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Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler

Year 2022, Issue: 82, 53 - 92, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; uluslararası kuruluşların, dünyada yaşanan demografik değişim sürecinde, yaşlı işgücüne yönelik istihdam politikalarını incelemektir. Bu amaçla özellikle yaşlanmanın etkilerinin yoğun bir şekilde hissedildiği gelişmiş bazı ülkelerdeki yaşlı istihdamına yönelik alınan önlemlerin ne olduğu araştırılmıştır. Bu çerçevede 1950-2050 yılları arasında dünya ve gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre bölgelerin nüfus yapısındaki değişimler incelenmiş, bu değişimlerin ekonomik şartlar ve yaşlanma nedeniyle sosyal güvenlik sistemi üzerindeki etkilerinden hareketle uluslararası kuruluşların yaşlanan nüfus sorununu çözebilmek amacıyla geliştirdikleri önerilerinden bahsedilmiştir. Uluslararası kuruluşların politika belgelerinde ön plana çıkan üç politika ekseni çerçevesinde iyi uygulama örneği teşkil edebilecek örnekler sunulmuştur. Bu politika eksenleri; ‘yaşlı işçilerin istihdam edilebilirliğin artırılması’, ‘istihdamda uzun kalmayı ve geç emekliliği ödüllendirme’, ‘işverenleri yaşlı işçileri istihdam etme yönünde teşvik etme’ olarak ifade edilebilir. Sonuç olarak yaşlı istihdamına yönelik politikaların uygulanabilmesi için yaşlı istihdamını destekleyen tüm adımların başta devlet olmak üzere tüm sosyal tarafların işbirliği içinde atılmasının önemli bir husus olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

References

  • AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BAKANLIĞI. Sosyal, Bölgesel ve Yenilikçi Politikalar Başkanlığı. (2017), Avrupa 2020 Akıllı, Sürdürülebilir Ve Kapsayıcı Büyüme Stratejisine İlişkin Bilgi Notu, https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/resimler/Avrupa%202020%20Stratejisi.pdf
  • Beken, H. G. (2020). 21. Yüzyılda (Evrensel) Temel Gelir Tartışmaları. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 42 (2) , 180-201 . DOI: 10.14780/muiibd.854291
  • Burtless, G. (2008). “Preparing the Labor Market for an Aging Population: Designing Public Policy to Increase Labor Force Participation,” in Robert Holzmann, Landis MacKellar, and Janam Repaňsek (eds.), Pension Reform in Southeastern Europe: Linking to Labor and Financial Market Reforms (Washington: The World Bank, 2008).
  • VILLOSIO, C., PİERRO, D. D, GIORDANENGO, A., PASQUA, P. & RICHIARDI, M. (2008). “Working Conditions of an Ageing Workforce”, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Luxemburg, https:// www.hospeem.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/working_conditions_ageing_WF_May08.pdf.
  • DRURY, E. (2004) .Age Dicrimination Against Older Workers in the European Union, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, No. 73.
  • Erol, S. I. (2016). Küresel Bir Sorun Olarak Demografik Dönüşüm: Nedenleri, Etkileri ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, Sayı 37, s. 75-123.
  • European Commission Social Protection Committee (2007). Promoting longer working lives through pension reforms. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=752&langId=en&moreDocuments=yes
  • European Commission. (2010). European Year for Active Ageing 2012 Questions & Answers. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=5702&langId=en.
  • EUROFOUND. (2021). European Working Conditions Surveys (EWCS). https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/european-working-conditions-surveys-ewcs
  • EU-OSHA, CEDEFOP, EUROFOUND & EIGE. (2017), Joint report on Towards age-friendly work in Europe: a life-course perspective on work and ageing from EU Agencies. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • FODEN, D. (2006). Exit Options: Phased and Early Retirement in Europe, Foundation Focus, Issue. EUROFOUND: Irland.
  • GÖKBAYRAK, Ş. (2010). Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları. Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • GÜNDÜZ, G. S. (2007). Sosyal İçerme Politikalarının Uygulanmasında Kamu İstihdam Kurumlarının Rolü. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Türkiye İş Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • ILO. (1933). Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention. http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/applis/applbyCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=0020&hdroff=1.
  • ILO. (1980). R162 Older Workers Recommendation. http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgilex/convde.pl?R162.
  • ILO. (2003). Social Dialogue and Ageing in EU Accession Countries Germany/Japan/ILO. High-level Subregional Conference, Budapest, 25-26 November 2002, Conference report, Hungary: ILO.
  • ILO. (2022). An inclusive society for an ageing population : the employment and social protection challenge. Paper contributed by the ILO to the Second World Assembly on Ageing: Madrid, 8-12 April 2002, www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/older/download/engage.pdf
  • ILO. (2020). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020. Geneva: ILO, 2020.
  • Kalwij, A., Kapteyn, A. & Vos, K. (2010). Retirement of Older Workers and Employment of the Young. De Economist, 158, 341–359 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-010-9148-z
  • KARAALİ, G. B. (2017). Türkiye’de Yaşlı Refahına İlişkin Uygulamaların Aktif Yaşlanma Kavramı Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2017.
  • LATULIPPE, D. & TURNER, J. (200). Partial Retirement and Pension Policy in Industrialized Countries. International Labour Review, 2000, 139(2), s. 179-195.
  • LESTHAEGHE, R. (2000). Europe’s Demographic Issues: Fertility, Household Formation and Replacement Migration. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Policy Responses to Population Ageing and Population Decline, 16-18 October 2000, United Nations.
  • MANDL, I. Vd. (2018). Labour Market Change State Initiatives Supporting The Labour Market Integration Of Older Workers, Eurofound.
  • MARTIN, J. P. (2005). Ageing and Employment Polıcies Some Key Questions. High-Level Policy Forum on Ageing and Employment Policies, Brussels. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/27/35532076.pdf.
  • OECD. (2006). Live Longer, Work Longer. http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/8106021E.PDF.
  • OECD. (2011). Pensions at a Glance 2011: Retirement-income Systems in OECD and G20 Countries. France: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/pension_glance-2011-en
  • OECD. (2019). Working Better with Age, Ageing and Employment Policies. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c4d4f66a-en.
  • OECD. (2021). Pensions at a Glance 2021: OECD and G20 Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ca401ebd-en.
  • ORHON, Ö. (2007). Demografik Yapıda Görülen Değişimlerin Çalışma Hayatına Etkileri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • PETERSON, P. G. (1999). Gray Dawn: The Global Aging Crisis. Foreign Affairs, V 78, N 1.
  • REDAY-MULVEY, G. & DELSEN, L. (1996). Gradual Retirement in the OECD Countries, a Summary of the Main Results. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 21, No. 81, s. 502-523.
  • SAMORODOV, A. (1999). Ageing and labour markets for older workers. Employment and Training Papers 33, Employment and Training Department, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • TAQI, A. (2002). Older People, Work and Equal Opportunity. International Social Security Review, Vol. 55, 1/2002, s.107-120.
  • TÜİK. (2020). İşgücü İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti. Yayın no: 4584, Mayıs 2020, Ankara.
  • United Nations General Assembly. (14 December 1973). Question of the elderly and the aged. A/RES/3137, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/28/ares28.htm.
  • United Nations. (1983). Vienna International Plan of Action On Aging. United Nations: New York, , http://www.un.org/es/globalissues/ageing/docs/vipaa.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2002). Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing Madrid, 8-12 April 2002. UN: New York, 2002, http://www.c-fam.org/docLib/20080625_Madrid_Ageing_Conference.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2007). World Economic and Social Survey 2007-Development in an Ageing World. New York: United Nations. United Nations. (2008). Guide to the National Implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. United Nations: New York. http://www.un.org/ageing/documents/papers/guide.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2019a). Population Division World Population Prospects 2019. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • United Nations. (2019b). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (ST/ESA/SER.A/430).
  • United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/events/olderpersonsday/ (Erişim: 14.10.2021).
  • WALKER, A. (1990). The Economic ‘Burden’ of Ageing and the Prospect of Intergenerational Conflict. Ageing and Society, 1990, 10, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=264822.
  • World Health Organization. (2004). The World Health Report: 2004: Changing History. WHO: Geneva,
  • ZELENEV, S. (2008). The Madrid Plan: A Comprehensive Agenda for an Ageing World, Regional Dimensions of the Ageing Situation, New York: UN.

International Institutions’ Employment Policies Regarding Elderly Labor: An Analysis of Certain Countries

Year 2022, Issue: 82, 53 - 92, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the employment policies of international organizations regarding the elderly workforce along the axis of the global demographic transition process. For this purpose, the study investigates the measures taken toward elderly employment in certain developed countries where the effects of aging have been felt intensely for a long time. In this context, the study first examines the changes in regional population structures with respect to the world and development levels between the years 1950-2050 and then discusses the proposals international organizations have developed regarding the aging population issue based on the effects these changes have had on economy and social security, which are heavily affected by aging. Afterward, the study looks at examples of good practices within the framework of three policy axes that came to the fore in the policy documents of these organizations that have increased the employability of older workers: rewarding long stays in employment, late retirement, and encouraging employers to employ older workers. As a result, taking all the steps that support elderly employment in cooperation with all social parties, especially the state, employers, and workers, is considered an important issue for implementing policies on elderly employment.

References

  • AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BAKANLIĞI. Sosyal, Bölgesel ve Yenilikçi Politikalar Başkanlığı. (2017), Avrupa 2020 Akıllı, Sürdürülebilir Ve Kapsayıcı Büyüme Stratejisine İlişkin Bilgi Notu, https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/resimler/Avrupa%202020%20Stratejisi.pdf
  • Beken, H. G. (2020). 21. Yüzyılda (Evrensel) Temel Gelir Tartışmaları. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 42 (2) , 180-201 . DOI: 10.14780/muiibd.854291
  • Burtless, G. (2008). “Preparing the Labor Market for an Aging Population: Designing Public Policy to Increase Labor Force Participation,” in Robert Holzmann, Landis MacKellar, and Janam Repaňsek (eds.), Pension Reform in Southeastern Europe: Linking to Labor and Financial Market Reforms (Washington: The World Bank, 2008).
  • VILLOSIO, C., PİERRO, D. D, GIORDANENGO, A., PASQUA, P. & RICHIARDI, M. (2008). “Working Conditions of an Ageing Workforce”, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Luxemburg, https:// www.hospeem.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/working_conditions_ageing_WF_May08.pdf.
  • DRURY, E. (2004) .Age Dicrimination Against Older Workers in the European Union, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, No. 73.
  • Erol, S. I. (2016). Küresel Bir Sorun Olarak Demografik Dönüşüm: Nedenleri, Etkileri ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, Sayı 37, s. 75-123.
  • European Commission Social Protection Committee (2007). Promoting longer working lives through pension reforms. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=752&langId=en&moreDocuments=yes
  • European Commission. (2010). European Year for Active Ageing 2012 Questions & Answers. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=5702&langId=en.
  • EUROFOUND. (2021). European Working Conditions Surveys (EWCS). https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/european-working-conditions-surveys-ewcs
  • EU-OSHA, CEDEFOP, EUROFOUND & EIGE. (2017), Joint report on Towards age-friendly work in Europe: a life-course perspective on work and ageing from EU Agencies. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • FODEN, D. (2006). Exit Options: Phased and Early Retirement in Europe, Foundation Focus, Issue. EUROFOUND: Irland.
  • GÖKBAYRAK, Ş. (2010). Refah Devletinin Dönüşümü ve Özel Emeklilik Programları. Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • GÜNDÜZ, G. S. (2007). Sosyal İçerme Politikalarının Uygulanmasında Kamu İstihdam Kurumlarının Rolü. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Türkiye İş Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • ILO. (1933). Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention. http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/applis/applbyCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=0020&hdroff=1.
  • ILO. (1980). R162 Older Workers Recommendation. http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgilex/convde.pl?R162.
  • ILO. (2003). Social Dialogue and Ageing in EU Accession Countries Germany/Japan/ILO. High-level Subregional Conference, Budapest, 25-26 November 2002, Conference report, Hungary: ILO.
  • ILO. (2022). An inclusive society for an ageing population : the employment and social protection challenge. Paper contributed by the ILO to the Second World Assembly on Ageing: Madrid, 8-12 April 2002, www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/older/download/engage.pdf
  • ILO. (2020). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020. Geneva: ILO, 2020.
  • Kalwij, A., Kapteyn, A. & Vos, K. (2010). Retirement of Older Workers and Employment of the Young. De Economist, 158, 341–359 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-010-9148-z
  • KARAALİ, G. B. (2017). Türkiye’de Yaşlı Refahına İlişkin Uygulamaların Aktif Yaşlanma Kavramı Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2017.
  • LATULIPPE, D. & TURNER, J. (200). Partial Retirement and Pension Policy in Industrialized Countries. International Labour Review, 2000, 139(2), s. 179-195.
  • LESTHAEGHE, R. (2000). Europe’s Demographic Issues: Fertility, Household Formation and Replacement Migration. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Policy Responses to Population Ageing and Population Decline, 16-18 October 2000, United Nations.
  • MANDL, I. Vd. (2018). Labour Market Change State Initiatives Supporting The Labour Market Integration Of Older Workers, Eurofound.
  • MARTIN, J. P. (2005). Ageing and Employment Polıcies Some Key Questions. High-Level Policy Forum on Ageing and Employment Policies, Brussels. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/27/35532076.pdf.
  • OECD. (2006). Live Longer, Work Longer. http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/8106021E.PDF.
  • OECD. (2011). Pensions at a Glance 2011: Retirement-income Systems in OECD and G20 Countries. France: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/pension_glance-2011-en
  • OECD. (2019). Working Better with Age, Ageing and Employment Policies. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c4d4f66a-en.
  • OECD. (2021). Pensions at a Glance 2021: OECD and G20 Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ca401ebd-en.
  • ORHON, Ö. (2007). Demografik Yapıda Görülen Değişimlerin Çalışma Hayatına Etkileri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • PETERSON, P. G. (1999). Gray Dawn: The Global Aging Crisis. Foreign Affairs, V 78, N 1.
  • REDAY-MULVEY, G. & DELSEN, L. (1996). Gradual Retirement in the OECD Countries, a Summary of the Main Results. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 21, No. 81, s. 502-523.
  • SAMORODOV, A. (1999). Ageing and labour markets for older workers. Employment and Training Papers 33, Employment and Training Department, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • TAQI, A. (2002). Older People, Work and Equal Opportunity. International Social Security Review, Vol. 55, 1/2002, s.107-120.
  • TÜİK. (2020). İşgücü İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti. Yayın no: 4584, Mayıs 2020, Ankara.
  • United Nations General Assembly. (14 December 1973). Question of the elderly and the aged. A/RES/3137, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/28/ares28.htm.
  • United Nations. (1983). Vienna International Plan of Action On Aging. United Nations: New York, , http://www.un.org/es/globalissues/ageing/docs/vipaa.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2002). Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing Madrid, 8-12 April 2002. UN: New York, 2002, http://www.c-fam.org/docLib/20080625_Madrid_Ageing_Conference.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2007). World Economic and Social Survey 2007-Development in an Ageing World. New York: United Nations. United Nations. (2008). Guide to the National Implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. United Nations: New York. http://www.un.org/ageing/documents/papers/guide.pdf.
  • United Nations. (2019a). Population Division World Population Prospects 2019. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • United Nations. (2019b). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (ST/ESA/SER.A/430).
  • United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/events/olderpersonsday/ (Erişim: 14.10.2021).
  • WALKER, A. (1990). The Economic ‘Burden’ of Ageing and the Prospect of Intergenerational Conflict. Ageing and Society, 1990, 10, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=264822.
  • World Health Organization. (2004). The World Health Report: 2004: Changing History. WHO: Geneva,
  • ZELENEV, S. (2008). The Madrid Plan: A Comprehensive Agenda for an Ageing World, Regional Dimensions of the Ageing Situation, New York: UN.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Merve Okan 0000-0003-4575-8352

Erdem Cam 0000-0003-2097-2491

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 82

Cite

APA Okan, M., & Cam, E. (2022). Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(82), 53-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859
AMA Okan M, Cam E. Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. June 2022;(82):53-92. doi:10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859
Chicago Okan, Merve, and Erdem Cam. “Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 82 (June 2022): 53-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859.
EndNote Okan M, Cam E (June 1, 2022) Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 82 53–92.
IEEE M. Okan and E. Cam, “Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 82, pp. 53–92, June 2022, doi: 10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859.
ISNAD Okan, Merve - Cam, Erdem. “Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 82 (June 2022), 53-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859.
JAMA Okan M, Cam E. Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2022;:53–92.
MLA Okan, Merve and Erdem Cam. “Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 82, 2022, pp. 53-92, doi:10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1089859.
Vancouver Okan M, Cam E. Uluslararası Kuruluşların Yaşlı İşgücüne Yönelik İstihdam Politikaları Ve Bazı Ülkelere Yönelik İncelemeler. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2022(82):53-92.