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“Cringe çeviriye maruz kaldım”: Dijital Sosyal Okuma ve Çeviri Genç Yetişkin Fantastik Edebiyatının Alımlanması

Year 2024, Issue: 20, 1 - 12, 19.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069

Abstract

Dijital teknolojlerin yaygınlaşmasıyla, katılımcı kültür ile çeviri edebiyat eserleri arasındaki ilişkiyi keşfetmek giderek daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Goodreads gibi dijital sosyal okuma platformlarında okurlar, çeviri edebiyatın alımlanmasında ve farklı kültürel geçmişlerden gelen eserlerle etkileşimde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Dijital sosyal okuma platformları, diğer sosyal medya araçları gibi, gençler tarafından sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, genç yetişkinlerin fantezi dünyasındaki duygusal yolculuklarına dair içgörüler sunan Sarah J. Maas’ın popüler genç yetişkin fantastik kurgu serisi Dikenler ve Güller Sarayı’nın Türkiye’deki alımlanmasını ele almaktadır. Bu amaçla, serinin ilk üç kitabına ilişkin Türkçe Goodreads yorumları üzerinde tümevarımsal bir içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türk okuyucu alımlamasının serinin platformdaki genel puanlamasına benzerlik göstermekle birlikte bazı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sosyal medya paylaşımları spoiler içerdiğinden okuyucuların beklentilerini çarpıtarak okuyucu alımlamasında bir faktör oluşturmaktadır. Türün özellikleri, kaynak ve erek kültürler arasındaki farklılıklar nedeniyle alımlama üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip olabilmektedir.

References

  • Abdal, G., & Yaman, B. (2023). Mediatorship in the clash of hegemonic and counter publics: The curious case of Heartstopper in Turkey. Translation and Interpreting Studies. 18(2), 280-300. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.23014.abd google scholar
  • Albrechtslund, A.-M. B. (2020). Amazon, Kindle, and Goodreads: Implications for literary consumption in the digital age. Consumption Markets & Culture, 23(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2019.1640216 google scholar
  • Baş, N. (2019). Görenler Sesli Betimlenmiş Bir Filmi Nasıl Anlar? Sesli Betimleme ile İlgili Bir Alımlama Çalışması Denemesi. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 26, 37-59. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.518756 google scholar
  • Boot, P. (2023). ‘A pretty sublime mix of WTF and OMG’. Four explorations into the practice of evaluation on online book reviewing platforms. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.68086 google scholar
  • Bourrier, K., & Thelwall, M. (2020). The Social Lives of Books: Reading Victorian Literature on Goodreads. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.12049 google scholar
  • Cadera, S. M., & Walsh, A. S. (2022). Retranslation and Reception - a Theoretical Overview. In S. M. Cadera & A. S Walsh (Ed.). Retranslation and Reception: Studies in a European Context (pp. 142-170). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004517875 google scholar
  • Chan, T. L. (2010). Readers, Reading and Reception of Translated Fiction in Chinese: Novel Encounters. St. Jerome Pub. google scholar
  • Chen, X. (2023). Interactive reception of online literary translation: The translator-readers dynamics in a discussion forum. Perspectives, 31(4), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2022.2030375 google scholar
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (Fourth edition). SAGE. google scholar
  • D’Egidio, A. (2015). How readers perceive translated literary works: An analysis of reader reception [dataset]. University of Salento. https://doi.org/10.1285/I22390359V14P69 google scholar
  • Dimitrov, S., Zamal, F., Piper, A., & Ruths, D. (2021). Goodreads Versus Amazon: The Effect of Decoupling Book Reviewing And Book Selling. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 9(1), 602-605. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14662 google scholar
  • Driscoll, B., & Rehberg Sedo, D. (2019). Faraway, So Close: Seeing the Intimacy in Goodreads Reviews. Qualitative Inquiry, 25(3), 248-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800418801375 google scholar
  • Gambier, Y. (2018). Translation studies, audiovisual translation and reception. In E. Di Giovanni & Y. Gambier (Eds.), Benjamins Translation Library (Vol. 141, pp. 43-66). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.141.04gam google scholar
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  • Holub, R. C. (1984). Reception theory: A critical introduction. Methuen. google scholar
  • Holur, P., Shahsavari, S., Ebrahimzadeh, E., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2021). Modelling social readers: Novel tools for addressing reception from online book reviews. Royal Society Open Science, 8(12), 210797. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210797 google scholar
  • Işiklar Koçak, M. (2017). Internet Ortamında Yeniden Çeviri ve Okurları. Journal of Turkish Studies, 12(Volume 12 Issue 15), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11839 google scholar
  • Jauss, H. R.(1970). Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory. New Literary History, 2(1), 7-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/468585 google scholar
  • Jorgensen, J. (2021). The Thorns of Trauma: Torture, Aftermath, and Healing in Contemporary Fairy-Tale Literature. Humanities, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/h10010047 google scholar
  • Kotze, H., Janssen, B., Koolen, C., Van Der Plas, L., & Van Egdom, G.-W. (2021). Norms, affect and evaluation in the reception of literary translations in multilingual online reading communities: Deriving cognitive-evaluative templates from big data. Translation, Cognition & Behavior, 4(2), 147-186. https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00060.kot google scholar
  • Kruger, J.-L., Hefer, E., & Matthew, G. (2013). Measuring the impact of subtitles on cognitive load: Eye tracking and dynamic audiovisual texts. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Eye Tracking South Africa. google scholar
  • Kuckartz, U., & Radiker, S. (2023). Qualitative content analysis: Methods, practice and software (Second). SAGE Publications. google scholar
  • Little, E., & Moruzi, K. (2021). Postfeminism and Sexuality in Fiction of Maas. In Sexuality in Literature for Children and Young Adults (1st ed., pp. 82-95). Routledge. google scholar
  • Liu, B. (2023). Adaptation as Translation: The Representation and Reception of “The Ballad of Mulan” in the Anglophone World. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi / Istanbul University Journal of Translation Studies, 0(18), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2023.1243760 google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2015). A court of thorns and roses ([New edition]). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2016). A court of mist and fury ([New edition]). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2017). A court of frost and starlight (New edition). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Milota, M. (2014). From “compelling and mystical” to “makes you want to commit suicide”: Quantifying the spectrum of online reader responses. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(2), 178-195. https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.4.2.03mil google scholar
  • Moody, S. (2019). Bullies and blackouts: Examining the participatory culture of online book reviewing. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 25(5-6), 1063-1076. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517721805 google scholar
  • Munoz Martin, R. (2017). Looking Toward the Future of Cognitive Translation Studies. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), The Handbook of Translation and Cognition (pp. 555-572). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. google scholar
  • Nakamura, L. (2013). “Words with Friends”: Socially Networked Reading on Goodreads. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Associ-ation of America, 128(1), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.238 google scholar
  • Okyayuz, Ş. (2021). Altyazı Çevirisinde Teknoloji Destekli Yaratıcılık Açılımı. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 2021(30), 108-132. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.933092 google scholar
  • Rebora, S., Boot, P., Pianzola, F., Gasser, B., Herrmann, J. B., Kraxenberger, M., Kuijpers, M. M., Lauer, G., Lendvai, P., Messerli, T. C., & Sorrentino, P. (2019). Digital Humanities and Digital Social Reading. Digital Humanities Research, 2(1), 52, ii230-ii250).https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/mf4nj google scholar
  • Salgaro, M. (2022). Literary value in the era of big data. Operationalizing critical distance in professional and non-professional reviews. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.36446 google scholar
  • Şara, S. (1999). Metinlerle Söyleşi. İstanbul, Multılıngual Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tahir Gürçağlar, Ş. (2022). Retranslation and Online Reader Response: Le Petit Prince in Turkey in the Twenty-First Century. In S. M. Cadera & A. S Walsh (Ed.). Retranslation and Reception: Studies in a European Context (pp. 41-65). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004517875_004 google scholar
  • Thelwall, M., & Kousha, K. (2016). Goodreads: A social network site for book readers. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(4), 972-983. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23733 google scholar
  • Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies - and beyond: Revised edition (2nd ed., Vol. 100). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.100 google scholar
  • Vlieghe, J., Muls, J., & Rutten, K. (2016). Everybody reads: Reader engagement with literatüre in social media environments. Poetics, 54, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2015.09.001 google scholar
  • Walker, C. (2021). Investigating how we read translations: A call to action for experimental studies of translation reception. Cognitive Linguistic Studies, 8(2), 482-512. https://doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00087.wal google scholar
  • Yurtdaş, H. (2011). Alımlama estetiği ve Çeviribilim. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, 1(2), . google scholar
  • Zheng, J., & Fan, W. (2023). Readers’ reception of translated literary work: Fortress Besieged in the digital English world. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 38(1), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac017 google scholar

“I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction

Year 2024, Issue: 20, 1 - 12, 19.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069

Abstract

As digital technologies continue to expand, it becomes increasingly important to explore the evolving relationship between participatory culture and translated literary works. On digital social reading platforms like Goodreads, readers play a significant role in the reception of translated literature and engagement with literature from diverse cultural backgrounds. Digital social reading platforms, like other social media, are frequently used by young people. Therefore, this study delves into the reception of the Turkish translation of the popular young adult fantasy fiction series A Court of Thorns and Roses by Sarah J. Maas, a work that offers insights into the emotional journeys of young adults within the realm of fantasy. To this end, an inductive content analysis has been carried out on the Turkish Goodreads comments on the first three books of the series. Following the analysis, it was found that while the reception of Turkish readers is similar to the general ratings, there are some discrepancies. Also, social media posts constitute a factor in the reader reception as they contain spoilers, distorting the expectations of readers. Furthermore, the characteristics of the genre can have a negative impact due to the disparities between the source and target cultures.

References

  • Abdal, G., & Yaman, B. (2023). Mediatorship in the clash of hegemonic and counter publics: The curious case of Heartstopper in Turkey. Translation and Interpreting Studies. 18(2), 280-300. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.23014.abd google scholar
  • Albrechtslund, A.-M. B. (2020). Amazon, Kindle, and Goodreads: Implications for literary consumption in the digital age. Consumption Markets & Culture, 23(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2019.1640216 google scholar
  • Baş, N. (2019). Görenler Sesli Betimlenmiş Bir Filmi Nasıl Anlar? Sesli Betimleme ile İlgili Bir Alımlama Çalışması Denemesi. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 26, 37-59. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.518756 google scholar
  • Boot, P. (2023). ‘A pretty sublime mix of WTF and OMG’. Four explorations into the practice of evaluation on online book reviewing platforms. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.68086 google scholar
  • Bourrier, K., & Thelwall, M. (2020). The Social Lives of Books: Reading Victorian Literature on Goodreads. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.12049 google scholar
  • Cadera, S. M., & Walsh, A. S. (2022). Retranslation and Reception - a Theoretical Overview. In S. M. Cadera & A. S Walsh (Ed.). Retranslation and Reception: Studies in a European Context (pp. 142-170). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004517875 google scholar
  • Chan, T. L. (2010). Readers, Reading and Reception of Translated Fiction in Chinese: Novel Encounters. St. Jerome Pub. google scholar
  • Chen, X. (2023). Interactive reception of online literary translation: The translator-readers dynamics in a discussion forum. Perspectives, 31(4), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2022.2030375 google scholar
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (Fourth edition). SAGE. google scholar
  • D’Egidio, A. (2015). How readers perceive translated literary works: An analysis of reader reception [dataset]. University of Salento. https://doi.org/10.1285/I22390359V14P69 google scholar
  • Dimitrov, S., Zamal, F., Piper, A., & Ruths, D. (2021). Goodreads Versus Amazon: The Effect of Decoupling Book Reviewing And Book Selling. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 9(1), 602-605. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14662 google scholar
  • Driscoll, B., & Rehberg Sedo, D. (2019). Faraway, So Close: Seeing the Intimacy in Goodreads Reviews. Qualitative Inquiry, 25(3), 248-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800418801375 google scholar
  • Gambier, Y. (2018). Translation studies, audiovisual translation and reception. In E. Di Giovanni & Y. Gambier (Eds.), Benjamins Translation Library (Vol. 141, pp. 43-66). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.141.04gam google scholar
  • Hickey, L., D. (2003). The reader is translation assessor. Studies in Translation, 1(1), 59-92. google scholar
  • Holub, R. C. (1984). Reception theory: A critical introduction. Methuen. google scholar
  • Holur, P., Shahsavari, S., Ebrahimzadeh, E., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2021). Modelling social readers: Novel tools for addressing reception from online book reviews. Royal Society Open Science, 8(12), 210797. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210797 google scholar
  • Işiklar Koçak, M. (2017). Internet Ortamında Yeniden Çeviri ve Okurları. Journal of Turkish Studies, 12(Volume 12 Issue 15), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11839 google scholar
  • Jauss, H. R.(1970). Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory. New Literary History, 2(1), 7-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/468585 google scholar
  • Jorgensen, J. (2021). The Thorns of Trauma: Torture, Aftermath, and Healing in Contemporary Fairy-Tale Literature. Humanities, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/h10010047 google scholar
  • Kotze, H., Janssen, B., Koolen, C., Van Der Plas, L., & Van Egdom, G.-W. (2021). Norms, affect and evaluation in the reception of literary translations in multilingual online reading communities: Deriving cognitive-evaluative templates from big data. Translation, Cognition & Behavior, 4(2), 147-186. https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00060.kot google scholar
  • Kruger, J.-L., Hefer, E., & Matthew, G. (2013). Measuring the impact of subtitles on cognitive load: Eye tracking and dynamic audiovisual texts. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Eye Tracking South Africa. google scholar
  • Kuckartz, U., & Radiker, S. (2023). Qualitative content analysis: Methods, practice and software (Second). SAGE Publications. google scholar
  • Little, E., & Moruzi, K. (2021). Postfeminism and Sexuality in Fiction of Maas. In Sexuality in Literature for Children and Young Adults (1st ed., pp. 82-95). Routledge. google scholar
  • Liu, B. (2023). Adaptation as Translation: The Representation and Reception of “The Ballad of Mulan” in the Anglophone World. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi / Istanbul University Journal of Translation Studies, 0(18), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2023.1243760 google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2015). A court of thorns and roses ([New edition]). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2016). A court of mist and fury ([New edition]). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Maas, S. J. (2017). A court of frost and starlight (New edition). Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Milota, M. (2014). From “compelling and mystical” to “makes you want to commit suicide”: Quantifying the spectrum of online reader responses. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(2), 178-195. https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.4.2.03mil google scholar
  • Moody, S. (2019). Bullies and blackouts: Examining the participatory culture of online book reviewing. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 25(5-6), 1063-1076. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517721805 google scholar
  • Munoz Martin, R. (2017). Looking Toward the Future of Cognitive Translation Studies. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), The Handbook of Translation and Cognition (pp. 555-572). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. google scholar
  • Nakamura, L. (2013). “Words with Friends”: Socially Networked Reading on Goodreads. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Associ-ation of America, 128(1), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.238 google scholar
  • Okyayuz, Ş. (2021). Altyazı Çevirisinde Teknoloji Destekli Yaratıcılık Açılımı. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 2021(30), 108-132. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.933092 google scholar
  • Rebora, S., Boot, P., Pianzola, F., Gasser, B., Herrmann, J. B., Kraxenberger, M., Kuijpers, M. M., Lauer, G., Lendvai, P., Messerli, T. C., & Sorrentino, P. (2019). Digital Humanities and Digital Social Reading. Digital Humanities Research, 2(1), 52, ii230-ii250).https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/mf4nj google scholar
  • Salgaro, M. (2022). Literary value in the era of big data. Operationalizing critical distance in professional and non-professional reviews. Journal of Cultural Analytics, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.22148/001c.36446 google scholar
  • Şara, S. (1999). Metinlerle Söyleşi. İstanbul, Multılıngual Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tahir Gürçağlar, Ş. (2022). Retranslation and Online Reader Response: Le Petit Prince in Turkey in the Twenty-First Century. In S. M. Cadera & A. S Walsh (Ed.). Retranslation and Reception: Studies in a European Context (pp. 41-65). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004517875_004 google scholar
  • Thelwall, M., & Kousha, K. (2016). Goodreads: A social network site for book readers. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(4), 972-983. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23733 google scholar
  • Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies - and beyond: Revised edition (2nd ed., Vol. 100). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.100 google scholar
  • Vlieghe, J., Muls, J., & Rutten, K. (2016). Everybody reads: Reader engagement with literatüre in social media environments. Poetics, 54, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2015.09.001 google scholar
  • Walker, C. (2021). Investigating how we read translations: A call to action for experimental studies of translation reception. Cognitive Linguistic Studies, 8(2), 482-512. https://doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00087.wal google scholar
  • Yurtdaş, H. (2011). Alımlama estetiği ve Çeviribilim. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, 1(2), . google scholar
  • Zheng, J., & Fan, W. (2023). Readers’ reception of translated literary work: Fortress Besieged in the digital English world. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 38(1), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac017 google scholar
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Studies (Other)
Journal Section MAKALELER
Authors

Burcu Taşkın 0000-0002-7647-8305

Publication Date July 19, 2024
Submission Date November 10, 2023
Acceptance Date December 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Taşkın, B. (2024). “I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi(20), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069
AMA Taşkın B. “I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi. July 2024;(20):1-12. doi:10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069
Chicago Taşkın, Burcu. “‘I Was Subjected to Cringe translation’: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, no. 20 (July 2024): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069.
EndNote Taşkın B (July 1, 2024) “I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi 20 1–12.
IEEE B. Taşkın, “‘I was subjected to cringe translation’: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, no. 20, pp. 1–12, July 2024, doi: 10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069.
ISNAD Taşkın, Burcu. “‘I Was Subjected to Cringe translation’: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi 20 (July 2024), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069.
JAMA Taşkın B. “I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi. 2024;:1–12.
MLA Taşkın, Burcu. “‘I Was Subjected to Cringe translation’: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, no. 20, 2024, pp. 1-12, doi:10.26650/iujts.2024.1389069.
Vancouver Taşkın B. “I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction. İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi. 2024(20):1-12.