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Ahlâkî Erdemler Bağlamında İsa Mesih’in İnsanlığının Taklidi ve Takibi

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1838 - 1861, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1148044

Abstract

İki bin yılı aşkın süredir varlığını devam ettiren Hıristiyanlığın en önemli şahsiyeti muhakkak ki İsa Mesih’tir. Onun bu önemi, Hıristiyanlık için bir inanç meselesi olmasının yanı sıra, diğer insanlara benzemeyen olağanüstü doğumu ve ölümüyle ilgili konuların Hıristiyan dünyasında sürekli olarak tartışılıyor olmasından ileri gelmektedir. Nitekim İsa ile ilgili tartışmaların önemli bir kısmını, onun Bâkire Meryem’den babasız olarak dünyaya gelmesi ve kendisini bütün insanlığın günahı için çarmıhta feda etmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu durum, İsa Mesih’in bir insan mı yoksa tanrısal bir varlık mı olduğu tartışmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Nihayet Hıristiyanlar, zaman içinde yaptıkları toplantılarda İsa Mesih’in hem bir “Tanrı” veya “Tanrı’nın Oğlu” hem de bir “insan” olduğuna karar vererek konuyu çözümlemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte bir Tanrı veya insan olarak İsa Mesih’in Hıristiyanlar tarafından nasıl “modelleneceği” veya “taklit edileceği”, diğer bir deyişle “Mesih’in taklidi” (imitatio Christi) de tartışılan bir başka konu olmuştur. Bu bağlamda “Bir Hıristiyan, her şeyde Mesih'i taklit eden ve onu takip eden kişidir” sözü, Hıristiyanlar nezdinde İsa Mesih’in örnek alınacak “en mükemmel model” olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu nedenle Mesih’in taklidi meselesi öncelikle Pavlus ve Kilise Babalarının, sonrasında 13. yüzyılda Assisili Francis ve 15. yüzyılda De Imitatione Christi adlı kitabın yazarı Thomas a’ Kempis ve sonraki yüzyıllarda Batılı Hıristiyan teologların gündeminde olmuştur. Bahsedilen süreçte İsa Mesih’in “tanrısallığının, insanlığının ve bedenselliğinin taklidi” olmak üzere üç türlü taklidinden söz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada onun tanrısallığının ve bedenselliğinin taklidinden ziyade, İsa Mesih’in insanî özelliklerinin taklit veya takip edilmesi konu edilecektir. Özellikle konu; İsa Mesih’in öğretisinde sıkça vurgulanan “Tanrı ve komşu sevgisi, alçakgönüllülük ve uysallık” gibi temel ahlâkî erdemler bağlamında ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Augustinus Bishop of Hippo. (2008). Homilies on the First Epistle of John (Tractatus in epistolam Joannis ad Parthos) (Daniel E. Doyle-Thomas Martin, Ed.; Boniface Ramsey, Çev.). New York: New City Press.
  • Childress, J. F. (1986). Charity. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (s. 84). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Climacus, J. (1982). The Ladder of Divine Ascent (Colm Luibheid - Norman Russell, Çev.). London: SPCK.
  • Constable, G. (1995). Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought: The Interpretation of Mary and Martha, the Ideal of the Imitation of Christ, the Orders of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Duyndam, J. (2004). Hermeneutics of Imitation: A Philosophical Approach to Sainthood and Exemplariness. Içinde Marcel Poorthuis & Joshua Schwartz (Ed.), Saints and Role Models in Judaism and Christianity (ss. 7-21). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • Ehrman, B. D. (Ed.). (2003). The Apostolic Fathers, Volume I: I Clement, II Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, Didache (C. 1). Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • el-Buḫârî, E. ʿAbdullâh M. b. İ. (ö. 256/870). (1422H). El-Câmiʿu’l-Musnedu’ṡ-Ṡaḥîḥu’l-Muḫtaṡar. Beyrut: Dâru Ṭavḳi’n-Necât.
  • Gardner, E. C. (1986). New Testament Ethics. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 421-424). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Girard, R., Jean-Michel, & Guy Lefort. (1987). Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World. London: Stanford University Press.
  • Grant, C. (2003). Altruism and Christian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Grant, R. M. (1997). Irenaeus of Lyons. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Guigo, J. J. J. (1951). Meditations of Guigo: Prior of the Charterhouse Medieval Philosophical. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2008). Hıristiyanlık. İstanbul: TDV Yayın Matbaacılık ve Ticaret İşletmesi.
  • Halliwell, S. (2002). The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hillyer, P. H. (1979). Imitatio Christi in the spirituality of Charles De Foucauld. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
  • Kendall, R. T. (2007). Imitating Christ: Becoming More Like Jesus. Florida: Charisma House.
  • Kirk, K. E. (1966). The Vision of God: The Christian Doctrine of the Summum Bonum. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Martens, J. W. (2003). One God, One Law: Philo of Alexandria on the Mosaic and Greco-Roman Law (Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts, 2). Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Nygren, A. (1953). Agape and Eros: The Christian Idea of Love (Philip S. Watson, Çev.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ong, W. J. (1994). “Mimesis and the Following of Christ”. Religion & Literature, 26(2), 73-77.
  • Oppenheimer, H. (1986a). Humility. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (s. 284). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Oppenheimer, H. (1986b). Pride. İçinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 495-496). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Osborn, E. (1976). Ethical Patterns in Early Christian Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pelikan, J. J. (1992). After Jesus: The Triumph of Christianity. USA: Reader’s Digest.
  • Petry, R. C. (1957). Late Medieval Mysticism. Kentucky: The Westminster Press.
  • Pope, S. J. (2007). Human Evolution and Christian Ethics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saint Augustine. (1955). Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects: The Good Marriage, Adulterous Marriage, Holy (Roy J. Deferrari, Ed.; Charles T. Wilcox et. al, Çev.). Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Sedulius Scotus & S. Benedicti Abbatis Anianensis. (1864). Opera Omnia: Juxta memoratissimas Holstenii et Hugonis-Menardi editiones Accuratissime Digesta. -: Tomus Unicus.
  • Smith, G. T. (2014). Called to Be Saints: An Invitation to Christian Maturity. Downers Grove: IVP Academic.
  • Thomas à Kempis. (t.y.). De Imitatione Christi. Geliş tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022, gönderen https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/kempis/kempis1.shtml
  • Tinsley, E. J. (1986). Imitation of Christ. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 293-294). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Walz, R. (2013). Vorbereitung auf das Martyrium bei Cyprian von Karthago: Eine Studie zu Ad Fortunatum. Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH.
  • Whyte, J. A. (1986). Calvinist Ethics (James F. Childress & John Macquarri, Ed.). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Wilken, R. (1999). John Chrysostom. Içinde Everett Ferguson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (second edition, ss. 622-624). New York and London: Routledge.

Imitation and Following the Humanity of Jesus Christ in the Context of Moral Virtues

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1838 - 1861, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1148044

Abstract

The most important figure of Christianity, which has existed for more than two thousand years, is undoubtedly Jesus Christ. His importance stems from the fact that besides being a matter of faith for Christianity, issues related to his extraordinary birth and death, unlike other people, are constantly discussed in the Christian world. As a matter of fact, an important part of the discussions about Jesus was that he was born without a father from the Virgin Mary and that he sacrificed himself on the cross for the sin of all humanity. This situation brought with it the debate whether Jesus Christ was a human or a divine being. Finally, in the meetings they held over time, the Christians resolved the issue by deciding that Jesus Christ was both a “God” or “Son of God” and a “man”. However, how to “model” or “imitate” Jesus Christ as a God or human being by Christians, in other words, “imitatio Christi” has also been another topic of discussion. In this context, the phrase “A Christian is a person who imitates and follows Christ in everything” is important in terms of showing that Jesus Christ is the “most perfect model” for Christians. For this reason, the issue of the imitation of Christ was primarily on the agenda of Paul and the Church Fathers, Francis of Assisi in the 13th century and Thomas a’ Kempis, author of De Imitatione Christi in the 15th century, and Western Christian theologians in the following centuries. In the aforementioned process, three kinds of imitations of Jesus Christ are mentioned: “imitation of his divinity, humanity and corporeality”. In this study, rather than imitating his divinity and corporeality, imitation or following the human characteristics of Jesus Christ will be the subject. Especially the subject; it will be discussed in the context of basic moral virtues such as “love of God and neighbor, humility and meekness” which are frequently emphasized in the teaching of Jesus Christ.

References

  • Augustinus Bishop of Hippo. (2008). Homilies on the First Epistle of John (Tractatus in epistolam Joannis ad Parthos) (Daniel E. Doyle-Thomas Martin, Ed.; Boniface Ramsey, Çev.). New York: New City Press.
  • Childress, J. F. (1986). Charity. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (s. 84). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Climacus, J. (1982). The Ladder of Divine Ascent (Colm Luibheid - Norman Russell, Çev.). London: SPCK.
  • Constable, G. (1995). Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought: The Interpretation of Mary and Martha, the Ideal of the Imitation of Christ, the Orders of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Duyndam, J. (2004). Hermeneutics of Imitation: A Philosophical Approach to Sainthood and Exemplariness. Içinde Marcel Poorthuis & Joshua Schwartz (Ed.), Saints and Role Models in Judaism and Christianity (ss. 7-21). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • Ehrman, B. D. (Ed.). (2003). The Apostolic Fathers, Volume I: I Clement, II Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, Didache (C. 1). Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • el-Buḫârî, E. ʿAbdullâh M. b. İ. (ö. 256/870). (1422H). El-Câmiʿu’l-Musnedu’ṡ-Ṡaḥîḥu’l-Muḫtaṡar. Beyrut: Dâru Ṭavḳi’n-Necât.
  • Gardner, E. C. (1986). New Testament Ethics. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 421-424). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Girard, R., Jean-Michel, & Guy Lefort. (1987). Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World. London: Stanford University Press.
  • Grant, C. (2003). Altruism and Christian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Grant, R. M. (1997). Irenaeus of Lyons. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Guigo, J. J. J. (1951). Meditations of Guigo: Prior of the Charterhouse Medieval Philosophical. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2008). Hıristiyanlık. İstanbul: TDV Yayın Matbaacılık ve Ticaret İşletmesi.
  • Halliwell, S. (2002). The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hillyer, P. H. (1979). Imitatio Christi in the spirituality of Charles De Foucauld. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
  • Kendall, R. T. (2007). Imitating Christ: Becoming More Like Jesus. Florida: Charisma House.
  • Kirk, K. E. (1966). The Vision of God: The Christian Doctrine of the Summum Bonum. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Martens, J. W. (2003). One God, One Law: Philo of Alexandria on the Mosaic and Greco-Roman Law (Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts, 2). Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Nygren, A. (1953). Agape and Eros: The Christian Idea of Love (Philip S. Watson, Çev.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ong, W. J. (1994). “Mimesis and the Following of Christ”. Religion & Literature, 26(2), 73-77.
  • Oppenheimer, H. (1986a). Humility. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (s. 284). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Oppenheimer, H. (1986b). Pride. İçinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 495-496). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Osborn, E. (1976). Ethical Patterns in Early Christian Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pelikan, J. J. (1992). After Jesus: The Triumph of Christianity. USA: Reader’s Digest.
  • Petry, R. C. (1957). Late Medieval Mysticism. Kentucky: The Westminster Press.
  • Pope, S. J. (2007). Human Evolution and Christian Ethics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saint Augustine. (1955). Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects: The Good Marriage, Adulterous Marriage, Holy (Roy J. Deferrari, Ed.; Charles T. Wilcox et. al, Çev.). Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Sedulius Scotus & S. Benedicti Abbatis Anianensis. (1864). Opera Omnia: Juxta memoratissimas Holstenii et Hugonis-Menardi editiones Accuratissime Digesta. -: Tomus Unicus.
  • Smith, G. T. (2014). Called to Be Saints: An Invitation to Christian Maturity. Downers Grove: IVP Academic.
  • Thomas à Kempis. (t.y.). De Imitatione Christi. Geliş tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022, gönderen https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/kempis/kempis1.shtml
  • Tinsley, E. J. (1986). Imitation of Christ. Içinde James F. Childress & John Macquarri (Ed.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (ss. 293-294). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Walz, R. (2013). Vorbereitung auf das Martyrium bei Cyprian von Karthago: Eine Studie zu Ad Fortunatum. Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH.
  • Whyte, J. A. (1986). Calvinist Ethics (James F. Childress & John Macquarri, Ed.). USA: SCM Prsess.
  • Wilken, R. (1999). John Chrysostom. Içinde Everett Ferguson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (second edition, ss. 622-624). New York and London: Routledge.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zekiye Sönmez 0000-0003-1672-4823

Early Pub Date September 5, 2022
Publication Date September 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sönmez, Z. (2022). Ahlâkî Erdemler Bağlamında İsa Mesih’in İnsanlığının Taklidi ve Takibi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 1838-1861. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1148044

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