Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors

Ezgi Tuna; Tülin Gençöz

doi:10.26650/SP2022-1098668

Research Article

BibTex

RIS

Cite

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors

Year 2024, , 179 - 202, 14.08.2024

Ezgi Tuna , Tülin Gençöz

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1098668

Abstract

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) includes the actions of individuals that inflict intentional harm to bodily tissues without intent of ending one’s life. NSSI is especially frequent among young individuals and may predict future suicidal acts. Although scholarly attention on NSSI has increased, it remains a poorly understood and complex condition. Furthermore, NSSI among nonwestern populations is under-examined. According to the benefits and barriers model (BBM; Hooley & Franklin, 2018) of NSSI, benefits, such as self-punishment and affect improvement, play a role in the initiation of NSSI, while barriers, such as pain and a positive view of the self, play a role in its prevention. The current study uses the framework based on the BBM and explores the relative association between several psychological factors (i.e., emotion dysregulation, negative and positive affect [NA and PA, respectively], thought suppression, self-criticism, and self-compassion) and NSSI. The participants were 353 Turkish young adults (NSSI group: n = 158; no-NSSI group: n = 195) who completed online questionnaires. The results indicated that NSSI was common and repetitive in the sample. The most prevalent NSSI behavior was impeding wound healing. Among the study variables, high levels of nonacceptance of emotional reaction and self-criticism and decreased levels of self-compassion were related to NSSI. PA, NA, thought suppression, and the remaining five dimensions of emotion regulation problems were nonsignificantly linked to NSSI when considering all factors. The results indicate that NSSI is a complex phenomenon associated with various psychological factors, which may require prevention and intervention programs that target multiple aspects. Based on these findings, improving emotion regulation and self-compassion and decreasing self-criticism may be intervention targets for this population.

Keywords

Nonsuicidal self-injury, emotion dysregulation, self-criticism, self-compassion

References

Akyil, Y., Prouty, A., Blanchard, A., & Lyness, K. (2016). Experiences of families transmitting values in a rapidly changing society: Implications for family therapists. Family Process, 55(2), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12163 google scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 google scholar
Anderson, N. L., & Crowther, J. H. (2012). Using the experiential avoidance model of non-suicidal self-injury: Understanding who stops and who continues. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2012.667329 google scholar
Anderson, N. L., Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., & Crowther, J. H. (2018). Testing an integrative model of affect regulation and avoidance in non-suicidal self-injury and disordered eating. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(2), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1340854 google scholar
Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2013). Predictors of continuation and cessation of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.009 google scholar
Altın, M., & Gençöz, T. (2009). Psychopathological correlates and psychometric properties of the White Bear Suppression Inventory in a Turkish sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.23 google scholar
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Willem, L., Muehlenkamp, J., & Bijttebier, P. (2011). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and temperament in male and female adolescents based on child- and parent-report. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(4), 527-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.015 google scholar
Bakar-Kahraman, B., & Kızılay-Çankaya, P. (2020). Kendine zarar verme davranışı olan erişkinlerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve başa çıkma tutumları. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(4), 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.70047 google scholar
Bildik, T., Somer, O., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Başay, Ö., & Özbaran, B. (2013). Kendine Zarar Verme Davranışı Değerlendirme Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(1), 49-57. google scholar
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 google scholar
Claes, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Vandereycken, W. (2012). The scars of the inner critic: Perfectionism and nonsuicidal self-injury in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 20(3), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1158 google scholar
Cohen, J. N., Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Burke, T. A., Jenkins, A., Ong, M., Heimberg, R. G., Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B. (2015). The interaction of affective states and cognitive vulnerabilities in the prediction of non-suicidal self-injury. google scholar
Cognition and Emotion, 29(3), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.918872 google scholar
Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the self-compassion scale. The Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1151-1160. 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151 google scholar
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2017). Emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder: An experimental investigation of the effects of instructed acceptance and suppression. Behavior therapy, 48(6), 750-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.001 google scholar
Erol, Y. (2021). Çocukluk çağı travması ve kendine zarar verme davranışı arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, stres toleransı, öz-şefkat ve öztiksinmenin aracı rollerinin incelenmesi. [Unpublished masters’ thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Erskine, J. A., & Georgiou, G. J. (2010). Effects of thought suppression on eating behaviour in restrained and non-restrained eaters. Appetite, 54(3), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.001 google scholar
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical psychology review, 42, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002 google scholar
Fox, K. R., Huang, X., Linthicum, K. P., Wang, S. B., Franklin, J. C., & Ribeiro, J. D. (2019). Model complexity improves the prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(8), 684. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ccp0000421 google scholar
Gedik-Yeşilyurt, E. (2022). Tutuklu hükümlülerde kendine zarar verme davranışının çocukluk örselenme yaşantıları, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve öz-şefkat ile ilişkisi [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Maltepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28. google scholar
Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2483-2490. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.002 google scholar
Gholamrezaei, M., Heath, N., & Panaghi, L. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injury in a sample of university students in Tehran, Iran: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. International journal of culture and mental health, 10(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2016.1265999 google scholar
Gratz, K. L. (2007). Targeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 63, 1091-1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20417 google scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. 0882-2689/04/0300-0041/0 google scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701819524 google scholar
Güçlü, C. H., & Kapçı, E. G. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde duygu ayarlama becerileri, öfke kontrol biçimleri ve travmatik yaşantıların kendine zarar verme davranışlarını yordayıcı rolü. JCBPR, 9(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.38340 google scholar
Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 google scholar
Hamza, C., Willoughby, T., & Armiento, J. (2014). A laboratory examination of pain threshold and tolerance among nonsuicidal self-injurers with and without self-punishing motivations. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 2, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000008 google scholar
Hasking, P. A., Di Simplicio, M., McEvoy, P. M., & Rees, C. S. (2018). Emotional cascade theory and non-suicidal self-injury: The importance of imagery and positive affect. Cognition and Emotion, 32(5), 941-952. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699931.2017.1368456 google scholar
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373-2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60322-5 google scholar
Heath, N. L., Schaub, K., Holly, S., & Nixon, M. K. (2008). Self-injury today: Review of population and clinical studies in adolescents. Self-injury in Youth, 28-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203892671 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., & Franklin, J. C. (2018). Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical psychological science, 6(3), 428-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745641 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., Ho, D. T., Slater, J., & Lockshin, A. (2010). Pain perception and non-suicidal self-injury: A laboratory investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020106 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., & St. Germain, S. A. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: Does change self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury? Clinical google scholar
Psychological Science, 2(3), 297-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702613509372 google scholar
Howe-Martin, L. S., Murrell, A. R., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 809-829. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21868 google scholar
International Society for the Study of Self-injury. (2023). What is self-injury? Retrieved June 14, 2023 from: https://www.itriples.org/what-is-nssi. google scholar
Jiang, Y., You, J., Hou, Y., Du, C., Lin, M. P., Zheng, X., & Ma, C. (2016). Buffering the effects of peer victimization on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The role of self-compassion and family cohesion. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.09.005 google scholar
Kabukçu-Başay, B., Başay, Ö., Bildik, T., Özbaran, B., Olcay, R. K., Öztürk, Ö., Somer, O., Tamar, M., & Aydın, C. (2017). The nature, functions, and related risk factors of non-suicidal self-injury among Turkish high school students. Archives of Neuropsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2016.12553 google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (1994). A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kağıtçıbaşı, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 52-65). Sage. google scholar
Kayar, A. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmasının depresif belirtiler ve kendine zarar verme davranışı ile ilişkisinde öz eleştirinin ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(09), 1981-1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002497 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20412 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.22 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501 google scholar
Kortge, R., Meade, T., & Tennant, A. (2013). Interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of deliberate self-harm (DSH): A psychometric examination of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) Scale. Behaviour Change, 30(1), 24-35. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/bec.2013.3 google scholar
Liu, R. T. (2021). The epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injury: Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment use in a nationally representative sample of adults in England. Psychological medicine, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172100146x google scholar
Liu, H., Wang, W., Yang, J., Guo, F., & Yin, Z. (2021). The effects of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and childhood sexual abuse on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.181 google scholar
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003329170700027X google scholar
Lucas, A. G., Chang, E. C., Li, M., Chang, O. D., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Perfectionism and social problem solving as predictors of nonsuicidal self-injury in ethnoracially diverse college students: findings controlling for concomitant suicide risk. Social work, 64(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz005 google scholar
Lüleci, S. (2007). Kendini yaralama davranışı olan ergenlerin psikiyatrik ve sosyokültürel özellikleri [Unpublished medicine thesis]. Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. google scholar
Muehlenkamp, J., Brausch, A., Quigley, K., & Whitlock, J. (2013). Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00128.x google scholar
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-10 google scholar
Najmi, S., Wegner, D. M., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(8), 1957-1965. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brat.2006.09.014 google scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Park, J. (2018). The contributions of affective traits and emotion regulation to internalizing disorders: Current state of the literature and measurement challenges. American Psychologist, 73(9), 1175-1186. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000371 google scholar
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035 google scholar
Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-Compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047 google scholar
Nicolai, K. A., Wielgus, M. D., & Mezulis, A. (2016). Identifying risk for self-harm: Rumination and negative affectivity in the prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12186 google scholar
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 google scholar
Nock, M. K., & Cha, C. B. (2009). Psychological models of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 65-78). American Psychological Association. google scholar
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885 google scholar
Oktan, V. (2014). A characterization of self-injurious behavior among Turkish adolescents. Psychological Reports: Disability & Trauma, 115(3), 645-654. https://doi.org/10.2466/16.02.pr0.115c25z5 google scholar
Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013 google scholar
Paivio, S. C., & Mcculloch, C. R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.11.018 google scholar
Peterson, R. A. (2001). On the use of college students in social science research: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1086/323732 google scholar
Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1, 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014089117419 google scholar
Rugancı, R. N., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20665 google scholar
Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., Courvoisier, D., Jermann, J., Ceschi, G., David, M., Brinkmann, K., & Van der Linden, M. (2009). Anatomy of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI): A review of previous findings and a new approach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935738 google scholar
Schoenleber, M., Berenbaum, H., & Motl, R. (2014). Shame-related functions of and motivations for self-injurious behavior. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 204—211. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000035 google scholar
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002 google scholar
Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024405 google scholar
Smith, N. B., Steele, A. M., Weitzman, M. L., Trueba, A. F., & Meuret, A. E. (2014). Investigating the role of self-disgust in nonsuicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.850135 google scholar
Somer, O., Bildik, T., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Güngör, D., Başay, Ö., Farmer, R. F. (2015). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(2), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1060-z google scholar
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 633482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482 google scholar
Swannell, S., Martin, G., Page, A., Hasking, P., Hazell, P., Taylor, A., & Protani, M.(2012). Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia and self-blame. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(7-8), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.005 google scholar
Taliaferro, L. A., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Borowsky, I. W., Mcmorris, B. J., & Kugler, K. C. (2012). Factors distinguishing youth who report self-injurious behavior: A Population-Based Sample. Academic Pediatrics, 12(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.008 google scholar
Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The levels of self-criticism scale: Comparative-self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00106-5 google scholar
Toksoy, P., & Oktan, V. (2019). Ergenlerde kendine zarar verme davranışının yordayıcıları olarak öz duyarlık ve stresle başa çıkma tarzları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 1-14. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-408X google scholar
Toprak, S., Çetin, I., Güven, T., Can, G., & Demircan, C. (2011). Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.009 google scholar
Van Vliet, K. J., & Kalnins, G. R. C. (2011). A compassion-focused approach to nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(4), 295-311. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.17744/mehc.33.4.j7540338q223t417 google scholar
Voss, C., Hoyer, J., Venz, J., Pieper, L., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2020). Non-suicidal self-injury and its co-occurrence with suicidal behavior: An epidemiological study among adolescents and young adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(6), 496-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13237 google scholar
Wang, D., Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2020). Ironic effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 778-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619898795 google scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 google scholar
Wei, M., Su, J. C., Carrera, S., Lin, S.-P., & Yi, F. (2013). Suppression and interpersonal harmony: google scholar
A cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and European Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 625-633. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033413 google scholar
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 51, 59-91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 google scholar
Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00311.x google scholar
White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). Culture and social comparison seeking: The role of self-motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271326 google scholar
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 google scholar
Xavier, A., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Cunha, M., & Carvalho, S. (2016). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between emotional experiences with family and peers and self-injury in adolescence. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 150(8), 1046-1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1235538 google scholar
You, J., Leung, F., &Fu, K. (2012). Exploring the reciprocal relations between nonsuicidal self-injury, negative emotions and relationship problems in Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal cross-lag study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 829-836. 10.1007/s10802-011-9597-0 google scholar
Zelkowitz, R. L., & Cole, D. A. (2019). Self-criticism as a transdiagnostic process in nonsuicidal self-injury and disordered eating: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(1), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12436 google scholar
Zhu, S., Li, X., & Wong, P. W. (2023). Risk and protective factors in suicidal behaviour among young people in Hong Kong: A comparison study between children and adolescents. Psychiatry research, 321, 115059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115059 google scholar
Zoroğlu, S. S., Tuzun, U., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savaş, H. A., Ozturk, M., Alyanak, B., & Erocal Kora, M. (2003). Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57(1), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01088.x google scholar

Türkiye’deki Genç Yetişkinlerde Kendine Zarar Verme Davranışıyla İlişkili Psikolojik Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, , 179 - 202, 14.08.2024

Ezgi Tuna , Tülin Gençöz

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1098668

Abstract

Kendine zarar verme davranışı (KZVD) bireyin kendi vücut dokusuna kasıtlı olarak ve intihar amacı olmaksızın uyguladığı zarar verici davranışları içerir. KZVD özellikle genç bireyler arasında sıkça görülmekte olup gelecekteki intihar davranışlarını yordama ihtimaline sahiptir. Alanyazında KZVD’ye yönelik artan bir araştırma ilgisi olsa da KZVD hala tam olarak anlaşılamamış karmaşık bir durumdur. Bunun yanında, Batı toplumları dışında KZVD’ye yönelik çalışmalar azınlıktadır. KZVD’nin faydalar ve engeller modeline göre (Hooley ve Franklin, 2018) kendini cezalandırma ve duygudurumu iyileştirme gibi faydalar bireylerin kendine zarar verici davranışı başlatmalarında rol oynarken, acı hissi ve kendine yönelik olumlu bakış açısı gibi engeller KZVD’yi önleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, faydalar ve engeller modelinden yola çıkılarak, çeşitli psikolojik değişkenlerin (duygu düzenlemede güçlükler, olumlu duygulanım, olumsuz duygulanım, düşünceleri bastırma, öz-eleştiri ve öz-şefkat) KZVD ile göreceli ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya toplam 353 genç yetişkin (KZVD grubu n = 158; KZVD’si olmayan grup n = 195) çevrimiçi anketleri doldurarak katılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları KZVD’nin bu örneklemde yaygın ve tekrarlayıcı nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir. Yaraların iyileşmesine engel olma en sık rapor edilen davranıştır. Tüm çalışma değişkenleri arasında, duygusal tepkileri kabul etmeme, öz-eleştiri ve daha düşük öz-şefkatin KZVD ile ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Tüm faktörler denkleme eklendiğinde olumlu ve olumsuz duygulanım, düşünceleri bastırma ve duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin geri kalan beş alt-boyutu KZVD ile ilişkili bulunmamıştır. Bu bulgular KZVD’nin pek çok psikolojik değişkenle ilişkili karmaşık bir durum olduğunu ve bu sebeple önleme ve tedavi çalışmalarının birden fazla noktaya odaklanması gerekebileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma bulgularından yola çıkılarak, duygu düzenleme becerilerini ve öz-şefkati geliştirmenin ve öz-eleştiriyi azaltmanın genç yetişkinlerle çalışırken kullanılacak müdahalelerde önemli hedefler olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Kendine zarar verme, duygu düzenlemede güçlükler, öz-eleştiri, öz-şefkat

References

Akyil, Y., Prouty, A., Blanchard, A., & Lyness, K. (2016). Experiences of families transmitting values in a rapidly changing society: Implications for family therapists. Family Process, 55(2), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12163 google scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 google scholar
Anderson, N. L., & Crowther, J. H. (2012). Using the experiential avoidance model of non-suicidal self-injury: Understanding who stops and who continues. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2012.667329 google scholar
Anderson, N. L., Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., & Crowther, J. H. (2018). Testing an integrative model of affect regulation and avoidance in non-suicidal self-injury and disordered eating. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(2), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1340854 google scholar
Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2013). Predictors of continuation and cessation of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.009 google scholar
Altın, M., & Gençöz, T. (2009). Psychopathological correlates and psychometric properties of the White Bear Suppression Inventory in a Turkish sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.23 google scholar
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Willem, L., Muehlenkamp, J., & Bijttebier, P. (2011). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and temperament in male and female adolescents based on child- and parent-report. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(4), 527-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.015 google scholar
Bakar-Kahraman, B., & Kızılay-Çankaya, P. (2020). Kendine zarar verme davranışı olan erişkinlerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve başa çıkma tutumları. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(4), 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.70047 google scholar
Bildik, T., Somer, O., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Başay, Ö., & Özbaran, B. (2013). Kendine Zarar Verme Davranışı Değerlendirme Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(1), 49-57. google scholar
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 google scholar
Claes, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Vandereycken, W. (2012). The scars of the inner critic: Perfectionism and nonsuicidal self-injury in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 20(3), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1158 google scholar
Cohen, J. N., Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Burke, T. A., Jenkins, A., Ong, M., Heimberg, R. G., Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B. (2015). The interaction of affective states and cognitive vulnerabilities in the prediction of non-suicidal self-injury. google scholar
Cognition and Emotion, 29(3), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.918872 google scholar
Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the self-compassion scale. The Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1151-1160. 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151 google scholar
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2017). Emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder: An experimental investigation of the effects of instructed acceptance and suppression. Behavior therapy, 48(6), 750-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.001 google scholar
Erol, Y. (2021). Çocukluk çağı travması ve kendine zarar verme davranışı arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, stres toleransı, öz-şefkat ve öztiksinmenin aracı rollerinin incelenmesi. [Unpublished masters’ thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Erskine, J. A., & Georgiou, G. J. (2010). Effects of thought suppression on eating behaviour in restrained and non-restrained eaters. Appetite, 54(3), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.001 google scholar
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical psychology review, 42, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002 google scholar
Fox, K. R., Huang, X., Linthicum, K. P., Wang, S. B., Franklin, J. C., & Ribeiro, J. D. (2019). Model complexity improves the prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(8), 684. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ccp0000421 google scholar
Gedik-Yeşilyurt, E. (2022). Tutuklu hükümlülerde kendine zarar verme davranışının çocukluk örselenme yaşantıları, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve öz-şefkat ile ilişkisi [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Maltepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28. google scholar
Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2483-2490. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.002 google scholar
Gholamrezaei, M., Heath, N., & Panaghi, L. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injury in a sample of university students in Tehran, Iran: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. International journal of culture and mental health, 10(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2016.1265999 google scholar
Gratz, K. L. (2007). Targeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 63, 1091-1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20417 google scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. 0882-2689/04/0300-0041/0 google scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701819524 google scholar
Güçlü, C. H., & Kapçı, E. G. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde duygu ayarlama becerileri, öfke kontrol biçimleri ve travmatik yaşantıların kendine zarar verme davranışlarını yordayıcı rolü. JCBPR, 9(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.38340 google scholar
Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 google scholar
Hamza, C., Willoughby, T., & Armiento, J. (2014). A laboratory examination of pain threshold and tolerance among nonsuicidal self-injurers with and without self-punishing motivations. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 2, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000008 google scholar
Hasking, P. A., Di Simplicio, M., McEvoy, P. M., & Rees, C. S. (2018). Emotional cascade theory and non-suicidal self-injury: The importance of imagery and positive affect. Cognition and Emotion, 32(5), 941-952. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699931.2017.1368456 google scholar
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373-2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60322-5 google scholar
Heath, N. L., Schaub, K., Holly, S., & Nixon, M. K. (2008). Self-injury today: Review of population and clinical studies in adolescents. Self-injury in Youth, 28-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203892671 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., & Franklin, J. C. (2018). Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical psychological science, 6(3), 428-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745641 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., Ho, D. T., Slater, J., & Lockshin, A. (2010). Pain perception and non-suicidal self-injury: A laboratory investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020106 google scholar
Hooley, J. M., & St. Germain, S. A. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: Does change self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury? Clinical google scholar
Psychological Science, 2(3), 297-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702613509372 google scholar
Howe-Martin, L. S., Murrell, A. R., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 809-829. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21868 google scholar
International Society for the Study of Self-injury. (2023). What is self-injury? Retrieved June 14, 2023 from: https://www.itriples.org/what-is-nssi. google scholar
Jiang, Y., You, J., Hou, Y., Du, C., Lin, M. P., Zheng, X., & Ma, C. (2016). Buffering the effects of peer victimization on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The role of self-compassion and family cohesion. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.09.005 google scholar
Kabukçu-Başay, B., Başay, Ö., Bildik, T., Özbaran, B., Olcay, R. K., Öztürk, Ö., Somer, O., Tamar, M., & Aydın, C. (2017). The nature, functions, and related risk factors of non-suicidal self-injury among Turkish high school students. Archives of Neuropsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2016.12553 google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (1994). A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kağıtçıbaşı, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 52-65). Sage. google scholar
Kayar, A. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmasının depresif belirtiler ve kendine zarar verme davranışı ile ilişkisinde öz eleştirinin ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(09), 1981-1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002497 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20412 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.22 google scholar
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501 google scholar
Kortge, R., Meade, T., & Tennant, A. (2013). Interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of deliberate self-harm (DSH): A psychometric examination of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) Scale. Behaviour Change, 30(1), 24-35. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/bec.2013.3 google scholar
Liu, R. T. (2021). The epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injury: Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment use in a nationally representative sample of adults in England. Psychological medicine, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172100146x google scholar
Liu, H., Wang, W., Yang, J., Guo, F., & Yin, Z. (2021). The effects of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and childhood sexual abuse on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.181 google scholar
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003329170700027X google scholar
Lucas, A. G., Chang, E. C., Li, M., Chang, O. D., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Perfectionism and social problem solving as predictors of nonsuicidal self-injury in ethnoracially diverse college students: findings controlling for concomitant suicide risk. Social work, 64(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz005 google scholar
Lüleci, S. (2007). Kendini yaralama davranışı olan ergenlerin psikiyatrik ve sosyokültürel özellikleri [Unpublished medicine thesis]. Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi. google scholar
Muehlenkamp, J., Brausch, A., Quigley, K., & Whitlock, J. (2013). Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00128.x google scholar
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-10 google scholar
Najmi, S., Wegner, D. M., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(8), 1957-1965. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brat.2006.09.014 google scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Park, J. (2018). The contributions of affective traits and emotion regulation to internalizing disorders: Current state of the literature and measurement challenges. American Psychologist, 73(9), 1175-1186. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000371 google scholar
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035 google scholar
Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-Compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047 google scholar
Nicolai, K. A., Wielgus, M. D., & Mezulis, A. (2016). Identifying risk for self-harm: Rumination and negative affectivity in the prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12186 google scholar
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 google scholar
Nock, M. K., & Cha, C. B. (2009). Psychological models of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 65-78). American Psychological Association. google scholar
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885 google scholar
Oktan, V. (2014). A characterization of self-injurious behavior among Turkish adolescents. Psychological Reports: Disability & Trauma, 115(3), 645-654. https://doi.org/10.2466/16.02.pr0.115c25z5 google scholar
Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013 google scholar
Paivio, S. C., & Mcculloch, C. R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.11.018 google scholar
Peterson, R. A. (2001). On the use of college students in social science research: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1086/323732 google scholar
Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1, 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014089117419 google scholar
Rugancı, R. N., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20665 google scholar
Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., Courvoisier, D., Jermann, J., Ceschi, G., David, M., Brinkmann, K., & Van der Linden, M. (2009). Anatomy of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI): A review of previous findings and a new approach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935738 google scholar
Schoenleber, M., Berenbaum, H., & Motl, R. (2014). Shame-related functions of and motivations for self-injurious behavior. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 204—211. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000035 google scholar
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002 google scholar
Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024405 google scholar
Smith, N. B., Steele, A. M., Weitzman, M. L., Trueba, A. F., & Meuret, A. E. (2014). Investigating the role of self-disgust in nonsuicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.850135 google scholar
Somer, O., Bildik, T., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Güngör, D., Başay, Ö., Farmer, R. F. (2015). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(2), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1060-z google scholar
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 633482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482 google scholar
Swannell, S., Martin, G., Page, A., Hasking, P., Hazell, P., Taylor, A., & Protani, M.(2012). Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia and self-blame. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(7-8), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.005 google scholar
Taliaferro, L. A., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Borowsky, I. W., Mcmorris, B. J., & Kugler, K. C. (2012). Factors distinguishing youth who report self-injurious behavior: A Population-Based Sample. Academic Pediatrics, 12(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.008 google scholar
Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The levels of self-criticism scale: Comparative-self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00106-5 google scholar
Toksoy, P., & Oktan, V. (2019). Ergenlerde kendine zarar verme davranışının yordayıcıları olarak öz duyarlık ve stresle başa çıkma tarzları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 1-14. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-408X google scholar
Toprak, S., Çetin, I., Güven, T., Can, G., & Demircan, C. (2011). Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.009 google scholar
Van Vliet, K. J., & Kalnins, G. R. C. (2011). A compassion-focused approach to nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(4), 295-311. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.17744/mehc.33.4.j7540338q223t417 google scholar
Voss, C., Hoyer, J., Venz, J., Pieper, L., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2020). Non-suicidal self-injury and its co-occurrence with suicidal behavior: An epidemiological study among adolescents and young adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(6), 496-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13237 google scholar
Wang, D., Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2020). Ironic effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 778-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619898795 google scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 google scholar
Wei, M., Su, J. C., Carrera, S., Lin, S.-P., & Yi, F. (2013). Suppression and interpersonal harmony: google scholar
A cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and European Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 625-633. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033413 google scholar
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 51, 59-91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 google scholar
Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00311.x google scholar
White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). Culture and social comparison seeking: The role of self-motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271326 google scholar
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 google scholar
Xavier, A., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Cunha, M., & Carvalho, S. (2016). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between emotional experiences with family and peers and self-injury in adolescence. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 150(8), 1046-1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1235538 google scholar
You, J., Leung, F., &Fu, K. (2012). Exploring the reciprocal relations between nonsuicidal self-injury, negative emotions and relationship problems in Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal cross-lag study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 829-836. 10.1007/s10802-011-9597-0 google scholar
Zelkowitz, R. L., & Cole, D. A. (2019). Self-criticism as a transdiagnostic process in nonsuicidal self-injury and disordered eating: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(1), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12436 google scholar
Zhu, S., Li, X., & Wong, P. W. (2023). Risk and protective factors in suicidal behaviour among young people in Hong Kong: A comparison study between children and adolescents. Psychiatry research, 321, 115059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115059 google scholar
Zoroğlu, S. S., Tuzun, U., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savaş, H. A., Ozturk, M., Alyanak, B., & Erocal Kora, M. (2003). Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57(1), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01088.x google scholar

There are 97 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Vision Perception
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Ezgi Tuna 0000-0001-9611-4501 Tülin Gençöz 0000-0002-2827-7461
Publication Date	August 14, 2024
Submission Date	April 5, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2024

Cite

APA	Tuna, E., & Gençöz, T. (2024). Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors. Studies in Psychology, 44(2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1098668
AMA	Tuna E, Gençöz T. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors. Studies in Psychology. August 2024;44(2):179-202. doi:10.26650/SP2022-1098668
Chicago	Tuna, Ezgi, and Tülin Gençöz. “Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors”. Studies in Psychology 44, no. 2 (August 2024): 179-202. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1098668.
EndNote	Tuna E, Gençöz T (August 1, 2024) Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors. Studies in Psychology 44 2 179–202.
IEEE	E. Tuna and T. Gençöz, “Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 179–202, 2024, doi: 10.26650/SP2022-1098668.
ISNAD	Tuna, Ezgi - Gençöz, Tülin. “Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors”. Studies in Psychology 44/2 (August 2024), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1098668.
JAMA	Tuna E, Gençöz T. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors. Studies in Psychology. 2024;44:179–202.
MLA	Tuna, Ezgi and Tülin Gençöz. “Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2, 2024, pp. 179-02, doi:10.26650/SP2022-1098668.
Vancouver	Tuna E, Gençöz T. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Turkish Young Adults: An Investigation of Intrapersonal Factors. Studies in Psychology. 2024;44(2):179-202.

Article Files

Full Text

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680