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Optimization of Aquafaba Production by Response Surface Methodology and Application in Plant-Based Mayonnaise

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 28.03.2024

Abstract

Aquafaba is the liquid left over after the chickpeas are boiled and canned. Aquafaba, which is used as an egg replacer in vegan products, is a valuable by-product that has become popular in recent years. The components that are transferred from chickpea into water during the boiling process provide foaming and emulsion-forming capabilities. The composition and functionality of aquafaba are affected by parameters such as boiling time, pH, and solid-liquid ratio. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pH, time and solid-liquid ratio on various characteristics of aquafaba and to optimize aquafaba production using Response Surface Methodology. The °Brix, pH, foaming capacity, stability and emulsion activity index values were measured in 15 aquafaba samples produced according to the experimental design. The °Brix values of the samples ranged from 1.12 to 2.22. The foaming properties of the samples at pH 4.0 yielded significantly higher foam value and stability compared to the other samples. While the foam volume varied between 58.5 and 74.5%, the foam stability varied between 4.6-83.8%. The emulsion activity index was affected by the solidliquid ratio and varied between 96.8 and 99.1%. In conclusion, aquafaba characteristics changed depending on pH, time, and solidliquid ratio. The optimization was performed according to the Box-Behnken design and the optimum parameters were identified as pH:3.58, time: 80 min and solid-liquid ratio: 0.25. Characteristics of plant-based mayonnaise prepared with optimized aquafaba was compared with commercial regular and vegan mayonnaise samples. The quality characteristics of the product can be improved by making further formulation revisions. Within the scope of this study, aquafaba was successfully used in the formulation of plant-based mayonnaise.

References

  • Alsalman, F. B., Tulbek, M., Nickerson, M., & Ramaswamy, H. S. (2020). Evaluation and optimization of functional and antinutritional properties of aquafaba. Legume Science, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.30
  • Benli Tüfekci, H., Fenercioğlu, H., ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, T., Đl Kontrol Laboratuar Müdürlüğü, A., Üniversitesi, Ç., Fakültesi, Z., & Mühendisliği Bölümü, G. (n.d.). Türkiye’de Üretilen Bazı Ticari Meyve Sularının Kimyasal Özellikler Açısından Gıda Mevzuatına Uygunluğu.
  • Buhl, T. F., Christensen, C. H., & Hammershøj, M. (2019). Aquafaba as an egg white substitute in food foams and emulsions: Protein composition and functional behavior. Food Hydrocolloids, 96, 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.041
  • Carcelli, A., Crisafulli, G., Carini, E., & Vittadini, E. (2020). Can a physically modified corn flour be used as fat replacer in a mayonnaise? European Food Research and Technology, 246(12), 2493–2503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03592-y
  • Gamonpilas, C., Pongjaruvat, W., Fuongfuchat, A., Methacanon, P., Seetapan, N., & Thamjedsada, N. (2011). Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of commercial chili sauces as thickened by modified starch or modified starch/xanthan mixture. Journal of Food Engineering, 105(2), 233-240.
  • Hakimian, F., Emamifar, A., & Karami, M. (2022). Evaluation of microbial and physicochemical properties of mayonnaise containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. LWT, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113517
  • He, Y., Purdy, S. K., Tse, T. J., Tar’an, B., Meda, V., Reaney, M. J. T., & Mustafa, R. (2021). Standardization of aquafaba production and application in vegan mayonnaise analogs. Foods, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091978
  • Huang, L., Wang, T., Han, Z., Meng, Y., & Lu, X. (2016). Effect of egg yolk freezing on properties of mayonnaise. Food Hydrocolloids, 56, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.12.027
  • Karas, R., Skvarča, M., & Žlender, B. (2002). Sensory quality of standard and light mayonnaise during storage. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 40(2), 119-127.
  • Lafarga, T., Villaró, S., Bobo, G., & Aguiló-Aguayo, I. (2019). Optimisation of the pH and boiling conditions needed to obtain improved foaming and emulsifying properties of chickpea aquafaba using a response surface methodology. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100177
  • Makri, E., Papalamprou, E., & Doxastakis, G. (2005). Study of functional properties of seed storage proteins from indigenous European legume crops (lupin, pea, broad bean) in admixture with polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids, 19(3), 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.10.028
  • Meurer, M. C., de Souza, D., & Ferreira Marczak, L. D. (2020). Effects of ultrasound on technological properties of chickpea cooking water (aquafaba). Journal of Food Engineering, 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109688
  • Pradhananga, M., & Adhikari, B. (2016). Sensory and Quality Evaluation of Mayonnaise and its Effect on Storage Stability. Sunsari Technical College Journal, 2(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v2i1.14799
  • Raikos, V., Hayes, H., & Ni, H. (2020). Aquafaba from commercially canned chickpeas as potential egg replacer for the development of vegan mayonnaise: recipe optimisation and storage stability. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(5), 1935–1942. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14427
  • Raikos, V., Juskaite, L., Vas, F., & Hayes, H. E. (2020). Physicochemical properties, texture, and probiotic survivability of oat-based yogurt using aquafaba as a gelling agent. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(12), 6426–6432. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1932
  • Rüzgar, H., & Yazıcı, Ş. (2022). Aliç Meyvesinden Sanayiye Uygun Aliç Püresi Üretimi. Gida / The Journal of Food, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd21100
  • Than, W. T., & Win, S. (2020). The Effects of Various Food Stabilizers on Quality Evaluation of Low Fat Mayonnaise (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
  • Tüfekci, H. B., & Fenercioğlu, H. (2010). Türkiye’de üretilen bazı ticari meyve sularının kimyasal özellikler açısından gıda mevzuatına uygunluğu. Akademik Gıda, 8(2), 11-17.

Aquafabanın Yanıt-Yüzey Metodolojisi ile Optimizasyonu ve Bitkisel Bazlı Mayonez Üretiminde Kullanımı

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 28.03.2024

Abstract

Aquafaba, nohutların haşlama işleminden sonra kalan sıvı kısmı ifade etmektedir. Vegan ürünlerde yumurta ikamesi olarak kullanılan aquafaba son yıllarda popülerliği artan değerli bir hammaddedir. Kaynama işlemi sırasında suya geçen bileşenler köpük ve emülsiyon oluşturma ve stabilize etme özelliği sağlamaktadır. Aquafabanın bileşimi ve fonksiyonel özellikleri pişirme süresi, pH, katı-sıvı oranı gibi değişkenlerden etkilenmektediir. Bu araştırmanın amacı pH, süre ve katı-sıvı oranının aquafabanın karakteristik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak ve aquafaba üretimini Yanıt-Yüzey Metodolojisi kullanarak optimize etmektir. Deney tasarımına göre üretilen 15 aquafaba örneğinde °Brix, pH, köpük oluşturma kapasitesi, köpük stabilitesi ve emülsiyon aktivite indeksi değerleri ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen numunelerin °Brix değerleri 1,12 ila 2,22 arasında ölçülmüştür. pH 4.0'da numunelerde köpürme özellikleri diğer numunelere kıyasla önemli düzeyde daha yüksek ölçülmüş olup; köpük hacmi %58,5 ile %74,5 arasında değişirken, köpük stabilitesi %4,6-83,8 arasında değişmiştir. Emülsiyon aktivite indeksi %96.8–99.1 arasında değişmiştir. Emülsiyon aktivite indeksi katı-sıvı oranından önemli düzeyde etkilenmiştir. Sonuç olarak aquafabanın karakteristik özellikleri pH, süre ve katı-sıvı oranına bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre optimizasyon yapılmıştır. Optimum koşullarda üretilen aquafaba ile hazırlanan bitki bazlı mayonez piyasadan temin edilen standart mayonez ve vegan mayonez ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Mayonez örneklerinin pH, °Brix, asitlik ve kıvam analizleri yapılmıştır. Gerekli iyileştirmeler yapılarak istenilen özelliklerde ürün elde edilmesi mümkündür. Bu çalışma kapsamında aquafaba bitkisel bazlı mayonez formülasyonunda başarılı şekilde kullanılmıştır.

References

  • Alsalman, F. B., Tulbek, M., Nickerson, M., & Ramaswamy, H. S. (2020). Evaluation and optimization of functional and antinutritional properties of aquafaba. Legume Science, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.30
  • Benli Tüfekci, H., Fenercioğlu, H., ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, T., Đl Kontrol Laboratuar Müdürlüğü, A., Üniversitesi, Ç., Fakültesi, Z., & Mühendisliği Bölümü, G. (n.d.). Türkiye’de Üretilen Bazı Ticari Meyve Sularının Kimyasal Özellikler Açısından Gıda Mevzuatına Uygunluğu.
  • Buhl, T. F., Christensen, C. H., & Hammershøj, M. (2019). Aquafaba as an egg white substitute in food foams and emulsions: Protein composition and functional behavior. Food Hydrocolloids, 96, 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.041
  • Carcelli, A., Crisafulli, G., Carini, E., & Vittadini, E. (2020). Can a physically modified corn flour be used as fat replacer in a mayonnaise? European Food Research and Technology, 246(12), 2493–2503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03592-y
  • Gamonpilas, C., Pongjaruvat, W., Fuongfuchat, A., Methacanon, P., Seetapan, N., & Thamjedsada, N. (2011). Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of commercial chili sauces as thickened by modified starch or modified starch/xanthan mixture. Journal of Food Engineering, 105(2), 233-240.
  • Hakimian, F., Emamifar, A., & Karami, M. (2022). Evaluation of microbial and physicochemical properties of mayonnaise containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. LWT, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113517
  • He, Y., Purdy, S. K., Tse, T. J., Tar’an, B., Meda, V., Reaney, M. J. T., & Mustafa, R. (2021). Standardization of aquafaba production and application in vegan mayonnaise analogs. Foods, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091978
  • Huang, L., Wang, T., Han, Z., Meng, Y., & Lu, X. (2016). Effect of egg yolk freezing on properties of mayonnaise. Food Hydrocolloids, 56, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.12.027
  • Karas, R., Skvarča, M., & Žlender, B. (2002). Sensory quality of standard and light mayonnaise during storage. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 40(2), 119-127.
  • Lafarga, T., Villaró, S., Bobo, G., & Aguiló-Aguayo, I. (2019). Optimisation of the pH and boiling conditions needed to obtain improved foaming and emulsifying properties of chickpea aquafaba using a response surface methodology. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100177
  • Makri, E., Papalamprou, E., & Doxastakis, G. (2005). Study of functional properties of seed storage proteins from indigenous European legume crops (lupin, pea, broad bean) in admixture with polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids, 19(3), 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.10.028
  • Meurer, M. C., de Souza, D., & Ferreira Marczak, L. D. (2020). Effects of ultrasound on technological properties of chickpea cooking water (aquafaba). Journal of Food Engineering, 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109688
  • Pradhananga, M., & Adhikari, B. (2016). Sensory and Quality Evaluation of Mayonnaise and its Effect on Storage Stability. Sunsari Technical College Journal, 2(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v2i1.14799
  • Raikos, V., Hayes, H., & Ni, H. (2020). Aquafaba from commercially canned chickpeas as potential egg replacer for the development of vegan mayonnaise: recipe optimisation and storage stability. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(5), 1935–1942. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14427
  • Raikos, V., Juskaite, L., Vas, F., & Hayes, H. E. (2020). Physicochemical properties, texture, and probiotic survivability of oat-based yogurt using aquafaba as a gelling agent. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(12), 6426–6432. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1932
  • Rüzgar, H., & Yazıcı, Ş. (2022). Aliç Meyvesinden Sanayiye Uygun Aliç Püresi Üretimi. Gida / The Journal of Food, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd21100
  • Than, W. T., & Win, S. (2020). The Effects of Various Food Stabilizers on Quality Evaluation of Low Fat Mayonnaise (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
  • Tüfekci, H. B., & Fenercioğlu, H. (2010). Türkiye’de üretilen bazı ticari meyve sularının kimyasal özellikler açısından gıda mevzuatına uygunluğu. Akademik Gıda, 8(2), 11-17.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mine Büker 0009-0001-1654-8391

Aslı Can Karaça 0000-0002-4137-0644

Publication Date March 28, 2024
Submission Date May 2, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Büker, M., & Can Karaça, A. (2024). Optimization of Aquafaba Production by Response Surface Methodology and Application in Plant-Based Mayonnaise. ITU Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(1), 1-8.