Türkiye'den ABD’ye ve Avrupa'ya Beyi̇n Göçü Tarihsel Süreç ve Eğilimler

Year 2024, Issue: 49, 175 - 189, 31.12.2024

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'den ABD ve Avrupa'ya beyin göçünün tarihsel gelişimini ve mevcut eğilimlerini incelemektedir. 1960'lardan itibaren şekillenen bu göç hareketi, sosyo-ekonomik, siyasi faktörlerin etkisiyle önemli dönüşümler yaşamıştır. TÜİK, ABD Adalet Bakanlığı ve Eurostat verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, 1990'larda ABD'ye yapılan H-1B ve Green Card başvurularındaki artışlar ile Avrupa'nın Mavi Kart programının nitelikli işgücüne odaklanması gibi önemli gelişmeleri vurgulamaktadır. ABD'ye göç öncelikle teknoloji, bilim ve akademi alanlarındaki fırsatlarla ilişkilendirilirken, Avrupa'nın göç politikaları iş gücü anlaşmalarından seçici nitelikli göç programlarına doğru evrilmiştir. Çalışma, bu dinamikleri kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz ederek uluslararası fırsatların Türkiye'nin nitelikli işgücünü tarihsel olarak nasıl şekillendirdiğine dair içgörüler sunuyor. Çalışma, akademik iş birliklerini, diaspora katılımına yönelik teşvikleri ve beşeri sermaye kayıplarını azaltmak ve Türkiye'nin küresel rekabet gücünü güçlendirmek için sürdürülebilir stratejileri vurgulayan politika önerileriyle sonuçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Nitelikli Göç, Beyin Göçü, Türkiye, Beşeri Sermaye

Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends

Abstract

This study investigates the historical evolution and current trends of brain drain from Turkey to the United States and Europe. Beginning in the 1960s, this migration has undergone significant transformations driven by socioeconomic and political shifts. Using data from TurkStat, the U.S. Department of Justice and Eurostat, the study highlights key developments such as the rise in H-1B and Green Card applications to the United States in the 1990s and the structured focus of Europe’s Blue Card program on skilled labor. Migration to the United States is primarily associated with technological, scientific, and academic opportunities, whereas Europe’s migration policies have evolved from labor agreements to selective skilled migration programs. This study comprehensively analyzes these dynamics, offering insights into how international opportunities have historically shaped Turkey’s skilled workforce. It concludes with policy recommendations emphasizing academic collaborations, incentives for diaspora engagement and sustainable strategies to mitigate human capital losses and strengthen Turkey’s global competitiveness.

Keywords

Skilled Migration, Brain Drain, Migration Movements in Turkey, Human Capital

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