Writings as a Form of Opposition: Mathālib Literature in the First Three Centuries AH

Year 2017, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 233 - 274, 14.01.2018

Muhammed Enes Topgül

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2017.82.167

Abstract

The evolution of early Islamic literature cannot be explained merely by scientific reasons. Indeed, each work is a product of the social, political, scientific, and economic frame of its time. During the first century of the ʿAbbāsid rule, Muslim society experienced various social movements, such as Shuʿūbiyyah; meanwhile, Shīʿī communities began to develop their identity. Both movements opted to write relevant works in a similar manner to take aim at their opponents; accordingly, they compiled the points that condemned their opponents or their assumptions in separate works. The general name for this literature is mathālib (defect, fault, slandering). It developed into two subgenres, namely, mathālib al-ʿArab and mathālib al-ṣaḥābah. The objective of this paper is to present the existence of this genre, which has yet to be subject to a self-contained study, to identify the authors of these works in the first three centuries AH, and to interpret the available data about this genre with regard to ḥadīth history.

Keywords

Mathālib al-ʿArab, mathālib al-ṣaḥābah, defects of the Companions, Shuʿūbiyyah

References

• Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath ibn Isḥāq al-Sijistānī. Suʾālāt Abī ʿUbayd al-Ājurrī li-l-Imām Abī Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī, 202-275 H, fī maʿrifat al-rijāl wa-jarḥihim wa-taʿdīlihim. Edited by Abū ʿUmar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Azharī. Cairo: al-Fārūq al-Ḥadīthah li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2010.
• Afsaruddin, Asma. “The Bināʾ al-Maqālah of Jamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Ṭāwūs and Its Place within the Mathālib Genre.” Journal of Semitic Studies 41, no. 1 (1996): 75-97.
• Agius, Dionisius A. “The Shuʿūbiyya Movement and Its Literary Manifestation.” The Islamic Quarterly 24 no. 3-4 (1980): 76-88.
• Ağırakça, Ahmet. “Nabatîler.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXXII, 257-258.
• Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Kitāb al-ʿilal wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. 4 vols. Edited by Waṣī Allāh ibn Muḥammad ʿAbbās. 2nd ed. Riyadh: Dār al-Khānī, 2001.
• Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 50 vols. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ, ʿĀdil Murshid, Muḥammad Naʿīm al-ʿIrqsūsī, Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq, Haytham ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, Saʿīd al-Laḥḥām, ʿĀmir Ghaḍbān, et al. Beirut: Dār al-Risālah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 2015.
• Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Suʾālāt Abī Bakr al-Athram li-l-Imām al-kabīr Abī ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ḥanbal fī l-jarḥ wa-l-taʿdīl wa-ʿilal al-ḥadīth. Edited by Abū ʿUmar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Azharī. Cairo: al-Fārūq al-Ḥadīthah li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2007.
• Amīn, Aḥmad. Ḍuḥá l-Islām. 3 vols. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Kitāb, 1998.
• Apak, Adem. “Şuûbiyye Hareketinin Tarihî Arka Planı ve Tezâhürleri: Asabiyyeden Şuûbiyyeye.” İSTEM 6, no. 12 (2008): 17-52.
• Apak, Adem. “Şuûbiyye.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXXIX, 244-246.
• al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar. Lisān al-Mīzān. 9 vols. in 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah and Salmān ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. Beirut: Maktabat al-Matbūʿāt al-Islāmiyyah, 2002.
• al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar. Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq and ʿĀdil Murshid. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2011.
• al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar. Taqrīb al-Tahdhīb. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAwwāmah. Aleppo: Dār al-Rashīd, 1991.
• ʿAṭwān, Ḥusayn. al-Zandaqah wa-l-shuʿūbiyyah fī l-ʿaṣr al-ʿAbbāsī al-awwal. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1984.
• al-ʿAynī, Abū Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Aḥmad. Maghānī l-akhyār fī sharḥ asāmī rijāl Maʿānī l-āthār. 3 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Muḥammad Ḥasan Ismāʿīl al-Shāfiʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2006.
• al-Baghdādī, Ismāʿīl Pāshā. Hadiyyat al-ʿārifīn asmāʾ al-muʾallifīn wa-āthār al-muṣannifīn. 2 vols. Edited by Mahmut Kemal İnal and Avni Aktuç. Istanbul: Maarif Basımevi, 1951-1955 ® Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1951.
• al-Balkhī, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Maḥmūd al-Kaʿbī. Qabūl al-akhbār wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. 2 vols. Edited by Abū ʿAmr al-Ḥusaynī ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000.
• al-Bayāḍī, Abū Muḥammad Zayn al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Yūnus al-ʿĀmilī al-Nabāṭī. al-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm ilá mustaḥiqqī l-taqdīm. 3 vols. Edited by Muḥammad al-Bāqir al-Bahbūdī. Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawiyyah li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfariyyah, 1964.
• al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl. al-Tārīkh al-kabīr. 9 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1986.
• Chokr, Melhem. İslam’ın Hicrî İkinci Asrında Zındıklık ve Zındıklar. Translated by Ayşe Meral. Istanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2002.
• al-Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān. Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl. 8 vols. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1995.
• al-Dhahabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. 30 vols. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ, Ḥusayn al-Asad, Maʾmūn al-Ṣāghirjī, Muḥammad Naʿīm al-ʿIrqsūsī, ʿAlī Abū Zayd, Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf, Nadhīr Ḥamdān, et al. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah Nāshirūn, 2011.
• Efendioğlu, Mehmet. “Fezâilü’s-sahâbe.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XII, 534-538.
• Fayda, Mustafa. “Allân el-Verrâk.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), II, 504-505.
• Fayda, Mustafa. “Ensâb.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XI, 247.
• Goldziher, Ignaz. Muslim Studies. Translated by C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967.
• Haider, Najam. The Origins of the Shīʿa: Identity, Ritual, and Sacred Space in Eighth-Century Kūfa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• Hansu, Hüseyin. “Mu‘tezile’de Sahâbe Algısı.” In İslâm Medeniyetinin Kurucu Nesli Sahâbe: Sahâbe Kimliği ve Algısı, edited by M. Abdullah Aydınlı, 487-508. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2013.
• Ibn Abī Ḥātim, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Rāzī. Kitāb al-jarḥ wa-l-taʿdīl. 9 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yaḥyá al-Muʿallimī. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyyah, 1941-1953 ® Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
• Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Abū Ḥāmid ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd ibn Hibat Allāh. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāghah. 22 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1996.
• Ibn ʿAdī, Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh al-Jurjānī. al-Kāmil fī ḍuʿafāʾ al-rijāl. 9 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Anas Muṣṭafá al-Khinn. Damascus: al-Risālah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 2012.
• Ibn ʿAsākir, Abū l-Qāsim Thiqat al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh. Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq wa-dhikr faḍlihā wa-tasmiyat man ḥallahā min al-amāthil aw ijtāza bi-nawāḥīhā min wāridīhā wa-ahlihā. 80 vols. Edited by Muḥibb al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd ʿUmar ibn Gharāmah al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995-2001.
• Ibn Ḥibbān, Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad ibn Ḥibbān ibn Aḥmad al-Bustī. Kitāb al-majrūḥīn min al-muḥaddithīn wa-l-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-l-matrūkīn. 3 vols. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm Zāyed. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1992.
• Ibn Ḥibbān, Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad ibn Ḥibbān ibn Aḥmad al-Bustī. Kitāb al-thiqāt. 10 vols. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyyah, 1973.
• Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū l-Faraj Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Kitāb al-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-l-matrūkīn. 3 vols. Edited by Abū l-Fidāʾ ʿAbd Allāh al-Qāḍī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1986.
• Ibn Maʿīn, Abū Zakariyyā Yaḥyá ibn Maʿīn ibn ʿAwn al-Baghdādī. Maʿrifat al-rijāl: Riwāyat ibn Muḥriz. Edited by Muḥammad al-Sayyid ʿUthmān. In Mawsūʿat Tārīkh Ibn Maʿīn: Khams riwāyāt 1. Riwāyat al-Dūrī wa-ismuhā al-Tārikh wa-l-ʿilal, 2. Riwāyat ibn Muḥriz wa-ismuhā Maʿrifat al-rijāl, 3. Riwāyat al-Dārimī wa-ismuhā Tārīkh al-Dārimī ʿan Ibn Maʿīn, 4. Riwāyat Ibn Junayd wa-ismuhā Suʾālāt li-Ibn Maʿīn, 5. Riwāyat Hāshim ibn Marthad al-Ṭabarānī wa-ismuhā Suʾālāt Ibn Ṭālūt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2011, II, 4-176.
• Ibn Maʿīn, Abū Zakariyyā Yaḥyá ibn Maʿīn ibn ʿAwn al-Baghdādī. Suʾālāt li-Ibn Maʿīn: Riwāyat Ibn Junayd. Edited by Muḥammad al-Sayyid ʿUthmān. In Mawsūʿat Tārīkh Ibn Maʿīn: Khams riwāyāt 1. Riwāyat al-Dūrī wa-ismuhā al-Tārikh wa-l-ʿilal, 2. Riwāyat ibn Muḥriz wa-ismuhā Maʿrifat al-rijāl, 3. Riwāyat al-Dārimī wa-ismuhā Tārīkh al-Dārimī ʿan Ibn Maʿīn, 4. Riwāyat Ibn Junayd wa-ismuhā Suʾālāt li-Ibn Maʿīn, 5. Riwāyat Hāshim ibn Marthad al-Ṭabarānī wa-ismuhā Suʾālāt Ibn Ṭālūt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2011, II, 270-372.
• Ibn Maʿīn, Abū Zakariyyā Yaḥyá ibn Maʿīn ibn ʿAwn al-Baghdādī. Yaḥyá ibn Maʿīn wa-kitābuhū al-Tārīkh (narrative via al-Dūrī). 4 vols. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Nūr Sayf. Mecca: Markaz al-Baḥth al-ʿIlmī wa-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, 1979.
• Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū l-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq. Kitāb al-fihrist li-l-Nadīm. Edited by Riḍā Tājaddud. Tehran: n.p., 1971.
• Ibn Qutaybah, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim al-Dīnawarī. al-Maʿārif. Edited by Tharwah ʿUkkāshah. 4th ed. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1981.
• Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, Abū ʿAmr Taqī al-Dīn ʿUthmān ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Shahrazūrī. ʿUlūm al-ḥadīth. Edited by Nūr al-Dīn ʿItr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1986.
• Ibn Ṭāwūs, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn Mūsá al-Ḥusaynī. Faraj al-mahmūm. Qom: Dār al-Dhakhāʾir, n.d.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-Abbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm. Minhāj al-sunnah al-nabawiyyah fī naqḍ kalām al-Shīʿah wa-l-Qadariyyah. 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2009.
• al-ʿIjlī, Abū l-Ḥasan Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ. Maʿrifat al-thiqāt min rijāl ahl al-ʿilm wa-l-ḥadīth wa-min al-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-dhikr madhāhibihim wa-akhbārihim. 2 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Bastawī. Medina: Maktabat al-Dār, 1985.
• al-Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad. al-Aghānī. 27 vols. in 15 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Amīr ʿAlī Muhannā, Samīr Jābir, and Yūsuf ʿAlī Ṭawīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2008.
• İzgi, Cevat. “Heysem b. Adî.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XVII, 290.
• Jabali, Fuʾad. “A Study of the Companions of the Prophet: Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments.” PhD diss, Montreal: McGill Universtiy, 1999.
• al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Kitāb al-ḥayawān. 8 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1996.
• al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Rasāʾil al-Jāḥiẓ. 4 vols. in 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Bāsil ʿUyūn al-Sūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000.
• al-Jūzjānī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq el-Saʿdī. Aḥwāl al-rijāl. Edited by Ṣubḥī al-Badrī al-Sāmarrāʾī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1985.
• al-Kalbī, Abū l-Mundhir Hishām ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sāʾib ibn Bishr. Kitāb al-mathālib. In Amjad Ḥasan Sayyid Aḥmad, “[Study on] Kitāb al-mathālib.” PhD diss., Lahore: Jāmiʿat Punjab, 1977.
• al-Kashshī, Abū ʿAmr Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar, Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl: al-maʿrūf bi rijāl al-Kashshī. Edited by Ḥasan al-Muṣṭafawī. Mashhad: Chāpkhānah-ʾi Dānishgāh-i Mashhad, 1969.
• al-Khallāl, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Hārūn. al-Sunnah. 7 vols. in 4 vols. Edited by ʿAṭiyyah ʿAtīq ʿAbd Allāh al-Zahrānī. Riyadh: Dār al-Rāyah li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1989.
• al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Thābit. Tārīkh Madīnat al-salām wa-akhbār muḥaddithīhā wa-dhikr quṭṭānihā l-ʿulamāʾ min ghayr ahlihā wa-wāridīhā. 17 vols. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf. Tunis: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2015.
• Kılıçlı, Mustafa. Arap Edebiyatında Şuûbiyye. Istanbul: İşaret Yayınları, 1992.
• Kuzudişli, Bekir. “Sunnī-Shīʿī Interaction in the Early Period: The Transition of the Chains of Ahl al-sunna to the Shīʿa,” Ilahiyat Studies 6, no. 1 (2015): 7-45.
• Leder, Stefan. “Authorship and Transmission in Unauthored Literature: The Akhbār Attributed to al-Haytham ibn ʿAdī.” Oriens 31 (1988): 67-81.
• al-Māzandarānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Shahrāshūb. Maʿālim al-ʿulamāʾ fī fihrist kutub al-Shīʿah wa-asmāʾ al-muṣannifīn minhum qadīman wa-ḥadīthan: Tatimmat Kitāb al-fihrist li-l-Shaykh Abī Jaʿfar al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Muḥammad Ṣādiq Āl Baḥr al-ʿulūm. Najaf: Manshūrāt al-Maṭbaʿah al-Ḥaydariyyah, 1380 [1961].
• al-Mizzī, Abū l-Ḥajjāj Jamāl al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yūsuf. Tahdhīb al-Kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl. 35 vols. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1983-1992.
• al-Najafī, ʿAbd al-Amīn al-Fāṭimī. al-Asrār fī-mā kuniya wa-ʿurifa bihī l-ashrār. 3 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Ḥaqq, n.d.
• al-Najāshī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn al-ʿAbbās. Fihrist asmāʾ muṣannifī l-Shīʿah al-mushtahir bi-Rijāl al-Najāshī. Beirut: Sharikat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 2010.
• Newman, Andrew J. The Formative Period of Twelver Shīʿism: Ḥadīth as Discourse between Qum and Baghdad. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000.
• Özpınar, Ömer. “Fedâilü’s-Sahâbe Edebiyatının Teşekkülü ve Muhtevasına Etki Eden Sebepler Üzerine.” In İslâm Medeniyetinin Kurucu Nesli Sahâbe: Sahâbe Kimliği ve Algısı, edited by M. Abdullah Aydınlı, 125-151. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2013.
• al-Qazwīnī, Abū l-Rashīd Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Jalīl ibn Abī l-Ḥusayn ibn Abī l-Faḍl al-Rāzī. Baʿḍ mathālib al-Nawāṣib fī naqḍ baʿḍ faḍāʾiḥ al-Rawāfiḍ. Edited by Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn Urmawī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Āthār-i Anjuman-i Millī, 1358 HS [1979].
• al-Rāzī, Abū Zurʿah ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Yazīd. Suʾālāt al-Bardhaʿī li-Abī Zurʿah al-Rāzī, 200-264 H, wa-huwa Kitāb al-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-l-kadhdhābīn wa-l-matrūkīn. Edited by Abū ʿUmar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Azharī. Cairo: al-Fārūq al-Ḥadīthah li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2009.
• al-Ṣafadī, Abū l-Ṣafāʾ Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl ibn Aybak. Kitāb al-wāfī bi-l-wafayāt. 22 vols. Edited by Aḥmad al-Arnāʾūṭ and Dhikrī Muṣṭafá. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2000.
• Savran, Scott. “Cultural Polemics in the Early Islamic World: The Shuʿubiyya Controversy.” Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict (2007-2008 Annual edition): 42-52.
• al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Nuʿmān al-ʿUkbarī. Awāʾil al-maqālāt fī l-madhāhib al-mukhtārāt. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Anṣārī. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li-Alfiyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 [1993].
• al-Ṭabarānī, Abū l-Qāsim Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad. al-Muʿjam al-awsaṭ. 10 vols. Edited by Ṭāriq ibn ʿIwaḍ Allāh ibn Muḥammad and ʿAbd al-Muḥsin ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥusaynī. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥaramayn, 1415.
• al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Āmulī. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī: Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk. 5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr & Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1987.
• al-Ṭabarsī, Abū ʿAlī Amīn al-Dīn al-Faḍl ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Faḍl. Iʿlām al-wará bi-aʿlām al-hudá. 2 vols. Edited by Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1997.
• al-Ṭahrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad Aghā Buzurg. al-Dharīʿah ilá taṣānīf al-Shīʿah. 26 vols. Edited by Sayyid Riḍá ibn Jaʿfar Murtaḍá al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2009.
• Topgül, Muhammed Enes. Erken Dönem Şiî Ricâl İlmi: Keşşî Örneği. Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı [İFAV] Yayınları, 2015.
• Topgül, Muhammed Enes. “Hadis Râvilerinde Şiîlik Eğilimi.” Master’s thesis, Istanbul: Marmara University, 2010.
• al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. al-Fihrist. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Āl Baḥr al-ʿulūm. Najaf: al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawiyyah wa-Maṭbūʿātuhā, 1937.
• al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Kitāb al-amālī. Edited by Bahrād al-Jaʿfarī and ʿAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1381 HS [2002].
• al-ʿUqaylī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr ibn Mūsá ibn Ḥammād. Kitāb al-ḍuʿafāʾ wa-man nusiba ilá l-kadhib wa-waḍʿ al-ḥadīth wa-man ghalaba ʿalá ḥadīthihī al-wahm wa-man yuttaham fī baʿḍ ḥadīthihī. 7 vols. Edited by Māzin ibn Muḥammad al-Sirsāwī, Abū Isḥāq al-Ḥuwaynī al-Atharī, and Aḥmad Maʿbad ʿAbd al-Karīm. Cairo: Dār Majd al-Islām, 2008.
• ʿUqlah, ʿIṣām Muṣṭafá ʿAbd al-Hādī and Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir Khuraysāt. “Kitāb al-mathālib li-l-Haytham ibn ʿAdī (d. 207 AH/822 AD).” al-Majallah al-Urduniyyah li-l-tārīkh wa-l-āthār 4, no. 3 (2010): 23-45.
• Üzüm, İlyas. “Rec‘at.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXXIV, 504-506.
• Yerinde, Adem. “Siyasî, Etnik ve İdeolojik Kıskaçta Özgün Kalabilen Bir Dilci: Ebû Ubeyde Ma’mer b. Müsennâ.” Usûl: İslâm Araştırmaları 9 (2008): 119-152.
• al-Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. al-Aʿlām: Qāmūs tarājim li-ashhar al-rijāl wa-l-nisāʾ min al-ʿArab wa-l-mustaʿribīn wa-l-mustashriqīn. 8 vols. 6th ed. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1984.