Eye Movements and Active Visual Attention Processes

Year 2024, , 144 - 178, 14.08.2024

Belgüzar Nilay Türkan

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1378279

Abstract

The eye is not just an organ limited by anatomical and physical boundaries but is solely associated with the sense of sight. Since the Renaissance, the eye has been used in art as a symbol of the viewer's imaginative life. It has also played an important role as a material for understanding the human mind. Research on the anatomy and movements of the eye has a long history, spanning a wide geographical range from ancient Greece to the civilisations of Babylon, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Eye movement is a behaviour shared by all animal species with basic visual structures. The fundamental function of this behaviour is to create a stable representation of the visual world on the retina at any given time and to facilitate exploration of the environment. The study of eye movements provides important insights into how organisms perceive the world by revealing how they look at it. Within the repertoire of human eye movements, saccadic and fixational movements are the most frequently measured and studied in attention literature. The eye-tracking method offers an objective measurement approach for testing previously proposed attention hypotheses and allows the investigation of parameters such as where a person looks at any given moment and for how long. These parameters are particularly important for visual attention studies. Through the window opened by the eyes, cognitive psychology and its different disciplines can explore numerous topics related to human visual attention and, consequently, the mind. In addition to its role in psychology, eye tracking remains an important methodological tool in many fields related to human attention and perception mechanisms, such as art, advertising, and industry. This review briefly covers the origins of the eye-tracking technique, followed by the basic mechanics of eye movements. Finally, the study discusses the relationship between eye movements and attentional processes, which are essential for various mental tasks.

Keywords

Eye tracking, overt attention, visual attention, eye movements and attention relationship, saccade-fixation repertoire, scene perception

Göz Hareketleri ve Aktif Görsel Dikkat Süreçleri

Abstract

Göz, anatomik ve fiziksel sınırları içinde sadece görme duyusundan ibaret bir organ değildir. Resim sanatında Rönesans’tan bu yana bakışın, bakanın imgesel hayatına gönderme yapan bir sembol olarak göz, bilim insanlarının zihni anlamak için kullandığı önemli bir malzeme niteliğindedir. Gözün anatomisi ve hareketleri üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, antik Yunan'dan Babil, Mezopotamya ve Mısır uygarlıklarına kadar uzanan geniş bir coğrafyada, oldukça köklü bir geçmişe sahiptir. Göz hareketleri insan gibi temel görme yapılarına sahip olan tüm hayvan türleri ile ortak sahip olduğumuz bir davranıştır. Bu davranışın temel işlevi, belirli bir anda görsel dünyanın retinada sabit bir temsilini oluşturmak ve ardından çevrenin keşfedilmesini sağlamaktır. Göz hareketlerini incelemek, organizmanın dünyaya nasıl baktığıyla ilgili bilgi vererek dünyayı nasıl algıladığı konusunda önemli ipuçları sağlamaktadır. İnsanın göz hareketleri repertuvarı arasından sıçrama ve odaklama türü hareketler alan yazında en sık ölçülen ve dikkat ile ilişkisi çalışılan hareketlerdir. Özellikle daha önce ortaya atılmış olan dikkat hipotezlerinin test edilmesinde objektif bir ölçüm yöntemi sunan göz izleme yöntemi ile bir kişinin belirli bir anda nereye, ne kadar süreyle baktığı gibi parametreler incelenebilmektedir. Bu parametreler özellikle görsel dikkat çalışmaları için önemli ölçüm ve analiz imkanı sağlamaktadır. Bilişsel Psikoloji ve psikolojinin farklı disiplinleri gözler aracılığıyla açılan pencereden, insan görsel dikkati ve dolayısıyla zihnine dair pek çok konuyu araştırabilmektedir. Psikoloji disiplinindeki rolüne ek olarak, göz izleme yöntemi, sanat, reklamcılık ve endüstri gibi insanların dikkat ve algı mekanizmaları ile ilişkili birçok alanda önemli bir yöntemsel araç olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu derleme yazısında kısaca göz izleme yönteminin tarihçesi, ardından temel göz hareketleri sistematiği ve son olarak da göz hareketleri ile çeşitli zihinsel görevler için gerekli olan dikkat süreçleri arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmaktadır.

Keywords

Göz izleme, açık dikkat, görsel dikkat, göz hareketleri ve dikkat ilişkisi, sıçrama-odaklama metrikleri, sahne algısı

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