İngiliz Hâkimiyeti ile Amerikan Nüfuzu Arasındaki Dönemde Körfez’deki Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksinin Analizi (1971-2003)

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 521 - 539

Ahmet Üçağaç

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1618037

Abstract

Geniş Ortadoğu'nun bir alt bölgesi olarak kabul edilen Körfez, dünyanın en kritik bölgelerinden biridir. Bu bölgeyi bu kadar kritik kılan durum birçok bölgesel çatışmanın merkezinde yer almasının yanında küresel enerji politikalarının da merkezinde yer almasıdır. İngiltere'nin 1971'de bölgeden çekilmesinin ardından bölgesel güç parametrelerini karşılayan üç ülkenin (İran, Irak ve Suudi Arabistan) güvenlik konularında birbirlerine yoğun bir şekilde odaklanmaları, bölgenin kendine has özellikleri olan bir sistem olarak ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. Bu üç ülkenin güvenlik konularında birbirlerine yoğun bir şekilde odaklanması, aralarında dinamik bir siyasi etkileşime yol açarak bölgenin kendi güvenlik kalıplarını üretmesini sağladı. 1820'lerin başından 1971'e kadar bölgede güçlü bir hâkimiyet kuran İngiltere'nin bölgeden çekilmesiyle ortaya çıkan bu sistem, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) Irak'ı işgal ederek bölgesel sisteme müdahalesini artırmaya başladığı 2003 yılına kadar bölgesel aktörlerin etkin olduğu üç kutuplu bir yapıda işledi. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma İngilizlerin 1971’de Körfez’den çekilmesinden ABD’nin 2003 yılında Irak’ı işgal ederek bölgenin güvenlik sistemine güçlü bir şekilde yerleştiği döneme kadar bölge güvenliğini belirleyen dinamikleri, algıları ve politikaları tespit ve analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Körfez’deki güvenlik kompleksinin 1971’de ortaya çıkışından 2003’e kadar geçirdiği dönüşümleri Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi (BGKT) perspektifinden bir analizini sunan çalışma, farklı güvenlik sektörleri arasındaki dinamik ilişkileri tanımlayan kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda “Körfez’deki Güvenlik Sistemi, ortaya çıktığı 1971’den 2003’e kadar nasıl işledi?” sorusuna cevap aranan çalışmada ele alınan dönem içerisinde bölgesel güvenlik dinamiklerinin net bir şekilde ortaya koyulabilmesi için süreç izleme yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Bölgedeki güvenlik dinamiklerinin düşünsel faktörlerin materyal faktörlerle bir araya gelmesiyle şekillendiğini ve ancak bu iki faktör grubunun bir arada işlenmesiyle bölgenin güvenliğine dair anlamlı bir analizin ortaya koyulabileceğini öne süren çalışma hem literatüre hem de bölgesel güvenlik politikalarına katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Körfez Bölgesi, İngiliz Hâkimiyeti, Amerikan Nüfuzu, Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi, Materyal Faktörler, Düşünsel Faktörler

Analysis of Regional Security Complex in the Gulf in the Period between British Dominance and American Influence (1971-2003)

Abstract

The Gulf, considered a sub-region of the broader Middle East, is one of the most critical regions in the world. What makes this region so critical is that it is not only at the center of many regional conflicts, but also at the center of global energy policies. After Britain's withdrawal from the region in 1971, the intense focus of the three countries that fulfill the parameters of regional power (Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia) on each other on security issues has enabled the region to emerge as a system with its own unique characteristics. The intense focus of these three countries on security issues led to a dynamic political interaction between them, enabling the region to produce its own security dynamics. This study aims to understand and contextualize the transformations of the Gulf security complex from its emergence in 1971 to 2003. Therefore, the study identifies and analyzes the dynamics, perceptions, and policies that determine regional security from the British withdrawal from the Gulf in 1971 to the United States’ (US) invasion of Iraq in 2003, when it became firmly entrenched in the region's security system. Providing an analysis of Gulf security from the perspective of Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), the study offers a comprehensive framework that describes the dynamic relationships between different security sectors. In this context, the study seeks to answer the question ““How did the Gulf Security System function from its emergence in 1971 to 2003?” and employs a process tracing methodology to provide a clear picture of regional security dynamics over the period under consideration. The study, which argues that the security dynamics in the region are shaped by the combination of intellectual factors with material factors, and that only by processing these two groups of factors together can a meaningful analysis of the security of the region be put forward, aims to contribute to both the literature and regional security policies.

Keywords

The Gulf, British Dominance, American Influence, Regional Security Complex, Material Factors, Ideational Factors

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