BRIC-T Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 65 - 79, 26.03.2024

Esra Soyu Yıldırım , Dilek Tuğlu Dur

https://doi.org/10.57116/isletme.1432746

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı BRIC-T (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Türkiye) ülkelerinde brüt sabit sermaye oluşumu, ticari açıklık, doğrudan yabancı yatırımları kontrol değişkeni olarak dikkate alarak yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. 1990-2020 dönemine ait veriler kullanılarak hem panel geneli hem de ülke bazlı olarak analizin yapıldığı çalışmada Driscoll & Kraay tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Panel sonuçlarına göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ticari açıklık ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar değişkenleri istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır. Ülkeler ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiğinde, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi farklılık arz etmektedir. Buna göre Çin, Hindistan, rusya’da negatif etki, Brezilya ve türkiye’de ise pozitif etkilemektedir. Ancak sadece Hindistan ve türkiye’de istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Bütün ülkelerde brüt sabit sermaye oluşumundaki artış büyümeyi pozitif etkilemektedir ve istatisiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ticari açıklığın büyümeye etkisi Brezilya (pozitif), Çin (pozitif) ve Hindistan’da (negatif) istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar sadece Çin ve Türkiye’de istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar büyümeyi Çin’de olumsuz, Türkiye’de olumlu etkilemektedir.

Keywords

Yenilenebilir Enerji, Büyüme, Panel Veri Analizi.

The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in BRIC-T Countries: Panel Data Analysis

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in BRIC-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and Turkiye). In doing that, we consider gross fixed capital formation, trade openess, and foreignd direct investment as control variables. The Driscoll & Kraay estimator is used in the study in which both panel-wide and country-based analysis is performed using data for the period 1990-2020. According to the panel results, renewable energy consumption, trade openness and FDI variables are statistically insignificant. When countries are analyzed separately, the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth varies. Accordingly, it has a negative effect in China, India, Russia and a positive effect in Brazil and Turkiye. However, it is statistically significant only in India and Turkiye. In all countries, the increase in gross fixed capital formation has a positive effect on growth and is statistically significant. The effect of trade openness on growth is statistically significant in Brazil (positive), China (positive) and India (negative). FDI is statistically significant only in China and Turkiye. FDI affects growth negatively in China and positively in Turkiye.

Keywords

Renewable Energy, Growth, Panel Data Analysis.

References

• Adamantiades, A. & Kessides, I. (2009). Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects. Energy Policy, 37, 5149-5166. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509005436
• Adams, S., Klobodu, E. K. M. & Apio, A. (2018). Renewable and non-renewable energy, regime type and economic growth. Renewable Energy, 125, 755-767. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.135
• Adewuyi, A. O. & Awodumi, O. B. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emissions linkages: Review of emerging trends with policy implications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 275-291. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.178
• Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Huang, G. & Irfan, M. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth of BRICS countries: A fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis. Energy, 215, 119019.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119019
• Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: 1990-2017 Türkiye örneği [The relationship between renewable energy and economic growth: 1990-2017 the case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 223-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.466782
• Al-mulali U, Fereidouni, H.G., Lee, J. Y. & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 22, 209-222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.005
• Apaydın, Ş., Güngör, A., & Taşdoğan, C. (2019). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri [The effects of renewable energy consumptıon on economıc growth and health expendıtures ın Turkey]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 117-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.846221
• Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38, 656-660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002
• Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88, 343-347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.013
• Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34, 733-738. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007
• Apergis, N. & Danuletiu, D.C. (2014). Renewable energy and economic growth: Evidence from the sign of panel long-run causality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 578-587. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/361344
• Arain, H., Sharif, A., Akbar, B. & Younis, Y. (2020). Dynamic connection between inward foreign direct investment, renewable energy, economic growth and carbon emission in China: Evidence from partial and multiple wavelet coherence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 40456-40474. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08836-8
• Bakırtaş, İ., & Çetin, M. A. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: G-20 ülkeleri [The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: G-20 Countries]. Sosyoekonomi, 24(28), 131-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.17233/se.43089
• Bayar, Y. & Gavriletea, M. D. (2019). Energy efciency, renewable energy, economic growth: evidence from emerging market economies. Quality & Quantity, 53, 2221-2234. doi: 10.1007/s11135-019-00867-9 Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I. & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162, 733-741. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.104
• Bulut, U. & Muratoglu, G. (2018). Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.057
• Büyükyılmaz, A., & Mert, M. (2015). CO2 emisyonu, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin MS-VAR yaklaşımı ile modellenmesi: Türkiye örneği [Relatıonshıp among CO2 emıssıons, renewable and economıc growth wıth modelıng ms-var approach: The case of Turkey]. Journal of World of Turks, 7(3), 103-117. Retrieved from https://www.dieweltdertuerken.org/index.php/ZfWT/article/view/719
• Can, H. & Korkmaz, Ö. (2018). The relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 13(3), 573-589. doi: 10.1108/IJESM-11-2017-0005
• Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D. & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
• Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008
• Durğun, B., & Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği [The causalıty relatıonshıp between renewable energy consumptıon and economıc growth: Evıdence from Turkey]. International Review of Economics and Management, 6 (1), 1-27. doi: 10.18825/iremjournal.347200
• Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. & Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainabla Energy Reviews, 39, 748-764. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113
• Erdoğan, S., Dücan, E., Şentürk, M., & Şentürk, A. (2018). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji üretimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bulgular [Empırıcal results on renewable energy productıon and economıc growth relatıons ın Turkey]. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 233-246. doi: 10.25287/ohuiibf.382686
• Eygü, H. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1995–2020 Türkiye örneği [The relationship between the use of renewable energy sources and economic growth: Case of Turkey between the years 1995–2020]. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 8(2), 387-397. doi: : https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2022.8.2.012
• Francis, B.M., Moseley, L. & Iyare, S.O. (2007). Energy consumption and projected growth in selected Caribbean countries. Energy Economics, 29, 1224-1232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.01.009
• Gan, L., Eskeland, G.S. & Kolshus, H.H. (2007). Green electricity market development: lessons from Europe and the US. Energy Policy, 35, 144-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.10.008 Gujarati, D. N. (1999). Temel ekonometri, (G. Ş. Ü. Şenesen, Çev.), İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
• Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. & William, B. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• Hassine, M.B. & Harrathi, N. (2017), The causal links between economic growth, renewable energy, financial development and foreign trade in gulf cooperation council countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 76-85. Retrieved from https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/3976/2657
• Hieu, V. M. & Mai, N. H. (2023). Impact of renewable energy on economic growth? Novel evidence from developing countries through MMQR estimations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 578-593. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21956-7
• Hondroyiannis, G., Lolos, S. & Papapetrou, E. (2002). Energy consumption and economic growth: assessing the evidence from Greece. Energy Economics, 24, 319-336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(02)00006-3
• Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2015). The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application. Energy Economics, 53, 58-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.003
• International Energy Agency (2022). Energy access outlook. From poverty to prosperity: world energy outlook special report 2022. Retrieved from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2-a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf.
• Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2017.02.001
• Karhan, G. (2019). Does renewable energy ıncrease growth? Evidence from EU-19 countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(2), 341-346.doi: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.758
• Koç, E., & Kaplan, E. (2008, Mart). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de genel enerji durumu 1.bölüm: Dünya değerlendirilmesi. Termodinamik. Retrieved from https://www.termodinamik.info/bilimsel/dunya-da-ve-turkiye-de-genelenerjidurumu-1-bolum-dunya-degerlendirmesi.
• Koç, E. ve Kaya, K. (2015). Enerji kaynakları–yenilenebilir enerji durumu [Energy resources–state of renewable energy]. Mühendis ve Makina, 56(668), 36-47. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1099827
• Menegaki, A.N. & Tugcu, C.T. (2017). Energy consumption and sustainable economic welfare in G7 countries; A comparison with the conventional nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 892-901. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.133
• Muazu, A., Yu, Q. & Liu, Q. (2023). Does renewable energy consumption promote economic growth? An empirical analysis of panel threshold based on 54 African countries. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 17(1), 106-127.doi: 10.1108/IJESM-09-2021-0003
• Ozturk, I. & Bilgili, F. (2015). Economic growth and biomass consumption nexus: dynamic panel analysis for Sub-Sahara African countries. Applied Energy, 137, 110-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.017
• Ozturk, I., Aslan, A. & Kalyoncu, H. (2010). Energy consumption and economic growth relationship: Evidence from panel data for low and middle income countries. Energy Policy, 38, 4422-4428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.071
• Radhi, H. (2012). Trade-off between environmental and economic implications of PV systems integrated into the UAE residential sector. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 16(5), 2468-2474. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.048
• Rahman, M. M. & Velayutham, E. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: new evidence from South Asia. Renewable Energy, 147, 399-408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.007
• Reddy, B.S. & Assenza, G.B. (2009). The great climate debate. Energy Policy, 37, 2997-3008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.064
• Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries. Energy Economy, 31(3), 456-462.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010
• Saidia, K. & Omrib, A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions and economic growth in 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries. Environmental Research, 186(3), 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109567
• Salkin, N. J. & Rasmussen, K. (2007). Encyclopedia of measurements and statistics. California: Volume 1.
• Sari, R. & Soytas, U. (2004). Disaggregate energy consumption, employment, and income in Turkey. Energy Economics, 26, 335-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.014
• Shah, A. A, Rashidi, R. S, Bhutto, A. & Shah, A. (2011). The real life scenario for diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in Pakistan – lessons learned through the pilot field study under physical community. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 15(5), 2210-2213. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.017
• Shahbaz, M., Raghutla, C., Chittedi, K. R., Jiao, Z. & Vo, X. V. (2020). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index. Energy, 207, 118162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118162
• Sinha, A., Shahbaz, M. & Balsalobre, D. (2017). Exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in N-11 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1217-1229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.071
• Tsaiba, S. B., Xuec, Y., Zhange, J., Chena, Q., Liuf, Y. & Zhoug, J. (2017). Models for forecasting growth trends in renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 1169-1178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.001
• Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk, I. & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021
• Wang, G., Sadiq, M., Bashir, T.,Jain, V., Ali, S. A. & Shabbir, M. S. (2022). The dynamic association between different strategies of renewable energy sources and sustainable economic growth under SDGs. Energy Strategy Reviews, 42, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100886
• Wang, Q. & Wang, L. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A nonlinear panel data analysis. Energy, 207, 118200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118200
• Wang, Q., Dong, Z., Li, R. & Wang, L. (2022). Renewable energy and economic growth: New insight from country risks. Energy, 238, 122018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122018 Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). Panel veri ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
• Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Huo, F. & Sinha, A. (2019). From nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: The role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1166-1178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.081.