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Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri

Year 2023, Issue: 46, 111 - 122, 25.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477

Abstract

Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında dijitalleşmenin neden olduğu eşitsizliklerin varlığı bilinmekle birlikte, ülkelerin farklı bölgelerinde, şehirlerinde hatta bir şehrin farklı mahallelerinde İnternet ve bilgisayar erişimi konusunda ciddi eşitsizlikler bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, Türkiye’deki dijital uçurumun coğrafi boyutlarının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Dünya Bankası, OECD, Eurostat, TÜİK, Speedtest, BTK ve Google Earth’ün veri kaynaklarından; İnternet erişimi, İnternet hızı ve bilgisayar erişimi konularıyla ilgili elde edilen veriler harita ve diyagramlarla görselleştirilmiştir. Bulgularımıza göre Türkiye’deki dijital uçurumun dört coğrafi boyutu bulunmaktadır. Birincisi, küresel dijital uçurumda Batı Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ülkeleri gelişmiş dijital altyapıya sahipken Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkeler bilgisayara erişim, fiber bağlantı ve sabit geniş bantlı İnternette konularında yetersiz kalmaktadır. İkincisi, şehirlerarasında batı ve doğu yönlü keskin dijital eşitsizlikler bulunmaktadır. Özellikle kıyı kesiminde ve sanayileşmiş kentlerde İnternet hızı ve bilgisayar erişimi yüksekken kırsalda oldukça düşüktür. Üçüncüsü, şehirlerarasındaki dijital gelişmişlik farkı bölgeler arasında da bulunmaktadır. Dördüncüsü, eğitim seviyesinin düşük olan Doğu bölgelerinde kadınların bilgisayara erişimi erkeklere göre oldukça yetersiz kalmaktadır. Sonuçta, dijitalleşmede gelişmiş ülkelerin gerisinde olan Türkiye’de kent-kır ve bölgeler arasında altyapı ve düşük gelir nedeniyle artan dijital eşitsizlikler bulunmaktadır. Özellikle doğu bölgelerde kadınların erkeklere göre dijital teknolojiye erişememesi, Türkiye’deki dijital uçurum sorununun düşük ekonomik gelirin yanı sıra kültürel bir boyuta sahip olduğunu da göstermektedir.

References

  • Abu-Shanab, E. ve Al-Jamal, N. (2015). Exploring the gender digital divide in Jordan. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1), 91113. google scholar
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  • Castells, M. (2002). The İnternet galaxy: Reflections on the İnternet, business, and society. Oxford University Press. google scholar
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  • Graham M, Hale S. ve Stephens M. (2012) Featured Graphic: Digital Divide: The Geography of İnternet Access. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space; 44(5):1009-1010. google scholar
  • Gray, T. J., Gainous, J. ve Wagner, K. M. (2017). Gender and the digital divide in Latin America. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326-340. google scholar
  • Hai, T. N., Van, Q. N., & Thi Tuyet, M. N. (2021). Digital transformation: Opportunities and challenges for leaders in the emerging countries in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Science Journal, 5, 21-36. google scholar
  • Haraway, D. 1991. Simian, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Hindman, D. B. (2000). The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism ve Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 549-560. google scholar
  • Hoffman, D. L. ve Novak, T. P. (1999). The growing digital divide: Implications for an open research agenda. Understanding the digital economy, 245. google scholar
  • Hoffman, D. L., Novak, T. P. ve Schlosser, A. (2000). The evolution of the digital divide: How gaps in İnternet access may impact electronic commerce. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 5(3), JCMC534. google scholar
  • Hüsnüoğlu, N. ve Öztürk, L. (2017). Dijital Bölünme: Nedenleri ve Türleri. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi,3 (5) , 6-21. google scholar
  • Keegan Eamon, M. (2004). Digital divide in computer access and use between poor and non-poor youth. J. Soc. ve Soc. Welfare, 31, 91. google scholar
  • Klang, M. ve Murray, A., (2005). Human Rights in the Digital Age. Routledge. google scholar
  • Lembani, R., Gunter, A., Breines, M. ve Dalu, M. T. B. (2020). The same course, different access: the digital divide between urban and rural distance education students in South Africa. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 44(1), 70-84. google scholar
  • Luff, P. P. (1978). The electronic telephone. Scientific American, 238(3), 58-68. google scholar
  • Melamud, E. A. (1994). Design concepts for rural telephone networks in Russia. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 12(7), 1152-1155. google scholar
  • Nishijima, M., Ivanauskas, T. M. ve Sarti, F. M. (2017). Evolution and determinants of digital divide in Brazil (20052013). Telecommunications policy, 41(1), 12-24. google scholar
  • Norris, D. T. ve Conceiçâo, S. (2004). Narrowing the digital divide in low-income, urban communities. New directions for adult and continuing education, 2004(101), 69-81. google scholar
  • OECD, (2021).“The regional digital divide”. Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020. google scholar
  • Otioma, C., Madureira, A. M. ve Martinez, J. (2019). Spatial analysis of urban digital divide in Kigali, Rwanda. GeoJournal, 84(3), 719-741. google scholar
  • Öner, Ş. ve Çam, B. (2021). Covid-19 Sürecinde Yükselen Sosyal Belediyecilik: Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Konferansı Özel Sayısı, 137-163 . DOI: 10.35408/comuybd.973140 google scholar
  • Önür, N. (2007). Dijital Bölünme ve Gençlik . Sosyoloji Dergisi , (17) , 0-0. google scholar
  • Parker, E. B. (2000). Closing the digital divide in rural America. Telecommunications Policy, 24(4), 281-290. google scholar
  • Prieger, J. E. (2003). The supply side of the digital divide: Is there equal availability in the broadband İnternet access market?. Economic Inquiry, 41(2), 346-363. google scholar
  • Rao, S. S. (2005). Bridging digital divide: Efforts in India. Telematics and informatics, 22(4), 361-375. google scholar
  • Servon, L. J., ve Nelson, M. K. (2001). Community technology centers: Narrowing the digital divide in low-income, urban communities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(3-4), 279-290. google scholar
  • Sidney Howland, J. (1998), “The ‘Digital Divide’: Are we becoming a world of technological ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots?’”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 287-289. google scholar
  • Speedtest (2022). “Speedtest Global Index”. google scholar
  • Stoica, V. ve Ilas, A. (2013). Rural-Urban digital divide in Romania. In Digital Public Administration and E-Government in Developing Nations: Policy and Practice (pp. 317-334). IGI Global. google scholar
  • Stoilescu, D. ve McDougall, D. (2011). Gender digital divide and challenges in undergraduate computer science programs. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 34(1), 308-333. google scholar
  • The World Bank (2022). International Telecommunication Union (ITU) World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. DataBank. google scholar
  • Tsetsi, E. ve Rains, S. A. (2017). Smartphone İnternet access and use: Extending the digital divide and usage gap. Mobile Media ve Communication, 5(3), 239-255. google scholar
  • TÜİK, (2022), “Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması”, www.tuik.gov.tr. google scholar
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  • Warf, B. (2013). Contemporary digital divides in the United States. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(1), 1-17. google scholar
  • Warschauer, M. (2003). Dissecting the” digital divide”: A case study in Egypt. The information society, 19(4), 297-304. google scholar
  • West, D. M. (2015). Digital divide: Improving İnternet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content. Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings, 1-30. google scholar

The Geographical Digital Divide: Urban-Rural, Regional and Gender Inequalities of Digital Transformation in Turkey

Year 2023, Issue: 46, 111 - 122, 25.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477

Abstract

Although the existence of a global digital divide between developed and developing countries is well-known, there are crucial inequalities in internet and computer access in different regions, cities, and even in different neighborhoods of the same city. This article aims to map the geographical digital divide in Turkey by using data about internet access, internet speed, computer ownership, and internet cafe access from the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, TurkStat, Speedtest, BTK, and Google Earth. According to our findings, the digital divide in Turkey has four geographical dimensions. First, in the global digital divide, Western European and North American countries have developed digital infrastructure, while developing countries such as Turkey fall short in fiber connection and fixed broadband internet. Second, there are sharp digital disparities between cities to the east and west. Especially in coastal areas and industrialized cities, internet speed and computer access are high, while in rural areas it is quite low. Third, the difference in digital development between cities also exists between regions. Fourth, in the Eastern regions, where the education level is low, women’s access to computers is considerably less than that of men. As a result, in Turkey, which is behind developed countries in digitalization, there are increasing digital inequalities between urban-rural regions due to insufficient infrastructure and low income. The fact that women have lower access to digital technology compared to men shows that the digital divide problem in Turkey has a cultural dimension in addition to low income.

References

  • Abu-Shanab, E. ve Al-Jamal, N. (2015). Exploring the gender digital divide in Jordan. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1), 91113. google scholar
  • Acilar, A. (2011). Exploring the aspects of digital divide in a developing country. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 8, 231-244. google scholar
  • Acilar, A. ve Sæb0, 0. (2021). Towards understanding the gender digital divide: A systematic literature review. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. google scholar
  • Akgiş Ilhan, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 krizi ve kamusal mekânda dijitalleşme eğilimleri. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30 (2) , 309-319. google scholar
  • Antonio, A. ve Tuffley, D. (2014). The gender digital divide in developing countries. Future Internet, 6(4), 673-687. google scholar
  • Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu, (2021). Yıllık İl İstatistikleri. google scholar
  • Castells, M. (2002). The İnternet galaxy: Reflections on the İnternet, business, and society. Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Davison, R., Harris, R., Vogel, D. ve Vreede, G. J. D. (1999). Information technology in developing countries: Closing the digital divide. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 2(3), 1-4. google scholar
  • Erten, P. (2019). Dijital Bölünme. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5 (1) , 15-23. google scholar
  • EuroStat, (2022) Individuals - computer use. Science, technology ve society. google scholar
  • Fong, M. W. (2009). Digital divide between urban and rural regions in China. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 36(1), 1-12. google scholar
  • Furuholt, B. ve Kristiansen, S. (2007). A rural-urban digital divide? Regional aspects of İnternet use in Tanzania. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 31(1), 1-15. google scholar
  • Gökalp, E. ve Sütlüoğlu, T. (2021). Dijital Eşitsizliğin Yeni Yüzleri Covid-19 Pandemisinin Düşündürdükleri. A. Zinderen (ed), Dijital Sosyoloji Çalışmaları, (ss. 19-46) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Graham, S. (2002) Bridging Urban Digital Divides? Urban Polarisation and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs). Urban Studies, 39(1), 33-56. google scholar
  • Graham M, Hale S. ve Stephens M. (2012) Featured Graphic: Digital Divide: The Geography of İnternet Access. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space; 44(5):1009-1010. google scholar
  • Gray, T. J., Gainous, J. ve Wagner, K. M. (2017). Gender and the digital divide in Latin America. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326-340. google scholar
  • Hai, T. N., Van, Q. N., & Thi Tuyet, M. N. (2021). Digital transformation: Opportunities and challenges for leaders in the emerging countries in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Science Journal, 5, 21-36. google scholar
  • Haraway, D. 1991. Simian, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Hindman, D. B. (2000). The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism ve Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 549-560. google scholar
  • Hoffman, D. L. ve Novak, T. P. (1999). The growing digital divide: Implications for an open research agenda. Understanding the digital economy, 245. google scholar
  • Hoffman, D. L., Novak, T. P. ve Schlosser, A. (2000). The evolution of the digital divide: How gaps in İnternet access may impact electronic commerce. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 5(3), JCMC534. google scholar
  • Hüsnüoğlu, N. ve Öztürk, L. (2017). Dijital Bölünme: Nedenleri ve Türleri. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi,3 (5) , 6-21. google scholar
  • Keegan Eamon, M. (2004). Digital divide in computer access and use between poor and non-poor youth. J. Soc. ve Soc. Welfare, 31, 91. google scholar
  • Klang, M. ve Murray, A., (2005). Human Rights in the Digital Age. Routledge. google scholar
  • Lembani, R., Gunter, A., Breines, M. ve Dalu, M. T. B. (2020). The same course, different access: the digital divide between urban and rural distance education students in South Africa. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 44(1), 70-84. google scholar
  • Luff, P. P. (1978). The electronic telephone. Scientific American, 238(3), 58-68. google scholar
  • Melamud, E. A. (1994). Design concepts for rural telephone networks in Russia. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 12(7), 1152-1155. google scholar
  • Nishijima, M., Ivanauskas, T. M. ve Sarti, F. M. (2017). Evolution and determinants of digital divide in Brazil (20052013). Telecommunications policy, 41(1), 12-24. google scholar
  • Norris, D. T. ve Conceiçâo, S. (2004). Narrowing the digital divide in low-income, urban communities. New directions for adult and continuing education, 2004(101), 69-81. google scholar
  • OECD, (2021).“The regional digital divide”. Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020. google scholar
  • Otioma, C., Madureira, A. M. ve Martinez, J. (2019). Spatial analysis of urban digital divide in Kigali, Rwanda. GeoJournal, 84(3), 719-741. google scholar
  • Öner, Ş. ve Çam, B. (2021). Covid-19 Sürecinde Yükselen Sosyal Belediyecilik: Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Konferansı Özel Sayısı, 137-163 . DOI: 10.35408/comuybd.973140 google scholar
  • Önür, N. (2007). Dijital Bölünme ve Gençlik . Sosyoloji Dergisi , (17) , 0-0. google scholar
  • Parker, E. B. (2000). Closing the digital divide in rural America. Telecommunications Policy, 24(4), 281-290. google scholar
  • Prieger, J. E. (2003). The supply side of the digital divide: Is there equal availability in the broadband İnternet access market?. Economic Inquiry, 41(2), 346-363. google scholar
  • Rao, S. S. (2005). Bridging digital divide: Efforts in India. Telematics and informatics, 22(4), 361-375. google scholar
  • Servon, L. J., ve Nelson, M. K. (2001). Community technology centers: Narrowing the digital divide in low-income, urban communities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(3-4), 279-290. google scholar
  • Sidney Howland, J. (1998), “The ‘Digital Divide’: Are we becoming a world of technological ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots?’”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 287-289. google scholar
  • Speedtest (2022). “Speedtest Global Index”. google scholar
  • Stoica, V. ve Ilas, A. (2013). Rural-Urban digital divide in Romania. In Digital Public Administration and E-Government in Developing Nations: Policy and Practice (pp. 317-334). IGI Global. google scholar
  • Stoilescu, D. ve McDougall, D. (2011). Gender digital divide and challenges in undergraduate computer science programs. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 34(1), 308-333. google scholar
  • The World Bank (2022). International Telecommunication Union (ITU) World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. DataBank. google scholar
  • Tsetsi, E. ve Rains, S. A. (2017). Smartphone İnternet access and use: Extending the digital divide and usage gap. Mobile Media ve Communication, 5(3), 239-255. google scholar
  • TÜİK, (2022), “Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması”, www.tuik.gov.tr. google scholar
  • TÜİK, (2022), “Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması, 2022”, www.tuik.gov.tr. google scholar
  • Warf, B. (2013). Contemporary digital divides in the United States. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(1), 1-17. google scholar
  • Warschauer, M. (2003). Dissecting the” digital divide”: A case study in Egypt. The information society, 19(4), 297-304. google scholar
  • West, D. M. (2015). Digital divide: Improving İnternet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content. Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings, 1-30. google scholar
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serhat Ay 0000-0003-1604-2208

Taner Kılıç 0000-0002-1944-8214

Publication Date May 25, 2023
Submission Date September 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 46

Cite

APA Ay, S., & Kılıç, T. (2023). Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography(46), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477
AMA Ay S, Kılıç T. Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography. May 2023;(46):111-122. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477
Chicago Ay, Serhat, and Taner Kılıç. “Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel Ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri”. Journal of Geography, no. 46 (May 2023): 111-22. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477.
EndNote Ay S, Kılıç T (May 1, 2023) Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography 46 111–122.
IEEE S. Ay and T. Kılıç, “Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri”, Journal of Geography, no. 46, pp. 111–122, May 2023, doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477.
ISNAD Ay, Serhat - Kılıç, Taner. “Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel Ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri”. Journal of Geography 46 (May 2023), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477.
JAMA Ay S, Kılıç T. Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography. 2023;:111–122.
MLA Ay, Serhat and Taner Kılıç. “Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel Ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri”. Journal of Geography, no. 46, 2023, pp. 111-22, doi:10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477.
Vancouver Ay S, Kılıç T. Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography. 2023(46):111-22.