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ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ: GÖÇMEN KAÇAKÇILIĞI SUÇU ÜZERİNE TESPİTLER

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 42, 1187 - 1207, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.820747

Abstract

Göçün dinamik ve süregelen yapısı, ülkelerin sosyo-mekânsal durumlarından etkilenerek göç sürecine karar veren bireylerin tercihlerini optimize etmektedir. Küreselleşmeyle birlikte yaşanan toplumsal değişimler nüfus hareketliliğine ivme kazandırırken, cazibe merkezleri olarak görülen yerleşim yerlerine göç sürecini de hızlandırmıştır. Yaşanan bu gelişmeler ülkelerin göçü idare etmelerinin yanı sıra göçün nesne konumunda yer aldığı bir suçla da mücadele etmelerine neden olmuştur.
Amaç: Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliğinde göç oranlarının yüksek olduğu ülkelere ilişkin eurostat üzerinden temin edilen veriler sayesinde uluslararası göç kavramını sosyal politika araçları arasında yer alan minimum (asgari) ücret üzerinden analiz etmektedir. Böylesine bir amaç göç sürecine karar veren bireylerin ekonomik ideal arayışına yanıt ararken, Türkiye’de son yıllarda artış gösteren göçmen kaçakçılığı suçuna ışık tutmaktadır.
Yöntem/Tasarım / Metodoloji / Yaklaşım: Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi çerçevesinde ikincil veri analiz tekniği kullanılmış, kümülatif olarak yıllara göre artış gösterdiği anlaşılan göç değişkeni ülkelerin ulusal para birimleri esas alınarak minimum ücret üzerine etkisi test edilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye özelinde göçmen kaçakçılığı suçunun düzensiz göçmen sayısı üzerinden ilişkisel durumu araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Parametrik olmayan test sonuçlarına göre göç yoğunluğu ile ülkelerin minimum ücretleri arasında negatif düzeyde bir ilişkiye rastlanmıştır. Bununla beraber İspanya ve Türkiye’nin 2015 yılından sonra artan göç oranlarının karşılığı ise coğrafi açıdan göç rotasını ve sosyal ağların önemini bizlere göstermiştir. Türkiye’de son on yıllık süreçte göçmen kaçakçılığı suçun artış gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır.
Özgünlük: Göçmen kavramının sosyal ağlar nedeniyle Türkiye özelinde göçmen kaçakçılığı suçu açısından ilişkisel rolü yıllara göre artan suç istatistiklerine yansımış ve organize suç teorileri açısından önemi yeniden sorgulanmıştır.

References

  • Aksoy, Z. (2012). Uluslararası Göç Ve Kültürlerarası İletişim. Journal of International Social Research, 5(20).
  • Cornish, Derek B., & Ronald V. Clarke. (2002). Analyzing Organized Crimes. In Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges, edited by Alex R. Piquero and Stephen G. Tibbetts. New York: Garland.
  • Costantino, F., & Di Nicola, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial elements of human smuggling rings: findings from a multiple case study. Trends Organ Crime. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-020-09390-y.
  • Çarmıklı, E. Ö., & Kader, M. U. (2016). Türkiye'de Göçmen Kaçakçılığı: Mülteci Krizinin'Öteki'Yüzü. International Strategic Research Organization (USAK).
  • DW (2018), Germany considers tough response to Spain migration 'surge', https://www.dw.com/en/germany-considers-tough-response-to-spain-migration-surge/a-44957893, Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2020.
  • Europol (2020), Traffıckıng In Human Beıngs, https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/trafficking-in-human-beings, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020. Gambetta, Diego. 1993. The Sicilian Mafia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2020), İstatistikler, https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz-goc-istatistikler, Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2020.
  • Hobbs, D. (1998). Going down the glocal: the local context of organised crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 407-422.
  • Içduygu, A. (2020). Decentring migrant smuggling: Reflections on the Eastern Mediterranean route to Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-17. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1804194 Interpol (2020), People Smuggling, https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/People-smuggling, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2018). Dış Göç Politikası Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/DisGocPolitikas%C4%B1OzelIhtisas KomisyonuRaporu.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:10.09.2020).
  • Kleemans, E. R. (2014). Theoretical perspectives on organized crime. Oxford handbook of organized crime, 32-52.
  • Kleemans, Edward R., & Henk G. van de Bunt. 1999. The Social Embeddedness of Organized Crime.” Transnational Organized Crime, 5(1): 19-36.
  • Latham, K., & Wu, B. (2013). Chinese immigration into the EU: New trends, dynamics and implications. London, UK: Europe China Research and Advice Network.
  • Law Library (2020). Organized Crime, https://law.jrank.org/pages/1626/Organized-Crime-Ethnic-succession-organized-crime.html, (Erişim Tarihi:22.10.2020).
  • Massey, D. S., & Zenteno, R. M. (1999). The dynamics of mass migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(9), 5328-5335.
  • Massey, D. S., & Arango, J., & Hugo, G., & Koucouci, A., & Pelligrino, A. & Taylor, J. E. (1998) Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millenium (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford).
  • Mevzuat (19.10.2020), 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020.
  • Migration and Migrant Popülation Statistics (2020). Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1275.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2020.
  • Miller, M. J., & Castles, S. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Paoli, L. (2004). Italian organised crime: Mafia associations and criminal enterprises. Global Crime, 6(1), 19-31.
  • Rawlinson, P. (1998). Mafia, media and myth: Representations of Russian organised crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 346-358.
  • Salt J, & Stein J (1997). Migration as a business: the case of trafficking. Int Migr 35(4):467–494.
  • Schloenhardt, A. (1999). Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(3), 203-233.
  • Von Lampe, K. (2003). The Use of Models in the Study of Organised Crime, Conference of the European Consortium for Politicial Research, Germany.
  • Von Lampe, Klaus. 2011. The Application of the Framework of Situational Crime Prevention to ‘Organized Crime’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 11(2): 145-163.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: DISCUSSIONS ON THE CRIME OF MIGRANT SMUGGLING

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 42, 1187 - 1207, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.820747

Abstract

The dynamic and ongoing nature of migration optimize the preferences of individuals who decide on the migration process, influenced by the socio-spatial conditions of the countries. While the social changes experienced with globalization accelerated population mobility, it also accelerated the migration process to settlements, which are seen as attraction centers. These developments have caused countries not only to manage migration but also to combat a crime in which migration is an object.
Purpose: This study analyzes the concept of international migration on the basis of the minimum wage, which is among the social policy instruments, thanks to the data obtained through Eurostat regarding the countries with high migration rates in the European Union. Such a response to the economic purpose of searching for the ideal process of seeking individuals who decide to migrate, migrant smuggling showing an increase in recent years in Turkey shed light on the crime.
Method/Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study, secondary data analysis technique was used within the framework of quantitative research method, and the effect of the migration variable, which was understood to increase cumulatively by years, on the minimum wage based on the national currencies of the countries was tested. Also, relational situation on the number of irregular migrants, migrant smuggling crimes has been investigated in particular Turkey.
Findings: According to the non-parametric test results, a negative relationship was found between immigration intensity and the minimum wages of countries. Also, the importance of social networking in terms of geography and migration routes has confirmed to us after 2015 because of increasing immigration rates in Spain and Turkey. It has been understood that in the last decade, the increase in migrant smuggling crimes in Turkey.
Originality: Migrants in Turkey due to the concept of social networks in terms of specific migrant smuggling crimes were reflected in the rising crime statistics based on relational year and was questioned again the importance of the role of organized crime theories.

References

  • Aksoy, Z. (2012). Uluslararası Göç Ve Kültürlerarası İletişim. Journal of International Social Research, 5(20).
  • Cornish, Derek B., & Ronald V. Clarke. (2002). Analyzing Organized Crimes. In Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges, edited by Alex R. Piquero and Stephen G. Tibbetts. New York: Garland.
  • Costantino, F., & Di Nicola, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial elements of human smuggling rings: findings from a multiple case study. Trends Organ Crime. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-020-09390-y.
  • Çarmıklı, E. Ö., & Kader, M. U. (2016). Türkiye'de Göçmen Kaçakçılığı: Mülteci Krizinin'Öteki'Yüzü. International Strategic Research Organization (USAK).
  • DW (2018), Germany considers tough response to Spain migration 'surge', https://www.dw.com/en/germany-considers-tough-response-to-spain-migration-surge/a-44957893, Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2020.
  • Europol (2020), Traffıckıng In Human Beıngs, https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/trafficking-in-human-beings, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020. Gambetta, Diego. 1993. The Sicilian Mafia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2020), İstatistikler, https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz-goc-istatistikler, Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2020.
  • Hobbs, D. (1998). Going down the glocal: the local context of organised crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 407-422.
  • Içduygu, A. (2020). Decentring migrant smuggling: Reflections on the Eastern Mediterranean route to Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-17. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1804194 Interpol (2020), People Smuggling, https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/People-smuggling, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2018). Dış Göç Politikası Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/DisGocPolitikas%C4%B1OzelIhtisas KomisyonuRaporu.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:10.09.2020).
  • Kleemans, E. R. (2014). Theoretical perspectives on organized crime. Oxford handbook of organized crime, 32-52.
  • Kleemans, Edward R., & Henk G. van de Bunt. 1999. The Social Embeddedness of Organized Crime.” Transnational Organized Crime, 5(1): 19-36.
  • Latham, K., & Wu, B. (2013). Chinese immigration into the EU: New trends, dynamics and implications. London, UK: Europe China Research and Advice Network.
  • Law Library (2020). Organized Crime, https://law.jrank.org/pages/1626/Organized-Crime-Ethnic-succession-organized-crime.html, (Erişim Tarihi:22.10.2020).
  • Massey, D. S., & Zenteno, R. M. (1999). The dynamics of mass migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(9), 5328-5335.
  • Massey, D. S., & Arango, J., & Hugo, G., & Koucouci, A., & Pelligrino, A. & Taylor, J. E. (1998) Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millenium (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford).
  • Mevzuat (19.10.2020), 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020.
  • Migration and Migrant Popülation Statistics (2020). Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1275.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2020.
  • Miller, M. J., & Castles, S. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Paoli, L. (2004). Italian organised crime: Mafia associations and criminal enterprises. Global Crime, 6(1), 19-31.
  • Rawlinson, P. (1998). Mafia, media and myth: Representations of Russian organised crime. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 346-358.
  • Salt J, & Stein J (1997). Migration as a business: the case of trafficking. Int Migr 35(4):467–494.
  • Schloenhardt, A. (1999). Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(3), 203-233.
  • Von Lampe, K. (2003). The Use of Models in the Study of Organised Crime, Conference of the European Consortium for Politicial Research, Germany.
  • Von Lampe, Klaus. 2011. The Application of the Framework of Situational Crime Prevention to ‘Organized Crime’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 11(2): 145-163.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aykut Çalışkan 0000-0002-1886-6991

Publication Date December 19, 2021
Submission Date November 4, 2020
Acceptance Date September 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Çalışkan, A. (2021). ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ: GÖÇMEN KAÇAKÇILIĞI SUÇU ÜZERİNE TESPİTLER. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1187-1207. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.820747