Türkiye’de Kentsel Alanda Ev Sahibi Topluluklar ve Suriyeli Mülteciler Arasında Yaşanan Sosyoekonomik Uyuşmazlıkta Siyasal Güvenin Rolü

Year 2020, , 579 - 597, 30.09.2020

Halil Pak Zeliha Aslı Elitsoy

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0094

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin kentsel alanlarında yaşayan ev sahibi topluluklar ile Suriyeli mülteciler arasında yaşanan sosyoekonomik uyuşmazlık araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı ev sahibi topluluk üyelerinin kişisel ekonomik tatmin düzeyleri ve mültecilere yönelik sosyoekonomik tehdit algıları arasındaki ilişkide siyasal güvenin aracı rolünü keşfetmektir. Kesitsel anket çalışması yaklaşımıyla ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle başta İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir olmak üzere Türkiye’nin farklı kentsel bölgelerinde yaşayan 243 yerel sakinden çevrimiçi anket programı yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Türkiye’nin siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik kültürü ve geçmiş çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurularak, bu araştırmanın amaçları doğrultusunda algılanan sosyoekonomik tehdit algısı, kişisel ekonomik tatmin düzeyi, siyasal güven ve kamusal hizmetlerden memnuniyet değişkenleri için ölçüm araçları tasarlanmıştır. Demografik form aracılığıyla da katılımcıların yaş, şehir, eğitim, cinsiyet ve gelir bilgilerine ulaşılmıştır. SPSS programında PROCESS Macro eklentisi üzerinden yeniden örnekleme metodu kullanılarak ve demografik değişkenler (yaş, şehir, eğitim, cinsiyet, gelir) ve kamusal hizmetlerden memnuniyet değişkenleri kontrol edilerek siyasal güvenin dolaylı etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, kişisel ekonomik tatminin siyasal güvenle ve algılanan sosyoekonomik tehditle anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, siyasal güvenin sosyoekonomik tehdit algısıyla da anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Asıl önemlisi, çalışmanın ana hipotezi olan siyasal güvenin, kişisel ekonomik tatmin ve algılanan sosyoekonomik tehdit ilişkisinde anlamlı bir aracı rolü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuca göre, düşük kişisel ekonomik tatmin düzeyinin düşük siyasal güvene yol açtığı ve bu durumun da mültecilere yönelik yüksek sosyoekonomik tehdit algısına neden olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, literatürdeki geçmiş çalışmalar, Bütünleşik Tehdit, Gerçekçi Grup Tehdit ve Sistemi Meşrulaştırma Kuramları üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Araştırmanın kısıtları ve gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler çalışmanın tartışma kısmında değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Bütünleşik Tehdit Kuramı, sosyoekonomik tehdit, kişisel ekonomik tatmin, siyasal güven, ev sahibi topluluk, mülteciler

Socioeconomic Conflict between Host Community and Syrian Refugees in Urban Turkey: The Mediating Role of Political Trust

Abstract

This study investigated socioeconomic conflict between the host community and Syrian refugees in urban Turkey. It was aimed to explore the mediating role of political trust in the relationship between personal economic satisfaction and socioeconomic threat perception toward refugees among the host community. Accordingly, 243 local urban residents from different cities of Turkey including Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir were reached using a cross-sectional survey approach and convenience sample method. Regarding the Turkish political, social and economic culture and previous studies, assessment tools were generated for the purpose of this study to measure socioeconomic threat perception, personal economic satisfaction, political trust, and satisfaction with public policies. The participants’ age, city, education, gender and income information were obtained using a demographic form. Data was collected via an online survey program. Controlling for demographic variables (age, city, education, gender, and income) and satisfaction with public services, the indirect effect of political trust was analyzed using a bootstrapping method via PROCESS Macro plug-in for SPSS. The research findings showed that personal economic satisfaction was significantly associated with political trust and socioeconomic threat perception. Moreover, political trust was also significantly related to socioeconomic threat perception. More importantly, in accordance with the main hypothesis of the study, it was found that political trust mediated the relationship between personal economic satisfaction and socioeconomic threat perception. According to this result, it can be said that less satisfaction with personal economic conditions led to less political trust, which then resulted in greater socioeconomic threat perception toward refugees. The results were discussed in the light of previous findings, Integrated Threat Theory, Realistic Group Threat Theory, and System Justification Theory. Lastly, limitations and suggestions for future research were evaluated in the discussion part of the study.

Keywords

Integrated Threat Theory, socioeconomic threat, personal economic satisfaction, political trust, host community, refugees

References

• Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday.Ariely, G. (2013). Public administration and citizen satisfaction with democracy: Cross-national evidence. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 79(4), 747–766.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
• Blalock, H. M. (1967). Towards a theory of minority-group relations. New York: Wiley.Easton, D. (1957). An approach to the analysis of political systems. World Politics, 9(3), 383–400.
• Erçetin, C. (2016). Syrian refugees in tent cities and urban centers in Turkey: Their housing, livelihood, culture, informal economy and social-physical infrastructure. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 6(1), 155–173.
• Erdoğan, M. (2014). Syrians in Turkey: Social acceptance and integration research. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/46184
• Filkins, R., Allen, J. C., & Cordes, S. (2000). Predicting community satisfaction among rural residents: An integrative model. Rural Sociology, 65, 72–86.
• Fritsche, I., Moya, M., Bukowski, M., Jugert, P., De Lemus, S., Decker, O., Valor-Segura, I., & Navarro-Carrillo, G. (2017). The Great Recession and group-based control: Converting personal helplessness into social class ingroup trust and collective action. Journal of Social Issues,73(1),117–137.
• Girgin, S. Z. S., & Cebeci, G. T. (2017). The effects of an immigration policy on the economic integration of migrants and on natives’ attitudes: The case of Syrian refugees in Turkey. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(4), 1065–1071.
• Gorodzeisky, A. (2013). Mechanisms of exclusion: Attitudes toward allocation of social rights to out-group population. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(5), 795–817.
• Grönlund, K., & Setälä, M. (2007). Political trust, satisfaction and voter turnout. Comparative European Politics, 5, 400–422.
• Hacaoğlu, S. (2018). A flood of refugees’ tests Turkey’s tolerance. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-12/an-endless-flood-of-syrian-refugees-tests-turkey-s-tolerance
• Harding, J. F., & Sibley, C. G. (2013). The palliative function of system justification: Concurrent benefits versus longer-term costs to wellbeing. Social Indicator Research, 113(1), 410–418.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
• Hochman, O. (2015). Infiltrators or asylum seekers? Framing and attitudes toward asylum seekers in Israel. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13(4), 358–378. International Crisis Group (2018). Turkey’s Syrian refugees: Defusing urban tensions. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey/248-turkeys-syrian-refugees-defusing-urban-tensions
• Janmohamed, S. (2018). M nesli yeni müslüman gençlik. Kaknüs Yayınları.
• Jeannet, A. M. (2013). Immigration and the erosion of political trust: The moderating role of institutional factors in an enlarged Europe. The Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Political Science Association (MPSA) in Chicago, IL., April 13.
• Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27.
• Kamiejski, R., De Oliveira, P., & Guimond, S. (2012). Ethnic and religious conflicts in France. In Landis, D. and Albert, R. (Eds.), Handbook of ethnic conflict: International perspectives (pp. 483–506). New York, NY, USA: Springer.
• Kampen, J. K., Maddens, B., & Vermunt, J. (2003). Trust and satisfaction: A case-study of the Micro-Performance Theory. In Salminen, A. (Ed.), Governing Networks: EGPA Yearbook (pp. 319–326). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
• Kampen, J., Van De Walle, S., & Bouckaert, G. (2006). Assessing the relation between satisfaction with public service delivery and trust in government: The impact of the predisposition of citizens toward government on evaluations of its performance. Public Performance and Management Review, 29(4), 387–404.
• Köse, A. M., Sunata, U., & Deniz, E. (2018). Relationships of social dominance orientation and empathy with perception of Syrian refugees as threat: Structural equation modeling with the examples of Çankaya and Altındağ. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 40(2), 283–314.
• Lawrence, D. F. (2011). Immigration attitudes in Latin America: Culture, economics, and the Catholic Church. The Latin Americanist, 55, 143–170.
• LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
• Li, L. (2011). The object and substance of trust in central leaders: Preliminary evidence from a pilot survey. The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Seattle, USA, September 1–4.
• Mason, D. S., Kluegel, J. R., & Khakhulina, L. A. (2000). Marketing democracy: Changing opinion about inequality and politics in East Central Europe. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
• Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964–1970. The American Political Science Review, 68(3), pp. 951–972.
• Muñoz, J., Torcal, M., & Bonet, E. (2011). Institutional trust and multilevel government in the European Union: Congruence or compensation? European Union Politics, 12(4), 551–574.
• Navruz, M., & Çukurçayır, M. A. (2015). Factors affecting changes in perceptions of Turkish people towards Syrian refugees. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 75–84.
• Norris, P. (1999). Introduction: The growth of critical citizens? In Norris, P. (Ed.), Critical Citizens (pp. 1–27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994. The assessment of reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248–292.Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.
• Preacher, K. J., & Leonardelli, G. J. (2001). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. Retrieved from http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm
• Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353.
• Saad, S., & Salman, A. (2013). The role of values and political participation. Asian Social Science, 9(8), 9–16.
• Schnrider, I. (2016). Can we trust measures of political trust? Assessing measurement equivalence in diverse regime types. Social Indicators Research, 133(3), 963–984.
• Schulenberg, S. E., Schnetzer, L. W., & Buchanan, E. M. (2011). The purpose in life test-short form: Development and psychometric support. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 12(5), 861–876.
• Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.
• Stephan, W., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An Integrated Theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). New York: Psychology Press.
• Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
• Topal, M. H., Özer, U., & Dokuzlu, E. (2017). Public perception of Syrian refugees in Turkey: An empirical explanation using extended Integrative Threat Theory. Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje, 38(3), 35–58.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Government of Turkey (November 27, 2019). Situation Syria regional refugee response. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria
• Van Ryzin, G. G., Muzzio, D., & Immerwahr, S. (2004). Drivers and consequences of citizen satisfaction: An application of the American Customer Satisfaction Index model to New York City. Public Administration Review, 64(3), 331–341.
• Wang, Z. (2005). Before emergence of critical citizens: Economic development and political trust in China. International Review of Sociology, 15(1), 155–71.Wizsight Research (2017). A guide to understand A+ conservatives. Marketing Türkiye, 334, 70–74.
• Wong, T. K., Wan, P., & Michael Hsiao, H. H. (2011). The bases of political trust in six Asian societies: Institutional and cultural explanations compared. International Political Science Review, 32(3), 263–281.
• Yitmen, Ş., & Verkuyten, M. (2018). Positive and negative behavioural intentions towards refugees in Turkey: The roles of national identification, threat, and humanitarian concern. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 28(4), 230–243.
• Zhong, Y. (2014). Do Chinese people trust their local government, and why? Problems of Post-Communism, 61(3), 31–44.