Modernizm ve İran Konutlarının Dönüşümü

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 283 - 314, 31.12.2020

Yousef Daneshvar Rouyandozagh

https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.821203

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu çalışma ilk olarak modernizmin 1870-1979 yılları arasında İran’da oluşturduğu toplumsal ve siyasi platformu inceleyerek, modernizmin oluşumundaki Kaçar dönemi ve Pehlevi döneminde temel faktörleri tanıtmaya çalışmaktadır. Araştırma, İran’da konutların oluşumunda hakim ideolojilerin ve politikaların sonucu olarak geliştirilen mimari hareketler ile ilgili açıklamalar ortaya koymaktadır. Kadim dini otoriteler, ulusal kimlik ve modernizmin karşılaşması, Ortadoğu ülkelerinde, özellikle İran’da, büyük değişimlere sebep olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, İran toplumunda meydana gelen sosyal ve siyasi değişim, gündelik hayatın belirleyici aktörlerinden olan mimarlık alanında ise büyük dönüşümlere sebep olmuştur. Ulus devlet, dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinde modernizm sürecinde en önemli aktör olmuştur. Buna göre, o dönemde bir ulus devlet olan Pehlevi devleti, İran toplumunun farklı katmanlarında ve ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde modernizmin gelişmesinde temel bir role sahip olmuştur. Bu dönemde, ulusal kimlik, ulus devlet kavramı tarafından yeniden tanımlanmış ve toplumun günlük yaşamı mimarlıktan etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışma İran konutlarının geçmişini inceleyen niteliksel bir araştırmadır. Araştırma, tarihsel yorumlama yöntemini benimseyerek, İran’da 1925 ve 1979 yılları arasında yapılan konut binalarının incelenmesinde çevresel, biçimsel ve anlamsal faktörlerin etkisini değerlendirmektedir. 

Keywords

İran, Konut, Modernizm, İdeoloji, Mekan

Modernism and Transformation of Iranian Houses (1870-1979)

Abstract

This study primarily focuses on the social and political platforms established by modernism in Iran between 1870 and 1979. The study attempts to introduce the main factors in the formation of modernism in the periods of the Qajar and Pehlevi. This research reveals the effect of dominant ideologies and policies on the construction and components of Iranian houses. The ancient religious authorities, confrontation of national identity and new phenomenon by the name of modernism have caused great changes in social life and house constructions in Middle East countries, especially in Iran. In this context, social and political changes in the Iranian society caused a major transformation in the field of architecture, which is one of the determining actors of daily life. The nation state was the most prominent actor in modernism process in various countries of the world. Accordingly, the Pehlevi state -as a nation state in that period- had a main role in developing the modernism at different layers of the Iranian society and various regions of the country. During this period, the national identity has been redefined by the nation state and the daily life of the society was influenced through architectural elements. This study is a qualitative research that analyses history of the Iranian dwellings. By adopting the method of historical interpretation, the research evaluates the effect of environmental, formal and semantic factors in the examination of dwellings which were built between 1925 and 1979.

Keywords

Iran, Dwelling, Modernism, Ideology, Space

References

• Allahyarı, Nejla. "Kaçar Dönemi Dini Yapılarında İç Mekân Tasarımı Ve Geleneksel Motifler: Şiraz Nasır El-Mülk Cami İncelemesi." Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversity, 2020.
• Banimasoud, Amir. Iranian Contemporary Architecture. Tehran: Memari-e-Gharn Publishing, 2009.
• Begel, Egon Ernest. "Kentlerin doğuşu." Cogito Dergisi, no.8 (1996): 7-16.
• Behsh, Mohammad Basem. Towards Housing in Harmony With Place Constancy and Change in the Traditional Syrian House from The Standpoint of Environmental Adaptation. Doktora Tezi, Lund University Press, 1993.
• Beşiriye, Hüseyin. İran’da Siyasal İdeoloji ve Toplumsal Kimlik. İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2009.
• Blair, Gwenda. The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2015.
• Chodak, Szymon. Societal Development: Five Approaches with Conclusions from Comparative Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
• Çevik, Elif. "Pehlevi Dönemi Kadın Modernleşmesi (1921-1979)." Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Haccettepe Üniversitesi, 2015.
• Daneshpour, Ali" Concept of Privacy in Housing Design Based on Islamic Teachings."In Proceedings of the First Iranian Students Scientific Conference, Toplantısında Bildiri olarak sunulmuştur, Malaysia, Nisan 2011.
• Deldam, Eskandar. Zendegi’e Por Majera’e Reza Khan (Rıza Han’ın Macera Dolu Yaşamı). Tahran: Nashr-e Gholfam, 1992.
• Diba, Darab. "Contemporary architecture of Iran." Architectural Design 82, no. 3 (2012): 70-79.
• Erol, Osman. "İran İç Politikasında Azerbaycan Türkleri 1906- 2006." Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kocaeli Universitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, 2007.
• Eshragh, Abdolhamid. "Sakhteman-haye Bank-e Rahni Iran. [The housing projects constructed by Bank-e Rahni]." Honar va Memari 3, no. 10-11 (1971): 109-124.
• Faraz, Sara Javadi. "The Iranian Government's Approach Towards the Use of Hijab." Doktora Tezi, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2008.
• Foran, John. "The concept of dependent development as a key to the political economy of Qajar Iran (1800–1925)." Iranian studies 22, no. 2-3 (1989): 5-56.
• Forouzmand, Samira. "A Survey on Changing Socio-Spatial Patterns in Contemporary Housing of Iran."Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ), 2013.
• Gleave, Robert. Religion and society in Qajar Iran. New York: Routledge, 2004.
• Keddie, Nikki R., and Yann Richard. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2006, 25-30.
• Khaleghimoghaddam, Navid. "Türkiye ve İran Çağdaş Mimarisi Dönüşümünde Ulusalcı Hareketlerin Etkisi." İnsan ve İnsan 6, no. 22 (Eylül 2019): 809-830.
• Kiani, Mohammad. The Architecture in the First Period of Pehlevi Dynasty. Tehran: The Institute for the Studies on Iran History Press, 2002.
• Lang, Jon T. Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1987.
• Lashkari, Arash, Majid Sarikhani, and Akbar Sharifinia. "Study and Investigation of Monumental Buildings from Qajar and Early Pehlevi Periods in Darreh Shahr County; Case Studies: Qal'eh-i Pour Ashraf, Qal'eh-i Mir Gholam Hashemi, and Qal'eh-i Jahangir Abad." Archaeology Journal 3, no. 1 (2019):114-122.
• Mazandarani, Mohammad Reza Haeri "Designing the contemporary house and the architectural principles of traditional houses." Abadi, Quarterly Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 6, no. 23 (1997): 18-28.
• Mirmoghtadaee, Mahta. "Process of Housing Transformation in Iran." Journal of Construction in developing Countries 14, no. 1 (2009):69-80.
• Mohamadi, Reza, and Mohamad Ali Rajab. "The Survey of Entrance Inscriptions of Tehran Houses from Qajar Period to The Present." Journal of Negareh 5, no, 15 (2010): 19-27.
• Mohammadjavad, Shahri. "The Impact of State Policies on Social Housing and Urban Identity: The case of Maskan Mehr in Urmia." Doktora Tezi, Middle East Technical University, 2013.
• Mohtadi, Hamid. "Rural inequality and rural-push versus urban-pull migration: The case of Iran, 1956–1976." World Development 18, no. 6 (1990): 837-844.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "The Contemporary Muslimand The Architectural Transformation of the Islamic Urban Environment." içinde Toward an Architecture in The Spirit of Islam, ed. Renata Holod, 1-5. Philadelphia: Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1978.
• Ragon, Michel. Modern Mimarlık ve Şehircilik. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2010.
• Rouyandozagh, Yousef Daneshvar, and Ece K. Açikgöz. "Sustaining the Social Memory in a Historic Neighborhood: The Case Study of Uch Dukkan Neighborhood in Ardabil City in Azerbaijani Region of Iran." International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 3 (2017): 334-339.
• Sedighi, Mohamad. "Megastructure Reloaded: A New Technocratic Approach to Housing Development in Ekbatan, Tehran." ARENA Journal of Architectural Research 3, no. 1 (2018):2-23.
• Sharifi, Ayyoob, and Akito Murayama. " Changes in The Traditional Urban Form And the Social Sustainability of Contemporary Cities: A Case Study of Iranian Cities." Habitat International 38 (2013): 126-134.
• Soleimani, Meysam. "9 The Impacts of Modernization on the Urban Structure of Iranian Traditional Cities; Meydan as Open Public Space." içinde New Approaches in Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism, (ed.) Hourakhsh Ahmad Nia, 95-105. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları, 2020.
• Soltanzadeh, Hosein. "From house to apartment." Architecture and Culture Quarterly 7, no. 23 (2005): 142-154.
• “1930'da Rıza Şah'ın Okul Ziyareti” Iranian Architect, Son erişim: 23 Kasım 2020. http://iranian-architect.ir/histographic-0001/histographic_0001-2
• “A Villa in Tehran/Mohsen Forughi.” Iranian Architect, Son erişim: 20 Kasım 2020, http://iranian-architect.ir/histographic-0001/histographic_0001-2.
• “Alborz ve Zomorrod Konut Projesi” Arena Journal of Architectural Research, Son erişim: 20 Kasım 2020. https://ajar.arena-architecture.eu/articles/10.5334/ajar.56/
• “Ekbatan Projesi İç Mekan Organizasyonu” Arena Journal of Architectural Research Son erişim: 20 Kasım 2020. https://ajar.arena-architecture.eu/articles/10.5334/ajar.56/ajar-3-56-g12.jpg
• “Ekbatan Projesi” Argan Memari, Son Erişim: 20 Kasım 2020, http://www.arganmemari.com/article/Ekbatan-Residential-Town.html
• “Ekbatan Projesi”. DSH Design Group, Son erişim: 20 Kasım 2020 http://wp.dshdesigngroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/23-500x500.jpg
• “Ekbatan Projesi,” Son Erişim: 15 Kasım 2020, https://ajar.arena-architecture.eu/articles/10.5334/ajar.56/ajar-3-56-g9.png/ “Muhammed Rıza Şah Pehlevi Ekbatan Projesi Modelini İncelerken” Rouydad 24, Son erişim: 25 Kasım 2020. https://www.rouydad24.com/files/fa/news/1398/8/16/260850_214.jpg
• Baron, James. "American Architects in Iran Saw Gigantic Projects Fade Away." The New York Times, 9 Eylül 1979, Son Erişim: 20 Kasım 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/09/archives/american-architects-in-iran-saw-gigantic-projects-fade-away-in-iran.html