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An Analysis of Financial Distress Risk in Islamic Stock Markets Using Altman-Z and Springate Models: Evidence from Participation 50 Index

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 3667 - 3684, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1002058

Abstract

Financial distress can define as the inability of firms to meet their financial obligations on due. Financial distress caused by various internal and external factors and may not turn into bankruptcy if it is anticipated and necessary precautions are taken. The financial distress and bankruptcy risk estimations of the firms listed on the Islamic stock indices, which are screened by various qualitative and quantitative criteria, are also a significant issue. The common view in the literature is that firms listed on Islamic stock indices have lower risk due to the screening criteria used. Because these firms have lower debt levels than the others. One of the opposing views is that these firms face difficulties in terms of growth and financial performance due to their low borrowing capacity. The purpose of this study is to estimate the financial distress risks of the firms listed on the Participation 50 index, which is an Islamic stock index. In order to achieve this purpose, Altman-Z' (1983), Altman-Z" (1993), and Springate (1978) models are used to predict financial distress and bankruptcy risk. The study uses secondary data set compiled from the annual financial reports of the 14 firms listed on the Participation 50 index for the period 2016-2020. These 14 firms are selected by purposive sampling with the criterion that among the firms listed on the index as of July 2021, the firms that were in the index for at least one screening period in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. According to the results of Altman-Z” and Springate models, only one of the companies examined within the scope of the study faces financial distress risk for all periods. The rest have a healthy financial structure and there are no financial distress and bankruptcy risks in the near future for those. It is concluded generally that it is seen that Islamic stocks have a healthy financial structure.

References

  • Almamy, J., Aston, J. ve Ngwa, L. N. (2016). An evaluation of Altman’s Z-score using cash flow ratio to predict corporate failure amid the recent financial crisis: Evidence from the UK. Journal of Corporate Finance, 36, 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.12.009
  • Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.
  • Altman, E. I. (1983). Corporate Financial Distress A Complete Guide to Predicting, Avoiding, and Dealing with Bankruptcy. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Altman, E. I. (1993). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Altman, E. I. (2002). Corporate Distress Prediction Models in a Turbulent Economic and Basel II Environment. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~ealtman/Corp-Distress.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Altman, E. I. ve Hotchkiss, E. (2006). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt (3rd bs.). New Jersey: Wiley.
  • Aminian, A., Mousazade, H. ve Khoshkho, O. I. (2016). Investigate the Ability of Bankruptcy Prediction Models of Altman and Springate and Zmijewski and Grover in Tehran Stock Exchange. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 208–214. doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4s1p208
  • Baldwin, C. Y. ve Mason, S. P. (1983). The Resolution of Claims in Financial Distress the Case of Massey Ferguson. The Journal of Finance, 38(2), 505–516. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02258.x
  • Beaver, W. H. (1966). Financial Ratios as Predictors of Failure. Journal of Accounting Research, 4(Empirical Research in Accounting: Selected Studies), 71–111. doi:10.2307/2490171
  • Beaver, W. H., Correia, M. ve McNichols, M. F. (2010). Financial Statement Snalysis and the Prediction of Financial Distress. Foundations and Trends in Accounting, 5(2), 99–173. doi:10.1561/1400000018
  • Berk, N. (2015). Finansal Yönetim (11. Baskı). İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Boritz, J. E., Kennedy, D. B. ve Sun, J. Y. (2007). Predicting Business Failures in Canada. Accounting Perspectives, 6(2), 141–165.
  • Cahyani, U. E., Ardiansyah, M. ve Sunaryati. (2020). Islamic Social Reporting and Financial Distress In List of Sharia Securities. IQTISHADIA, 13(2), 157–178. doi:10.21043/iqtishadia.v13i2.7756
  • Çelik, M. ve Dursun, G. D. (2021). Z Skor Modeli ile Finansal Risk Tahmini ve BIST100 Tekstil, Giyim Eşyası ve Deri İmalat Sanayi Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren Firmalar Üzerine Bir Uygulama. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(14), 19–31. doi:10.25204/iktisad.786034
  • Çelik, M. S. (2018). Altman Z-Skor Modeli Kullanılarak Bist-30 Endeksinde Yer Alan İmalat Şirketlerinin Finansal Başarısızlık Riskinin Tahmin Edilmesi. F. Yardımcıoğlu, F. Beşel ve V. İnal (Ed.), 5th International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS) içinde (ss. 525–535). Niğde.
  • Chouhan, V., Chandra, B. ve Goswami, S. (2014). Predicting financial stability of select BSE companies revisiting Altman Z score. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 15(2), 92–105.
  • Cındık, Z. ve Armutlulu, İ. H. (2021). A revision of Altman Z-Score model and a comparative analysis of Turkish companies’ financial distress prediction. National Accounting Review, 3(2), 237–255. doi:10.3934/NAR.2021012
  • Ditasari, R. A., Triyono ve Sasongko, N. (2019). Comparison of Altman, Springate, Zmijewski and Grover Models in Predicting Financial Distress on Companies of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) on 2013-2017. International Summit on Science Technology and Humanity, 490–504.
  • Dizgil, E. (2018). Bist Ticaret Endeksinde Yer Alan Şirketlerin Springate Finansal Başarısızlık Modeli İle İncelenmesi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 248–267.
  • Euler Hermes. (2020). Fırtına Öncesi Sessizlik: Covid-19 ve Zaman Bombası Gibi Bekleyen Şirket İflasları.
  • Fauzi, S. E., Sudjono ve Saluy, A. B. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Financial Sustainability Using the Altman Z-Score, Springate, Zmijewski and Grover Models for Companies Listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange Sub-Sector Telecommunication Period. The Asian Institute of Research Journal of Economics and Business, 4(1), 57–78. doi:10.31014/aior.1992.04.01.321
  • Fitzpatrick, P. J. (1932). A Comparison of the Ratios of Successful Industrial Enterprises with Those of Failed Companies. The Certified Public Accountant, 598–605.
  • Grover, J. S. (2001). Re-assessing and re-defining Edward I. Altman’s 1968 Z score model of bankruptcy prediction. Program of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Finance Association.
  • Gülençer, S. ve Hazar, A. (2020). Borsa İstanbul Teknoloji Endeksi (XUTEK) Şirketlerinin Altman Z-Skor Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi. ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 4(2), 59–76. doi:10.46291/ispecijsshvol4iss2pp59-76
  • Hakim, M. S., Liu, C. L. ve Kunaifi, A. (2021). Cash Holdings in Shariah-Compliant Firms. Theoretical Economics Letters, 11(1), 47–55. doi:10.4236/tel.2021.111003
  • Hayes, S. K., Hodge, K. A. ve Hughes, L. W. (2010). A Study of the Efficacy of Altman’s Z to Predict Bankruptcy of Specialty Retail Firms Doing Business in Contemporary Times. Economics & Business Journal: Inquiries & Perspectives, 3(1), 122–134.
  • Husein, M. F. ve Pambekti, G. T. (2014). Precision of the models of Altman, Springate, Zmijewski, and Grover for predicting the financial distress. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 17(3), 405–416. doi:10.14414/jebav.14.1703010
  • Karadeniz, E. ve Öcek, C. (2020). Finansal Başarısızlık Tahmin Modellerinin Geçerliliğinin Analizi: Thomas Cook Örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 17(3), 394–406. doi:10.24010/soid.719656
  • Kulalı, İ. (2016). Altman Z-Skor Modelinin BIST Şirketlerinin Finansal Başarısızlık Riskinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Uygulanması. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 12(27), 283–291. doi:10.17130/10.17130/ijmeb.2016.12.27.1076
  • Ohlson, J. A. (1980). Financial Ratios and the Probabilistic Prediction of Bankruptcy. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 109–131.
  • Platt, H. D. ve Platt, M. B. (2006). Understanding Differences Between Financial Distress and Bankruptcy. Review of Applied Economics, 2(2), 141–157.
  • Pok, W. C. (2012). Analysis of Syariah quantitative screening norms among Malaysia Syariah-compliant stocks. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 9(2), 69–80.
  • Rahman, S. M. K., Islam, K. ve Hossain, M. (2021). Leverage Induced Financial Distress of Manufacturing Firms in Bangladesh: A Comparison Between Listed MNCs and Domestic Firms by Applying Altman’s Z Score Model. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 5(2), 28–43.
  • Ross, S. A., Jaffe, J. ve Jordan, B. D. (2019). Corporate Finance (12. Baskı.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Springate, G. L. V. (1978). Predicting the possibility of failure in a Canadian firm. Simon Fraser University.
  • Sudjiman, L. S. ve Sudjiman, P. E. (2019). The Accuracy of the Springate and Zmijewski in Predicting Financial Distress in Cosmetic and Household Subsector Companies. Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, 7(1), 1343–1358. doi:10.35974/isc.v7i1.2067
  • Tanjung, P. R. S. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Altman Z-Score, Springate, Zmijewski and Ohlson Models in Predicting Financial Distress. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 6(3), 126–137. doi:10.36713/epra2013
  • TEKNOSA. (2021). 31 Aralık 2020 Tarihi İtibarıyla Hazırlanan Finansal Tablolar ve Bağımsız Denetçi Raporu 15 Haziran 2021 tarihinde https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/BildirimPdf/910235 adresinden erişildi.
  • TKBB. Standart No:1 - Pay Senedi İhracı ve Alım Satımı. TKBB Danışma Kurulu Katılım Finansı Standartları (2020).
  • TOBB. (2021). Kurulan/Kapanan Şirket İstatistikleri. 01 Eylül 2021 tarihinde https://www.tobb.org.tr/BilgiErisimMudurlugu/Sayfalar/KurulanKapananSirketistatistikleri.php adresinden erişildi.
  • Türk, Z. ve Kürklü, E. (2017). Financial Failure Estimate in BIST Companies with Altman (Z-Score) and Springate (S-Score) Models. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Whitaker, R. B. (1999). The Early Stages of Financial Distress. Journal of Economics and Finance, 23(2), 123–133. doi:10.1007/BF02745946
  • Zmijewski, M. E. (1984). Methodological Issues Related to the Estimation of Financial Distress Prediction Models. Journal of Accounting Research, 22, 59–82.

İslami Hisse Senedi Piyasalarında Finansal Sıkıntı Riskinin Altman-Z ve Springate Modelleri ile İncelenmesi: Katılım 50 Endeksi Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 3667 - 3684, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1002058

Abstract

Finansal sıkıntı temel olarak işletmelerin finansal yükümlülüklerini zamanında yerine getirememesidir. İşletme içi ve dışı çeşitli faktörlerin etkisiyle ortaya çıkan finansal sıkıntı, önceden tahmin edilmesi ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması halinde iflasa dönüşmeyebilir. Çeşitli nitel ve nicel ölçütlerin filtrelemesiyle oluşturulan İslami hisse senedi endekslerinde yer alan işletmelerin finansal sıkıntı ve iflas riski tahminleri de önem arz eden bir husustur. Literatürdeki yaygın görüş, İslami hisse senedi endekslerinde yer alan firmaların, kullanılan ölçütler nedeniyle daha düşük risk içerdiği yönündedir. Çünkü söz konusu işletmeler diğer işletmelere göre daha düşük borçlanma seviyelerine sahiptir. Karşıt görüşlerinden biri ise bu işletmelerin borçlanma kapasitelerinin düşük olması nedeniyle büyüme ve performans açısından zorluklarla karşılaştığıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da bir İslami hisse senedi endeksi olan Katılım 50 endeksinde yer alan işletmelerin finansal sıkıntı risklerinin tahmin edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, finansal sıkıntı ve iflas riskinin tahmininde Altman-Z’ (1983), Altman-Z” (1993) ve Springate (1978) modelleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Katılım 50 endeksinde yer alan 14 işletmenin 2016-2020 dönemi yıllık finansal raporlarından derlenen ikincil veri seti kullanılmıştır. Örneklemi oluşturan 14 işletme belirlenirken kasti örneklem yöntemi tercih edilmiş ve 2021 yılı Temmuz dönemi itibariyle endekste yer alan şirketler arasından, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında en az bir dönem endekste bulunan işletmeler örnekleme dahil edilmiştir. Altman-Z” ve Springate modellerinin sonuçlarına göre, çalışma kapsamında incelenen firmalardan yalnızca biri tüm dönemler için finansal sıkıntı riski ile karşı karşıya bulunmaktadır. Diğer işletmeler analiz sonuçlarına göre sağlıklı bir finansal yapıya sahip bulunmakta ve yakın gelecekte finansal sıkıntı ve iflas riskleri bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, İslami endeks kriterlerine uygun olan hisse senetlerinin genel anlamda sağlıklı bir finansal yapıya sahip oldukları görülmektedir.

References

  • Almamy, J., Aston, J. ve Ngwa, L. N. (2016). An evaluation of Altman’s Z-score using cash flow ratio to predict corporate failure amid the recent financial crisis: Evidence from the UK. Journal of Corporate Finance, 36, 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.12.009
  • Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.
  • Altman, E. I. (1983). Corporate Financial Distress A Complete Guide to Predicting, Avoiding, and Dealing with Bankruptcy. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Altman, E. I. (1993). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Altman, E. I. (2002). Corporate Distress Prediction Models in a Turbulent Economic and Basel II Environment. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~ealtman/Corp-Distress.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Altman, E. I. ve Hotchkiss, E. (2006). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt (3rd bs.). New Jersey: Wiley.
  • Aminian, A., Mousazade, H. ve Khoshkho, O. I. (2016). Investigate the Ability of Bankruptcy Prediction Models of Altman and Springate and Zmijewski and Grover in Tehran Stock Exchange. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 208–214. doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4s1p208
  • Baldwin, C. Y. ve Mason, S. P. (1983). The Resolution of Claims in Financial Distress the Case of Massey Ferguson. The Journal of Finance, 38(2), 505–516. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02258.x
  • Beaver, W. H. (1966). Financial Ratios as Predictors of Failure. Journal of Accounting Research, 4(Empirical Research in Accounting: Selected Studies), 71–111. doi:10.2307/2490171
  • Beaver, W. H., Correia, M. ve McNichols, M. F. (2010). Financial Statement Snalysis and the Prediction of Financial Distress. Foundations and Trends in Accounting, 5(2), 99–173. doi:10.1561/1400000018
  • Berk, N. (2015). Finansal Yönetim (11. Baskı). İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Boritz, J. E., Kennedy, D. B. ve Sun, J. Y. (2007). Predicting Business Failures in Canada. Accounting Perspectives, 6(2), 141–165.
  • Cahyani, U. E., Ardiansyah, M. ve Sunaryati. (2020). Islamic Social Reporting and Financial Distress In List of Sharia Securities. IQTISHADIA, 13(2), 157–178. doi:10.21043/iqtishadia.v13i2.7756
  • Çelik, M. ve Dursun, G. D. (2021). Z Skor Modeli ile Finansal Risk Tahmini ve BIST100 Tekstil, Giyim Eşyası ve Deri İmalat Sanayi Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren Firmalar Üzerine Bir Uygulama. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(14), 19–31. doi:10.25204/iktisad.786034
  • Çelik, M. S. (2018). Altman Z-Skor Modeli Kullanılarak Bist-30 Endeksinde Yer Alan İmalat Şirketlerinin Finansal Başarısızlık Riskinin Tahmin Edilmesi. F. Yardımcıoğlu, F. Beşel ve V. İnal (Ed.), 5th International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS) içinde (ss. 525–535). Niğde.
  • Chouhan, V., Chandra, B. ve Goswami, S. (2014). Predicting financial stability of select BSE companies revisiting Altman Z score. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 15(2), 92–105.
  • Cındık, Z. ve Armutlulu, İ. H. (2021). A revision of Altman Z-Score model and a comparative analysis of Turkish companies’ financial distress prediction. National Accounting Review, 3(2), 237–255. doi:10.3934/NAR.2021012
  • Ditasari, R. A., Triyono ve Sasongko, N. (2019). Comparison of Altman, Springate, Zmijewski and Grover Models in Predicting Financial Distress on Companies of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) on 2013-2017. International Summit on Science Technology and Humanity, 490–504.
  • Dizgil, E. (2018). Bist Ticaret Endeksinde Yer Alan Şirketlerin Springate Finansal Başarısızlık Modeli İle İncelenmesi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 248–267.
  • Euler Hermes. (2020). Fırtına Öncesi Sessizlik: Covid-19 ve Zaman Bombası Gibi Bekleyen Şirket İflasları.
  • Fauzi, S. E., Sudjono ve Saluy, A. B. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Financial Sustainability Using the Altman Z-Score, Springate, Zmijewski and Grover Models for Companies Listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange Sub-Sector Telecommunication Period. The Asian Institute of Research Journal of Economics and Business, 4(1), 57–78. doi:10.31014/aior.1992.04.01.321
  • Fitzpatrick, P. J. (1932). A Comparison of the Ratios of Successful Industrial Enterprises with Those of Failed Companies. The Certified Public Accountant, 598–605.
  • Grover, J. S. (2001). Re-assessing and re-defining Edward I. Altman’s 1968 Z score model of bankruptcy prediction. Program of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Finance Association.
  • Gülençer, S. ve Hazar, A. (2020). Borsa İstanbul Teknoloji Endeksi (XUTEK) Şirketlerinin Altman Z-Skor Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi. ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 4(2), 59–76. doi:10.46291/ispecijsshvol4iss2pp59-76
  • Hakim, M. S., Liu, C. L. ve Kunaifi, A. (2021). Cash Holdings in Shariah-Compliant Firms. Theoretical Economics Letters, 11(1), 47–55. doi:10.4236/tel.2021.111003
  • Hayes, S. K., Hodge, K. A. ve Hughes, L. W. (2010). A Study of the Efficacy of Altman’s Z to Predict Bankruptcy of Specialty Retail Firms Doing Business in Contemporary Times. Economics & Business Journal: Inquiries & Perspectives, 3(1), 122–134.
  • Husein, M. F. ve Pambekti, G. T. (2014). Precision of the models of Altman, Springate, Zmijewski, and Grover for predicting the financial distress. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 17(3), 405–416. doi:10.14414/jebav.14.1703010
  • Karadeniz, E. ve Öcek, C. (2020). Finansal Başarısızlık Tahmin Modellerinin Geçerliliğinin Analizi: Thomas Cook Örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 17(3), 394–406. doi:10.24010/soid.719656
  • Kulalı, İ. (2016). Altman Z-Skor Modelinin BIST Şirketlerinin Finansal Başarısızlık Riskinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Uygulanması. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 12(27), 283–291. doi:10.17130/10.17130/ijmeb.2016.12.27.1076
  • Ohlson, J. A. (1980). Financial Ratios and the Probabilistic Prediction of Bankruptcy. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 109–131.
  • Platt, H. D. ve Platt, M. B. (2006). Understanding Differences Between Financial Distress and Bankruptcy. Review of Applied Economics, 2(2), 141–157.
  • Pok, W. C. (2012). Analysis of Syariah quantitative screening norms among Malaysia Syariah-compliant stocks. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 9(2), 69–80.
  • Rahman, S. M. K., Islam, K. ve Hossain, M. (2021). Leverage Induced Financial Distress of Manufacturing Firms in Bangladesh: A Comparison Between Listed MNCs and Domestic Firms by Applying Altman’s Z Score Model. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 5(2), 28–43.
  • Ross, S. A., Jaffe, J. ve Jordan, B. D. (2019). Corporate Finance (12. Baskı.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Springate, G. L. V. (1978). Predicting the possibility of failure in a Canadian firm. Simon Fraser University.
  • Sudjiman, L. S. ve Sudjiman, P. E. (2019). The Accuracy of the Springate and Zmijewski in Predicting Financial Distress in Cosmetic and Household Subsector Companies. Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, 7(1), 1343–1358. doi:10.35974/isc.v7i1.2067
  • Tanjung, P. R. S. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Altman Z-Score, Springate, Zmijewski and Ohlson Models in Predicting Financial Distress. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 6(3), 126–137. doi:10.36713/epra2013
  • TEKNOSA. (2021). 31 Aralık 2020 Tarihi İtibarıyla Hazırlanan Finansal Tablolar ve Bağımsız Denetçi Raporu 15 Haziran 2021 tarihinde https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/BildirimPdf/910235 adresinden erişildi.
  • TKBB. Standart No:1 - Pay Senedi İhracı ve Alım Satımı. TKBB Danışma Kurulu Katılım Finansı Standartları (2020).
  • TOBB. (2021). Kurulan/Kapanan Şirket İstatistikleri. 01 Eylül 2021 tarihinde https://www.tobb.org.tr/BilgiErisimMudurlugu/Sayfalar/KurulanKapananSirketistatistikleri.php adresinden erişildi.
  • Türk, Z. ve Kürklü, E. (2017). Financial Failure Estimate in BIST Companies with Altman (Z-Score) and Springate (S-Score) Models. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Whitaker, R. B. (1999). The Early Stages of Financial Distress. Journal of Economics and Finance, 23(2), 123–133. doi:10.1007/BF02745946
  • Zmijewski, M. E. (1984). Methodological Issues Related to the Estimation of Financial Distress Prediction Models. Journal of Accounting Research, 22, 59–82.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatih Güçlü 0000-0002-1007-4594

Early Pub Date December 21, 2021
Publication Date December 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Güçlü, F. (2021). İslami Hisse Senedi Piyasalarında Finansal Sıkıntı Riskinin Altman-Z ve Springate Modelleri ile İncelenmesi: Katılım 50 Endeksi Örneği. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(4), 3667-3684. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1002058

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