Keşmir Krizinde İran'ın Yaklaşımı

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 50, 27 - 49, 05.01.2023

Nur Zeynep Balaban , Yusuf Sayın

https://doi.org/10.55918/islammedeniyetidergisi.1194451

Abstract

Keşmir, jeopolitik, tarihsel, sosyal ve siyasi önemi itibariyle akademik çalışmalara yeni ve zengin bir çalışma sahası sunmaktadır. Bölgenin sahip olduğu karakteristikler ve Keşmir kaynaklı bölgesel ve küresel sorunlar ve meseleler sahanın öneminin artmasında kayda değer önemdedir. Bu çalışma, Keşmir’in tarihi, sosyolojisi ve önemine ilave olarak temelde İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin Keşmir konusundaki yaklaşımını genel hatlarıyla açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada, İran dış politikasında Keşmir sorununun nasıl değerlendirildiği ele alınırken, İngilizlerin bölgeden çekilmesi sonrası neşvünema bulan Keşmir Krizi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Keşmir sorununda bugün gelinen duruma değinilirken, bölge ülkelerinin ve bilhassa İran’ın hangi pragmatik ve pratik gayelerle Keşmir konusuna eğildiği ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1979 İslam Devrimi’yle İran’ın devrimci dış politika kimliği ve özellikle devrim ihracı fikri Humeyni dönemi boyunca Keşmir’le ilişkilerinin temelini oluşturmuştur. İran’ın Keşmir’e bakışı siyasal liderlik dönemlerine göre farklılık arz etse de genellikle İran İslam Devrimi çerçevesinde geliştiği, bu çalışmanın temel savları arasında bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, yöntem olarak karşılaştırmalı siyaset ve kısa siyasi tarihsel anlatımlar üzerine bina edilmiştir.

Keywords

Keşmir, İran, Hindistan, Pakistan, Dış Politika, Keşmir Krizi

Iran's Approach Towards The Kashmir Crisis

Abstract

Kashmir offers a new and fertile field to academic studies in terms of geopolitical, historical, social and political importance. Characteristics of the regionand regional and global problems and issues originating from Kashmir are of significant importance in the importance of the field. This study basically aims to explain in general terms, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s approach to Kashmir in addition to the history, sociology and importance of Kashmir. In the study; while discussing how the Kashmir issue is evaluated in Iranian foreign policy, the Kashmir Crisis, which has emerged after the withdrawal of the British from the region, has been tried to be explained. While addressing current situation in the Kashmir issue, it has been tried to express the pragmatic and practical aims of the countries in the region especially Iran on the Kashmir issue. By the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran’s revolutionary foreign policy identity and especially idea of export of revolution formed the basis of its relations with Kashmir throughout the Khomeini era. Although Iran’s view towards Kashmir has varied according to the periods of political leadership, it is among the main arguments of this study that it generally developed within the framework of Iranian Islamic Revolution. The study is based on comparative politics and short political historical narratives as a method.

Keywords

Kashmir, Iran, India, Pakistan, Foreign Policy, Kashmir Crisis

References

• Abbasi, Ebrahim, Salehi, Seyed Javad ve Hassanvand, Muzaffar, “Diplomasi-e Haste-e Iran dar Dovlatha-e Khatami, Ahmadinejad va Rouhani (1997-2015) (Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy in the Governments of Khatami, Ahmadinejad and Rouhani)”, Journal of Political and International Approaches, 43(1), 2017, s. 117-151.
• Akbarzadeh, Shahram ve Conduit, Dara, “Ruhani’s First Two Years in Office: Opportunities and Risks in Contemporary Iran”, (Ed. Shahram Akbarzadeh & Dara Conduit), Iran in the World: President Rouhani’s Foreign Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, s. 1-15.
• Aman, Fatemeh, “Iran issues rare criticism of India over Kashmir”, Atlantic Council, 30.08.2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-issues-rare-criticism-of-india-over-kashmir (10.05.2020).
• Aslan, Ömer, “Stripping Kashmir Of Its Autonomy: Domestic and Regional Implication”, 29.08.2019, https://research.sharqforum.org/2019/08/29/stripping-kashmir-of-its-autonomy-domestic-and-regional-implications (21.06.2020).
• Azghandi, Alireza ve Sarmadi, Hamid, “Jangh-e Tahmili va Ta’sir-e an bar Taqyir-e Ghoftaman-e Seyaset-e Kharaje-e Iran (The Imposed War and Its Impact on Changing the Discourse of Foreign Policy”, International Journal of Nations Research, 1(10), 2016, s. 1-15.
• Banikamal, Abdolmoghset, “Pakistan-Hindistan Gerilimi ve Güney Asya’nın Güvenliği”, 16.05.2019, https://iramcenter.org/pakistan-hindistan-gerilimi-ve-guney-asyanin-guvenligi (21.06.2020).
• BBC News, “Iran nuclear deal: Key details”, 11.06.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33521655 (08.07.2020).
• BBC News, “Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it”, 08.08.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 (14.03.2020).
• BBC News, “Iran’s Hassan Rouhani pledges ‘slogan-free diplomacy’”, 18.08.2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23744267 (06.07.2020).
• BBC News Türkçe, “Cammu Keşmir: Hindistan eyaletin özel statüsünü kaldırdı, Pakistan ‘Kabul edilemez’ dedi”, 05.08.2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-49233737 (14.03.2020).
• BBC News Türkçe, “Keşmir Krizi: Hindistan ve Pakistan arasındaki gerilim en son yükseldiğinde ne olmuştu?”, 28.02.2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-47385122 (14.03.2020).
• Behrooz, Maziar, “Iran after Revolution (1979-2009)”, (Ed. Touraj Daryaee), The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012, s. 365-89.
• Berlin, Donald L., “India-Iran Relations: A Deepening Entente”, Asia-Pasific Center for Security Studies, 2004, s. 1-7.
• Bilgrami, Mohammad Pervez, “İran’ın Hindistan’a Karşı Sert Çıkışı: Neden ve Sonuçları”, İRAM, 14.03.2020, https://iramcenter.org/iranin-hindistana-karşi-sert-cikisi-neden-ve-sonuclari (14.03.2020).
• Çetin, Şerife, “AB’nin ‘en başarılı’ diplomasi hamlesi ‘nükleer anlaşma’ hüsranla sonuçlandı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 07.01.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/abnin-en-basarili-diplomasi-hamlesi-nukleer-anlasma-husranla-sonuclandi/1694713 (08.07.2020).
• Erdal, Selcen, “Çözümsüzlüğün Adı: ‘Birleşmiş Milletlere Rağmen Keşmir’”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 38(1), 2018, s. 85–106.
• Ganguly, Rajat, “India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute”, Asian Studies Institute, 1998, https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3147/paper.pdf?sequence=2 (08.07.2020).
• Ganguly, Sumit, “The Flash-Point of South Asia: Kashmir in Indo-Pakistani Relations”, (Ed. Amita Shastri ve A. Jeyaratnam Wilson), The Post-Colonial States of South Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2001, s. 311-25.
• Ganguly, Sumit, Blank, Jonah ve Devottai Neil, “The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect”, (Ed. Sumit Ganguly), Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London, 2003, s. 1-11.
• Ganguly, Sumit, “Will Kashmir Stop India’s Rise?”, Foreign Affairs, 85(4), 2006, s. 45-56.
• Gündoğan, Ünal, “Geçmişten Bugüne İran İslam Devrimi: Genel Değerlendirme”, OrtadoğuAnaliz, 3(29), 2011, 93-9.
• Güven, Aydın, “Geçmişten Günümüze Keşmir Meselesi”, 27.02.2019, https://www.ilimvemedeniyet.com/gecmisten-gunumuze-kesmir-meselesi.html (14.03.2020). India Today, “Pakistan PM discusses Kashmir issue with Iranian President Rouhani”, 14.10.2019, https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-pm-discusses-kashmir-issue-with-iranian-president-Ruhani-1609019-2019-10-14 (14.03.2020).
• Juneau, Thomas, “Iran under Rouhani: Still Alone in the World”, Middle East Policy, XXI(4), 2014, s. 92-104.
• Mafinezam, Alidad ve Mehrabi, Aria, Iran and Its Place Among Nations, Praeger, Westport, 2008.
• Mehdi, Syed Zafar, “Understanding Iran’s traditional position on Kashmir”, Tehran Times, 03.07.2018, https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/425007/Understanding-Iran-s-traditional-position-on-Kashmir (10.05.2020).
• Naaz, Farah, “India-Iranian relations 1947-2000”, Strategic Analysis, 24(10), 2001, s. 1911-26.
• Naji, Kasra, “Profile: Hassan Rouhani, President of Iran”, BBC News, 20.05.2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22886729 (06.07.2020).
• Özdemir, Erol, “Hindistan Seçimlerinde Öne Çıkan Söylemlerin Keşmir Sorunu’na Etkileri”, ANKASAM, 20.04.2019, https://ankasam.org/hindistan-secimlerinde-one-cıkan-soylemlerin-kesmir-sorununa-etkileri (14.03.2020).
• Przeczek, Sermin, “Iran’s Foreign Policy under President Rouhani: Pledges versus Reality”, OrtadoğuAnaliz, 5(57), 2013, s. 64-71.
• Rızvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas, “Keşmir”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, C:25, 2002, s. 325-327. https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/25/C25008267.pdf (29.03.2020).
• RisingKashmir, “‘Imam Khomeini icon of people’s resistance’”, 03.06.2015, www.risingkashmir.com/news/imam-khomeini-icon-of-peoples-resistance (10.05.2020).
• RisingKashmir, “Pak and Iran in talks over CPEC joining”, 09.10.2016, www.risingkashmir.com/news/pak-and-iran-in-talks-over-cpec-joining (10.05.2020).
• RisingKashmir, “Iran regrets killings in Kashmir”, 03.04.2018, www.risingkashmir.com/newsIran-regrets-killings-in-kashmir (10.05.2020).
• Safvi, Syed Ali, “Ayatollah Khomeini and Kashmir”, RisingKashmir, 13.06.2016, www.risingkashmir.com/news/ayatollah-khomeini-and-kashmir (10.05.2020).
• Savuk, İsmet, “Yeni İran ve Güney Asya İlişkileri”, GASAM, 20.07.2016, https://gasam.org.tr/yeni-iran-ve-guney-asya-iliskileri (02.05.2020).
• Schofield, Victoria, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, I. B. Tauris, New York, 2003.
• Shabir, Sheikh, “Analysing India-Iran relation”, RisingKashmir, 26.03.2018, https://www.risingkashmir.com/news/analysing-india-iran-relation (10.05.2020).
• Shanahan, Rodger, “Iranian Foreign Policy under Rouhani”, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2015.
• Shazad, Asif ve Bukhari, Fayaz, “Keşmir krizi: bölgedeki tırmanan gerilimin ortasında ‘Keşmir’i terörizmden kurtaracağını’ iddia ediyor”, Independent Türkçe, 09.08.2019, https://www.indyturk.com/node/60326/d%C3%BCnya/ke%C5%9Fmir-krizi-modi-b%C3%B6lgedeki-t%C4%B1rmanan-gerilimin-ortas%C4%B1nda-ke%C5%9Fmiri-ter%C3%B6rizmden (14.03.2020).
• Snedden, Christopher, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Hurst & Company, London, 2015.
• Strateji Düşünce ve Analiz merkezi (SDAM), “Dünden Bugüne ‘Keşmir Sorunu’”, Ekim 2016, https://www.sdam.org.tr/image/foto/2017/11/28/DUNDEN-BUGUNE-KESMIR-SORUNU_1511875826.pdf (29.06.2020).
• Ünlü, Hayati, “Küresel Politikalar Bağlamında Keşmir Meselesi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 10.10.2016, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/kuresel-politikalar-baglaminda-kesmir-meselesi/661965 (19.07.2020)
• Zarif, Mohammad Javad, “What Iran Really Wants: Iranian Foreign Policy in the Rouhani Era”, Foreign Policy, 93(3), 2014, s. 49-59.