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Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi

Year 2020, , 385 - 427, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0068

Abstract

Ahlaki yargıların incelenmesinde kişinin faydacı ve deontolojik seçenekleri arasında sıkışıp kaldığı durumlar içeren kısa senaryolar olarak tanımlanabilecek olan ahlaki ikilemler sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, psikoterapistlerin karşılaşabileceği ve alınan kararların faydacı/deontolojik olarak ayrıştırılabileceği yüksek ahlaki ikilemlerin neler olabileceğine ilişkin olarak gerçekleştirilmiş yurt içi ve yurt dışı herhangi bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Ahlaki ikilemlerin yer verildiği ve Türk katılımcı grupları ile gerçekleştirilen araştırma sayısı ise oldukça azdır. Bunun yanı sıra, psikoloji alanındaki araştırma sonuçları kültürlerarası farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, bir ahlaki ikilem senaryosunun düşük veya yüksek ikilem yaratmasının, kısmen kültür ile bağlantılı olma ihtimali vardır. Bu araştırmada Türk kültüründe yüksek ikilem yaratan klasik ahlaki senaryolar ile psikoterapist ahlaki senaryolarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Katılımcıların ruh halleri ile faydacı/deontolojik karar alma eğilimleri arasındaki ilişki de ayrıca incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya 42 psikoterapist ve alan dışı gruptan (ön lisans öğrencileri ve minimum üniversite mezunu yetişkinler) 108 kişi katılmıştır. Alan dışı grup klasik ahlaki ikilem senaryolarını, psikoterapist grubu ise psikoterapist senaryolarını yanıtlamıştır. Alan dışı gruba verilen 20 klasik ahlaki ikilem senaryosundan dördü, psikoterapistlere verilen 10 senaryodan ise beşi yüksek ikilem yaratan senaryolar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların ruh halleri Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği (PNDÖ) üzerinden, senaryoları okumadan önce ve sonra olmak üzere iki kez ölçümlenmiş ve senaryolardan kaynaklanan olası ruh hali değişimleri analiz edilmiştir. Klasik ahlaki ikilemlerde, ilgili senaryoları okuduktan sonra katılımcıların negatif duygu durumları artmış, pozitif duygu durumları ise azalmıştır. Psikoterapist ahlaki ikilem senaryoları ise katılımcıların negatif ruh hallerini arttırmıştır. Klasik ahlaki ikilem senaryolarında alınan deontolojik kararlar katılımcıların negatif duygu durumları ile pozitif ilişki göstermiştir. Psikoterapist grubunda ise ruh hali ve deontolojik/faydacı kararlar arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca bulgular İkili İşlem Teorisi çerçevesinde alan yazına katkısı açısından tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Aktaş, B., Yılmaz, O. ve Bahçekapılı, H. G. (2017). Moral pluralism on the trolley tracks: Different normative principles are used for different reasons in justifying moral judgments. Judgment and Decision Making, 12(3), 297-307.
  • Avramova, Y. R. ve Inbar, Y. (2013). Emotion and moral judgment. Wiley InterdisciplinaryReviews: Cognitive Science, 4(2), 169-178.
  • Bartels, D. M. ve Pizarro, D. A. (2011). The mismeasure of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition, 121(1), 154-161.
  • Chapman, H. A., Kim, D. A., Susskind, J. M. ve Anderson, A. K. (2009). In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust. Science, 323(5918), 1222-1226.
  • Choe, S. Y. ve Min, K. H. (2011). Who makes utilitarian judgments? The influences of emotions on utilitarian judgments. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(7), 580.
  • Christensen, J. F. ve Gomila, A. (2012). Moral dilemmas in cognitive neuroscience of moral decision-making: A principled review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1249–1264.
  • Conway, P. ve Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 216.
  • Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Hauser, M. D. ve Robbins, T. W. (2010). Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, 107(40), 17433-17438.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1995). On some functions of the human prefrontal cortex. Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, 769(1), 241-252.
  • Ellsworth, P. C. ve Smith, C. A. (1988). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 2(4), 301-331.
  • Fennig, S., Secker, A., Treves, I., Ben Yakar, M., Farina, J., Roe, D. ve Fennig, S. (2005). Ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy: Comparison between patients, therapists and laypersons. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 42(4), 251-257.
  • Gençöz T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. TürkPsikolojiDergisi; 15(46), 19-26.
  • Glenn, A. L., Koleva, S., Iyer, R., Graham, J. ve Ditto, P. H. (2010). Moral identity in psychopathy. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(7), 497.
  • Greenberg, L. S., Elliott, R. ve Lietaer, G. (1994). Research on experiential psychotherapies. Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 4, 509-539.
  • Greene, J. D. (2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 322-323.
  • Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M. ve Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105– 2108.
  • Goldberg, J. H., Lerner, J. S. ve Tetlock, P. E. (1999). Rage and reason: The psychology of the intuitive prosecutor. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5-6), 781-795.
  • Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834.
  • Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002.
  • Kahane, G. (2015). Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment. Social neuroscience, 10(5), 551-560.
  • Kant, I. (1785/1964). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (H. J. Paton, Çev.). New York: Harper & Row.Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., Zeier, J. ve Newman, J. P. (2011). Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 7(6), 708-714.
  • Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M. ve Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, Nature, 446(7138), 908.
  • Kohlberg, L. ve Kramer, R. (1969). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development. Human development, 12(2), 93-120.
  • Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B. ve Schutte, N. S. (2005). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and symptoms of clinical disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(2), 101-114.
  • Mill, J. S. (1861/1998). Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, A. B., Clark, B. A. ve Kane, M. J. (2008). Who shalt not kill? Individual differences in working memory capacity, executive control, and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 19(6), 549-557.
  • Prinz, J. (2006). The emotional basis of moral judgments. Philosophical explorations, 9(1), 29-43.
  • Royzman, E. B., Leeman, R. F. ve Sabini, J. (2008). “You make me sick”: Moral dyspepsia as a reaction to third-party sibling incest. Motivation and Emotion, 32(2), 100-108.
  • Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L. ve Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1096-1109.
  • Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan. Smith, C.A. ve Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813-838.
  • Strohminger, N., Lewis, R. L. ve Meyer, D. E. (2011). Divergent effects of different positive emotions on moral judgment. Cognition, 119(2), 295-300.
  • Therapy Today 2015 Sayıları. (2017, Nisan). British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy içinde. Erişim adresi: https://www.bacp.co.uk/search?q=psychotherapist%20dilemmas%202015
  • Valdesolo, P. ve DeSteno, D. (2006). Manipulations of emotional context shape moral judgment. Psychological Science, 17(6), 476-477.
  • Vyskocilova, J. ve Prasko, J. (2013). Ethical questions and dilemmas in psychotherapy. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55(1-2), 4-11.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L.A. ve Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6):1063-1070.
  • Wiech, K., Kahane, G., Shackel, N., Farias, M., Savulescu, J. ve Tracey, I. (2013). Cold or calculating? Reduced activity in the subgenual cingulate cortex reflects decreased emotional aversion to harming in counterintuitive utilitarian judgment. Cognition, 126(3), 364-372.
  • Wundt, W. (1980). Outlines of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology içinde (s. 179-195). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Zajonc, R.B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. AmericanPsychologist, 35(2), 151-175.

Psychotherapist and Classical High Conflict Moral Dilemmas in Turkish Culture: The Relationship between Emotions and Utilitarian/ Deontological Decisions

Year 2020, , 385 - 427, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0068

Abstract

Moral dilemmas, defined as scenarios describing situations where the person has to make a moral choice between a utilitarian and a deontological option are frequently used in the study of the moral judgments of lay people. There are not any national or international studies investigating the moral judgments of psychotherapists in occupational situations based on deontological/ utilitarian classification. In addition, there are only a few moral dilemma studies using Turkish samples. Furthermore, it is a well-known phenomenon that research in the field of psychology would yield different results due to the effects of cultural differences. This points to the possibility that whether a moral dilemma scenario creates high or low conflict is partly dependent on culture. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to determine both classical and psychotherapist high conflict moral dilemmas in Turkish culture. The relationship between the participants’ mood and their moral judgments was also explored. Forty-two psychotherapists and 108 lay people (undergraduate students and university graduate adults) participated in the current study. While psychotherapists answered the psychotherapist dilemmas, lay people answered the classical dilemmas. Four out of 20 classical moral dilemmas and five out of 10 psychotherapist scenarios were identified as high conflict moral dilemmas. The mood of the participants was measured by the Positive-Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) both before and after reading the related moral dilemmas. The possible mood changes of the participants with respect to the related scenarios were analysed. Regarding the classical moral dilemmas, participants' negative mood increased and positive mood decreased after reading the related scenarios. With respect to the psychotherapist scenarios, the negative mood of the participants increased. The results indicated a positive relationship between negative mood and the deontological judgments in lay people. No significant association between mood and deontological/utilitarian decisions was found in the psychotherapist group. These results and their implications were also disscussed within the framework of the Dual-Process Theory.

References

  • Aktaş, B., Yılmaz, O. ve Bahçekapılı, H. G. (2017). Moral pluralism on the trolley tracks: Different normative principles are used for different reasons in justifying moral judgments. Judgment and Decision Making, 12(3), 297-307.
  • Avramova, Y. R. ve Inbar, Y. (2013). Emotion and moral judgment. Wiley InterdisciplinaryReviews: Cognitive Science, 4(2), 169-178.
  • Bartels, D. M. ve Pizarro, D. A. (2011). The mismeasure of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition, 121(1), 154-161.
  • Chapman, H. A., Kim, D. A., Susskind, J. M. ve Anderson, A. K. (2009). In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust. Science, 323(5918), 1222-1226.
  • Choe, S. Y. ve Min, K. H. (2011). Who makes utilitarian judgments? The influences of emotions on utilitarian judgments. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(7), 580.
  • Christensen, J. F. ve Gomila, A. (2012). Moral dilemmas in cognitive neuroscience of moral decision-making: A principled review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1249–1264.
  • Conway, P. ve Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 216.
  • Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Hauser, M. D. ve Robbins, T. W. (2010). Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, 107(40), 17433-17438.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1995). On some functions of the human prefrontal cortex. Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, 769(1), 241-252.
  • Ellsworth, P. C. ve Smith, C. A. (1988). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 2(4), 301-331.
  • Fennig, S., Secker, A., Treves, I., Ben Yakar, M., Farina, J., Roe, D. ve Fennig, S. (2005). Ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy: Comparison between patients, therapists and laypersons. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 42(4), 251-257.
  • Gençöz T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. TürkPsikolojiDergisi; 15(46), 19-26.
  • Glenn, A. L., Koleva, S., Iyer, R., Graham, J. ve Ditto, P. H. (2010). Moral identity in psychopathy. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(7), 497.
  • Greenberg, L. S., Elliott, R. ve Lietaer, G. (1994). Research on experiential psychotherapies. Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 4, 509-539.
  • Greene, J. D. (2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 322-323.
  • Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M. ve Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105– 2108.
  • Goldberg, J. H., Lerner, J. S. ve Tetlock, P. E. (1999). Rage and reason: The psychology of the intuitive prosecutor. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5-6), 781-795.
  • Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834.
  • Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002.
  • Kahane, G. (2015). Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment. Social neuroscience, 10(5), 551-560.
  • Kant, I. (1785/1964). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (H. J. Paton, Çev.). New York: Harper & Row.Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., Zeier, J. ve Newman, J. P. (2011). Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 7(6), 708-714.
  • Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M. ve Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, Nature, 446(7138), 908.
  • Kohlberg, L. ve Kramer, R. (1969). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development. Human development, 12(2), 93-120.
  • Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B. ve Schutte, N. S. (2005). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and symptoms of clinical disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(2), 101-114.
  • Mill, J. S. (1861/1998). Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, A. B., Clark, B. A. ve Kane, M. J. (2008). Who shalt not kill? Individual differences in working memory capacity, executive control, and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 19(6), 549-557.
  • Prinz, J. (2006). The emotional basis of moral judgments. Philosophical explorations, 9(1), 29-43.
  • Royzman, E. B., Leeman, R. F. ve Sabini, J. (2008). “You make me sick”: Moral dyspepsia as a reaction to third-party sibling incest. Motivation and Emotion, 32(2), 100-108.
  • Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L. ve Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1096-1109.
  • Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan. Smith, C.A. ve Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813-838.
  • Strohminger, N., Lewis, R. L. ve Meyer, D. E. (2011). Divergent effects of different positive emotions on moral judgment. Cognition, 119(2), 295-300.
  • Therapy Today 2015 Sayıları. (2017, Nisan). British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy içinde. Erişim adresi: https://www.bacp.co.uk/search?q=psychotherapist%20dilemmas%202015
  • Valdesolo, P. ve DeSteno, D. (2006). Manipulations of emotional context shape moral judgment. Psychological Science, 17(6), 476-477.
  • Vyskocilova, J. ve Prasko, J. (2013). Ethical questions and dilemmas in psychotherapy. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55(1-2), 4-11.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L.A. ve Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6):1063-1070.
  • Wiech, K., Kahane, G., Shackel, N., Farias, M., Savulescu, J. ve Tracey, I. (2013). Cold or calculating? Reduced activity in the subgenual cingulate cortex reflects decreased emotional aversion to harming in counterintuitive utilitarian judgment. Cognition, 126(3), 364-372.
  • Wundt, W. (1980). Outlines of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology içinde (s. 179-195). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Zajonc, R.B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. AmericanPsychologist, 35(2), 151-175.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Filiz Kumova This is me 0000-0001-8420-629X

Hasan G. Bahçekapılı This is me 0000-0002-2056-9718

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Submission Date September 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Kumova, F., & Bahçekapılı, H. G. (2020). Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi. Studies in Psychology, 40(2), 385-427. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0068
AMA Kumova F, Bahçekapılı HG. Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi. Studies in Psychology. September 2020;40(2):385-427. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0068
Chicago Kumova, Filiz, and Hasan G. Bahçekapılı. “Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları Ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar Ile İlişkisi”. Studies in Psychology 40, no. 2 (September 2020): 385-427. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0068.
EndNote Kumova F, Bahçekapılı HG (September 1, 2020) Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi. Studies in Psychology 40 2 385–427.
IEEE F. Kumova and H. G. Bahçekapılı, “Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 385–427, 2020, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0068.
ISNAD Kumova, Filiz - Bahçekapılı, Hasan G. “Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları Ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar Ile İlişkisi”. Studies in Psychology 40/2 (September 2020), 385-427. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0068.
JAMA Kumova F, Bahçekapılı HG. Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi. Studies in Psychology. 2020;40:385–427.
MLA Kumova, Filiz and Hasan G. Bahçekapılı. “Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları Ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar Ile İlişkisi”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 40, no. 2, 2020, pp. 385-27, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0068.
Vancouver Kumova F, Bahçekapılı HG. Türk Kültüründe Yüksek Ahlaki İkilem Yaratan Psikoterapist Senaryoları ile Klasik Senaryolar: Duyguların Faydacı/Deontolojik Kararlar ile İlişkisi. Studies in Psychology. 2020;40(2):385-427.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680