Gears in Motion Towards the Iranian Revolution

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 85 - 104, 30.06.2022

Kalliope Pavli

https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1056041

Abstract

Modern Iran, once an important issue of rivalry between the Great Powers for influences, resources and trade routes, was formed through a sequence of small and larger revolutions. Its geopolitical position had raised the “Persian Question”, as Lord Curzon put it, with the Qājār Dynasty granting commercial and business privileges to England and Russia, as well as concessions of archeological excavations. The aim of the article is to follow the steps taken by the Iranian people against the colonial powers' exploitation, towards the Revolution; merchants and clerics at first, who gradually transformed the bustling markets into a political arena at the turn of the nineteenth century that Persia's entry into the world economy made social inequalities more apparent. We will see facts that surround the era, such as the Constitutional Revolution, a parliamentary victory in the Middle East, as well as the coup d'état by Pahlavi and the establishment of his dynasty. As nationalism was an integral part of this dynasty, reflecting the political-military context in which it originated, Pahlavi Dynasty set the interpretations of antiquity at the heart of their paternalistic ideology, banks were erected in the place of amphitheaters where the holy martyrdom of Karbalā used to revive and the ritual Shiite world was silenced. Iran not only was becoming secular but violent as well, while the continuation of concessions and the opulence of state officials and western businessmen gave the people the sense that there is a perpetuation of colonialism. The last uprising will lead to the Iranian Revolution, which will call into question the role of the West.

Keywords

Qajar, Shiite Rituals and Customs, Pahlavi, Poverty, Iranian Revolution

Supporting Institution

Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences

İran Devrimi’ne Doğru İşleyen Dişliler

Abstract

Bir zamanlar Büyük Güçler arasında nüfuz, kaynak ve ticaret yolları için önemli bir rekabet konusu olan modern İran, bir dizi küçük ve büyük devrimler yoluyla şekillendi. Lord Curzon'un belirttiği gibi, Kaçar Hanedanlığı'nın İngiltere ve Rusya'ya iş ve ticari ayrıcalıklar ve ayrıca arkeolojik kazı imtiyazları vermesiyle ülkenin jeopolitik konumu, “Fars Sorununu” gündeme getirmişti. Makalenin amacı ilk başta İran'ın dünya ekonomisine girmesinin toplumsal eşitsizlikleri daha belirgin hale getirdiği on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başında hareketli pazarları yavaş yavaş siyasi bir arenaya dönüştüren tüccarlar ve din adamları olmak üzere; İran halkının sömürgeci güçlerin sömürüsüne karşı devrim yolunda attığı adımları takip etmektir. Ortadoğu'da bir parlamenter zafer olan Meşrutiyet Devrimi ile Pehlevi'nin darbesi ve hanedanının kuruluşu gibi dönemi çevreleyen gerçekleri göreceğiz. Milliyetçilik bu hanedanın ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu ve ortaya çıktığı siyasi-askeri bağlamı yansıttığı için, Pehlevi Hanedanlığı ataerkil ideolojilerinin merkezine tarihi yorumlarını yerleştirmiş ve Kerbela'nın kutsal şehitliğinin kullanıldığı amfi tiyatroların yerine bankalar dikilerek eskiden canlı olan Şii dünyası ve ritüelleri susturulmuştur. İran sadece sekülerleşmekle kalmıyor, aynı zamanda şiddet de uyguluyordu; imtiyazların devam etmesi ve devlet görevlileri ile batılı iş adamlarının zenginliği halka sömürgeciliğin devam ettiği hissini veriyordu. Son ayaklanma, Batı'nın rolünü sorgulayacak olan İran Devrimi'ne yol açacak.

Keywords

Kaçar, Şii Ritüelleri ve Gelenekleri, Pehlevi, Yoksulluk, İran Devrimi

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