Avrupa’da Yaşlanma, Aktif Yaşlanma ve Kuşaklar Arası Çatışma İlişkisine COVID-19 Güncellemesi

Year 2022, Issue: 83, 225 - 247, 30.12.2022

Burcu Çağla Ayabakan

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.83.1108372

Abstract

Bilimsel ve politik tartışmalarda yaşlanma, yaşlı ve genç nesil arasında çatışmaya yol açan ve engellenemez bir durum olarak algılanmaktadır. Özellikle son 10 yılda Avrupa’da, yaşlıların büyük ölçüde gençler sayesinde iyi durumda olduğuna yönelik, nesiller arası çatışmayı arttıran bir eğilim belirginleşmiştir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa’da kuşaklar arası çatışmaya yönelik göstergeleri; kuşaklar arası çatışma ile yaşlanma ve kuşaklar arası çatışma ile aktif yaşlanma politikaları arasındaki ilişkiyi ve son olarak, COVID-19’un kuşaklar arası çatışmanın boyutuna etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla, “Avrupa’da genç ve yaşlı kuşağın çıkarları arasında bir çatışma var mı?”, “Nüfusun yaşlanmasıyla çatışma artar mı?”, “Aktif yaşlanma politikaları çatışmayı yumuşatabilir mi?”, “COVID-19 Avrupa’da kuşaklar arası çatışmayı arttırdı mı?” sorularına cevap aramaktadır. Literatürden kanıtlar, Avrupa’da kuşaklar arası bir çatışmanın var olduğunu ve yaşlıların aktif olarak hayata katıldıklarında ve toplumda görünür olduklarında kuşaklar arası çatışmanın daha zayıf olacağını göstermektedir. Pandemi ise yaşlı ve genç nesiller arasındaki çıkar çatışmasını arttırmış ve görünür kılmıştır. Çalışma, literatürde hem teorik olarak hem de çeşitli araştırmalarla incelenen kuşaklar arası çatışma ve yaşlanma ilişkisine COVID-19 perspektifi getirmekte, bu bakımdan mevcut tartışmaları bir adım öteye taşımaktadır. 

Keywords

Kuşaklar arası çatışma, Aktif yaşlanma, Yaşlanma

COVID-19 Update on Its Relationship to Aging, Active Aging, and Intergenerational Conflict in Europe

Abstract

Scientific and political debates perceive aging as an unavoidable situation that leads to conflict between older and younger generations. The last 10 years in particular have seen a clear trend in Europe with older people doing well largely due to the younger generation, and this has increased the intergenerational conflict. This study examines the indicators for intergenerational conflict in Europe in order to assess the relationships between intergenerational conflict and aging and between intergenerational conflict and active aging policies. Lastly, the article seeks answers to questions such as “Does conflict exist between the interests of the younger and older generations in Europe?”, “Does conflict increase as populations age?”, “Can active aging policies moderate conflict?”, and “Has COVID-19 increased intergenerational conflict in Europe?” with regard to the impact COVID-19 has had in terms of the extent of the intergenerational conflict. Evidence from the literature indicates that an intergenerational conflict exists in Europe and that this intergenerational conflict weakens as older people become more actively involved in life and visible in society. On the other hand, the pandemic has increased the presence and visibility of the conflict of interests between the old and young generations. This article brings the perspective of COVID-19 to the relationship between intergenerational conflict and aging, which has been examined theoretically through various studies in the literature, and takes the current discussions one step further in this respect.

Keywords

Intergenerational conflict, active aging, aging, COVID-19, Kuşaklar arası çatışma, Aktif yaşlanma, Yaşlanma

References

• Allmendinger, J., & Leibfried, S. (2003). Education and the welfare state: The four worlds of competence production. Journal of European Social Policy,13(1), 63–81.
• Becker, G.S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,.
• Blanchflower, D. & Bell, D. (22 Mayıs 2020). We must act now to shield young people from the economic scarring of Covid-19. Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/22/we-must-act-now-toshield-young-people-from the-economic-scarring-of-covid-19.
• Boudiny, K. & Mortelmans, D. (2011). A critical perspective: Towards a broader understanding of ‘active ageing’, E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 7, 8–14.
• Busemeyer, M.R., Goerres, A. & Weschle, S. (2009). Attitudes towards redistributive spending in an era of demographic ageing: The rival pressures from age and income in 14 OECD countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 19 (3), 195-212.
• Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. & Stokes, D. E. (1980). The american voter. University of Chicago Press.
• Commission Communication (2006). The demographic furtuer of Europe – From challenge to opportunity. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.
• Del Barrio E., Marsillas, S., Buffel, T, Smetcoren, A. S. & Sancho, M. (2018). From active aging to active citizenship: The role of (age) friendliness. Social Sciences, 7(8), 134.
• Dyk, S. van (2014). The appraisal of difference: Critical gerontology and the active-ageing-paradigm. Journal of Aging Studies, 31, 93–103,.
• Eurostat(2021).Populationstructureandageing.Erişimadresi: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing.
• Flora, Peter. & Heidenheimer, Arnold. J. (1981). The historical core and changing boundaries of the welfare state. In P. Flora ve A. J. Heidenheimer (Eds.), The development of welfare states in Europe and America. New Jersey: The State University.
• Foster, L & Walker, A (2021). Active ageing across the life course: Towards a comprehensive approach to prevention. BioMed Research International. Gandhi, R. & Patel, A. (2020). What if two COVID-19 victims need ventilators and just one is available? Health care providers need a well-organized response grounded in science and ethics as the U.S. responds to the pandemic. Scientific American.
• Goerres A & Tepe M (2010). Age-based self-interest, intergenerational solidarity and the welfare state: A comparative analysis of older people’s attitudes towards public childcare in 12 OECD countries. European Journal of Political Research, 49(6): 818–851.
• Grob, U. & Wolter, S.C. ( 2007). Demographic change and public education spending: A conflict between young and old?. Education Economics, 15(3): 277-92.
• Hagestad, G.O. & Uhlenberg, P.(2005). The social separation of old and young: A root of ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 343–360.
• Havighurst, R. J. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1, 8–13.
• Hocker, J.L. & Wilmot, W.W. (1991). Interpersonal conflict. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
• Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, 22(1), 127-156.
• Kinsella, K. & Phillips, David R. (2005). Global aging: The challenge of success. Population Bulletin, 60(1), 1-44.
• Lain, D. (2016). Reconstructing retirement. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Levy, B.R. (2009). Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to aging. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 18, 332–336.
• Lorenzo-López, L., Maseda, A., de Labra, C., Regueiro-Folgueira, L., Rodríguez-Villamil, J. L. & Millán- Calenti, J.C. (2017). Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr, 17, 108.
• Moody, H. R. (2006). Aging: Concepts and controversies. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
• Pickard, L. (2019). Age war as the new class war? Contemporary representations of intergenerational inequity. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 369–386.
• Preston, S. H. (1984). Children and the elderly: Divergent paths for America’s dependents. Demography, 21(4), 435-457.
• Rhodebeck, Laurie A. (1993). The politics of greed? Political preferences among the elderly. Journal of Politics, 55, 342–64.
• Timonen, V. (2016). Beyond successful and active ageing: A theory of model ageing. Bristol: Policy Press.
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables.
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights.
• Willetts, D. (2010). The Pinch: How the baby boomers took their children's future-and why they should give it back. Atlantic Books Ltd.
• World Health Organization (‎2002)‎. Active ageing: A policy framework. World Health Organization. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/6721.5
• Zaidi, A., & Stanton, D. (2015). Active Ageing Index: 2014: Analytical Report. Brussels: UNECE and European Commission Directorate General for Employment. Social Affairs and Inclusion.