-campus participation of university students. Travel Behaviour and Society, 13, 174-182.
- Alshuwaikhat, H. M. ve Abubakar, I. (2008). An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: assessment of the current campus environmental management practices. Journal of cleaner production, 16(16), 1777-1785.
- Ana-Maria, I. T. (2013). Stages of materializing the sustainable development concept. Business Management Dynamics, 2(11), 1-6.
- Apanavičienė, R., Daugėlienė, A., Baltramonaitis, T. & Maliene, V. (2015). Sustainability aspects of real estate development: Lithuanian case study of sports and entertainment arenas. Sustainability, 7(6), 6497-6522.
- Atalay, A. (2021). Environmental sustainability and sports: An evaluation of sports-induced adverse effects on the environment. The Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management, 1, 19-38.
- Balcı, V. & Koçak, F. (2014). Spor ve rekreasyon alanlarının tasarımında ve kullanımında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 5(2), 46-58.
- Barton H. (2000). Conflicting perceptions of neighborhood. In Sustainable Communities. Earthscan: London; 3–18.
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
- Campbell, S. (1996). Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3), 296-311.
- Carson, R. L. (1962). Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
- Casper, J. M. & Pfahl, M. E. (2015). Sport management and the natural environment: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Cho, M. (2019). Campus sustainability: An integrated model of college students’ recycling behavior on campus. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(6), 1042-1060
- Cole, L. (2003). Assessing Sustainability on Canadian University Campuses: Development of Sustainability Assessment Framework (Doctoral dissertation, Royal Roads University).
- Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Çetin, A. & Karaçam, A. (2020). Spor tesis yeterliğini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Science, 5(3), 299-309.
- Dagiliūtė, R. & Liobikienė, G. (2015). University contributions to environmental sustainability: challenges and opportunities from the Lithuanian case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 891-899.
- Dehghanmongabadi, A. & Hoşkara, Ş. (2018). Challenges of promoting sustainable mobility on university campuses: The case of Eastern Mediterranean University. Sustainability, 10(12), 4842.
- Erkman, U. (1990). Büyüme ve Gelişme Açısından Üniversite Kampüslerinde Planlama ve Tasarım Sorunları, İ.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Baskı Atölyesi: İstanbul.
- Finlay, J. & Massey, J. (2012). Eco‐campus: Applying the ecocity model to develop green university and college campuses. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(2). 150-165.
- Gibson, F., Lloyd, J., Bain, S. & Hottell, D. (2008). Green design and sustainability in sport and recreation facilities. The Smart Journal, 4(2), 26-33.
- Giddings, B., Hopwood, B. & O'Brien, G. (2002). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 10(4), 187-196.
- Grober U. (2012). Sustainability: a cultural history, translated. Green Books, Totnes.
- Hamon, L. S., Aldaz, C. B., Pomeda, J. R., Fernández, F. S. & De Navarrete, F.C.F. (2017). From ecocity to ecocampus: Sustainability policies in university campuses. Urban Regeneration and Sustainability; Brebbia, CA, Galiano-Garrigos, A., Eds, 185-195.
- ICLEI (1996). The local Agenda 21 planning guide: An introduction to sustainable development planning. ICLEI: Toronto.
- IOC (2006). IOC guide on sport, environment and sustainable development. International Olympic Committee.
- Juchau, R. (2002) Early cost accounting ideas in agriculture: the contributions of Arthur Young. Accounting, Business & Financial History, 12(3), 369-386
- Kasser, T. & Sheldon, K. (2002). What makes for a merry christmas? Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(4), 313-329.
Koçak, F., & Balcı, V. (2010). Doğada yapılan sportif etkinliklerde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Ankara University Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(2), 213-222.
- Leal Filho, W. (2011). About the role of universities and their contribution to sustainable development. Higher Education Policy, 24, 427–438.
- Levett, R. (1998). Sustainability indicators-integrating quality of life and environmental protection. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 161(3), 291-302.
- Li, X., Ni, G. & Dewancker, B. (2019). Improving the attractiveness and accessibility of campus green space for developing a sustainable university environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33399-33415.
- Lindemann-Matthies, P. & Brieger, H. (2016). Does urban gardening increase aesthetic quality of urban areas? A case study from Germany. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 17, 33-41.
- Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Si, X., Feng, G., Slik, F. & Zhang, J. (2021). University campuses as valuable resources for urban biodiversity research and conservation. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 64, 127255.
- Mallen, C., Adams, L., Stevens, J. & Thompson, L. (2010). Environmental sustainability in sport facility management: A Delphi study. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 367-389.
- Mallen, C. & Chard, C. (2012). “What could be” in Canadian sport facility environmental sustainability. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 230-243.
- McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E. & Nguyen, S. N. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040-1065.
- McCullough, B. P. & Kellison, T. B. (2018). Routledge handbook of sport and the environment. Routledge.
- McKenzie, S. (2004). Social Sustainability: Towards some definitions. Working Paper Series No 27. Hawke Research Institute University of South Australia.
- Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. & Behrens, W.W. (1972). The Limits to Growth. New York: New American Library.
- O’Riordan, T. (1998). Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management: Principles and Practice. R. Kerry Turner (ed.), Belhaven Press, London.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (3.ed.). Thousand Oaks. Sage.
- Pelcher, J. A. & McCullough, B. P. (2019). Greening our front porch: Environmental sustainability in collegiate athletics. Case Studies in Sport Management, 8(1), 13-17.
- Pigou, A. C. (1912). “Wealth and Welfare”. Macmillan and Company, London.
- Pigou, A. C. (1920). “The Economics of Welfare”. Macmillan and Company, London.
- Pouya, S., Yılmaz, B. & Oğuz, A. (2019). Üniversite kampüs meydanlarında peyzaj tasarımı (İnönü Üniversitesi Kampüsü, Mediko Meydanı peyzaj tasarım projesi örneği). Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 8(2), 251-264.
- Sazonov, S. P., Kharlamova, E. E., Chekhovskaya, I. A. & Polyanskaya, E. A. (2015). Evaluating financial sustainability of higher education institutions. Asian Social Science, 11(20), 34.
- Schumacher, J. (2016). Environmentally Sustainable Practices at Small Community Sport Facilities. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut Graduate School).
- Sharp, L. (2009). Higher education: The quest for the sustainable campus. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 5(1), 1-8.
- Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75.
- STARS (2019). STARS Technical manual v2.2 – June 2019. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. https://stars.aashe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/STARS-2.2-Technical-Manual.pdf
- Stinnett, B. & Gibson, F. (2016a). Sustainability and recreational sports facilities: An exploratory study regarding levels of institutional adoption. Recreational Sports Journal, 40(1), 92-104.
- Stinnett, B. & Gibson, F. (2016b). Sustainable facility development: perceived benefits and challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 17(5), 601-612.
- Suwartha, N. & Sari, R. F. (2013). Evaluating UI GreenMetric as a tool to support green universities development: Assessment of the year 2011 ranking. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 46-53.
- Tiyarattanachai, R. & Hollmann, N. M. (2016). Green campus initiative and its impacts on quality of life of stakeholders in green and non-green campus universities. Springer Plus, 5(1), 1-17.
- Trendafilova, S., Kellison, T. B. & Spearman, L. (2014). Environmental sustainability in sport facilities in East Tennessee. Journal Facility Planning, Design, and Management, 2(1), 1-10.
- UI GreenMetric (2022). Guideline. Retrieved from 01.09.2022.
https://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/publications/guidelines/2022/english
- ULSF (1990). Talloires Declaration. http://www.ulsf.org/programs_talloires_td.html
- UNEP (1972). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. UNEP Report -Stockholm Declaration.
- UNESCO (1998). Higher Education in the Twenty-first Century: Vision and Action. World Declaration on Higher Education for the Twenty-first Century; Framework for Priority Action for Change and Development in Higher Education. Paris.
- United Nations (2015a). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, New York: UN.
- United Nations (2017). 2030 Agenda acknowledges sport as key enabler of sustainable development, peace, deputy secretary-general says during high-level exhibition. United Nation Press.
https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/dsgsm1097.doc.htm
- Ünlü, D. Y. & Şahin, N. (2021). Spor tesislerinin aydınlatmasında yüksek enerji verimli ve LED’li aydınlatma araçları. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 277-286.
- Velaquez, L., Munguia, N., Platt, A. & Taddei, J. (2006). Sustainable university: What can be matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(8), 810-819.
- Warde, P. (2011). The invention of sustainability. Modern Intellectual History, 8(1), 153.
- WCED (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- White, S. S. (2014). Campus sustainability plans in the United States: Where, what, and how to evaluate? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(2), 228-241.
- Wiersum, K. F. (1995). 200 years of sustainability in forestry: lessons from history. Environmental Management, 19(3), 321-329.
- Xu, J. (2018). Research on the resident perception rating for green building through ESGB in China (Master’s thesis, University of Twente, Holland.) Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/77522/1/thesis-Jiange_Xu-s2030136%2017-18.pdf
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3.ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Yüce, A., Katırcı, H. & Yüce, S. G. (2020). Examination of sustainable features of stadiums as an integral part of sustainable urban development: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 142-163.
- Zain, S. M., Basri, N. E. A., Mahmood, N. A., Basri, H., Zakaria, N., Elfithri, R., Ahmad, M., Ghee, T. K. & Shahudin, Z. (2012). Recycling practice to promote sustainable behavior at University Campus. Asian Social Science, 8(16), 163.
- Zutshi, A., Credo, A. & Connelly, L. (2019). Education for sustainable development: Emerging themes from adopters of a declaration. Sustainability, 11(1), 156-171.