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Urartu Ordusu Savaş Meydanında: Strateji ve Taktikler

Year 2025, Issue: 85, 1 - 24, 13.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496808

Abstract

Demir Çağı’nda Doğu Anadolu’da kurulan Urartular, Anadolu tarihini şekillendiren en önemli devletlerden biridir. Bölgedeki krallıklara ve şehirlere hükmederek çevrenin en güçlü devleti haline gelmişlerdir. Zorlu coğrafyaya, isyana meyilli vasallara ve bölgeyi sürekli baskı altında tutmaya çalışan Asur imparatorluğuna rağmen böylesine büyük güce sahip bir devlet kurmayı ve sürdürmeyi başarmışlardır. Bu çalışmanın temel sorusu Urartuların hangi savaş yöntemleri, strateji ve taktikleri kullanarak bunu başardıklarıdır.

References

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  • Saggs, Henry W. F., “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period”, Iraq, XXV/2 (1963), p. 145-54. google scholar
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  • Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. J. M. Dent, E. P. Dutton, New York 1910. google scholar
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The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics

Year 2025, Issue: 85, 1 - 24, 13.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496808

Abstract

The Urartians, founded in Eastern Anatolia during the Iron Age, are one of the most important states that shaped the history of Anatolia. They became the most powerful state in the peripheral region by dominating the kingdoms and cities. Despite challenging geography, rebellious vassals, and constant pressure from the Assyrian empire, the Urartians were able to establish and sustain a state of great power. This study explores the methods of warfare, strategy, and tactics the Urartians used to achieve their success.

References

  • Alp, Sedat, Hitit Çağında Anadolu: Çiviyazılı ve Hiyeroglif Yazılı Kaynaklar, Tübitak, Ankara 2000. google scholar
  • Anisimov, V., Y., Anisimov, “Some Problems of Command and Control of Missile Forces and Artillery”, Military Thought, LI (1997), p. 50-59. google scholar
  • Arrian, Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica, trans. Martin Hammond, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013. google scholar
  • Baugh, Sue, “Proxy War, Armed Conflict, Britannica”, Encyclop&dia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/proxy-war. google scholar
  • Bradford, Alfred S., War: Antiquity and its Legacy, Greenwood, Westport 2015. google scholar
  • Bryce, Trevor, The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012. google scholar
  • Cambridge Dictionary, “Pitched Battle”, @CambridgeWords, 27.03.2024, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ dictionary/english/pitched-battle. google scholar
  • Çilingiroğlu, Altan, Urartu Tarihi, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir 1994. google scholar
  • “CUT (Corpus of Urartian Texts)”, Upenn.edu, 2024, https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/pager/. google scholar
  • Dezsö, Tamas, “The Battle of Mount Waush, 714 BC - Like a Furious Arrow”, Ancient Warfare, XIV/6 (2021), p. 26-35. google scholar
  • __________, The Assyrian Army I, Budapest Eötvös University Press, Budapest 2012. google scholar
  • __________, The Assyrian Army III, Elte Eötvös University Press, Budapest 2022. google scholar
  • Erdkamp, Paul, “Polybius, Livy and the Fabian Strategy”, Ancient Society, XXXIII (1992), p. 127-47. google scholar
  • Fagan, Garrett, “I Fell upon Him like a Furious Arrow”: Toward a Reconstruction of the Assyrian Tactical System”, New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, ed. Garrett Fagan, Matthew Trundle, Brill, Leiden 2010, p. 81-100. google scholar
  • Fuchs, Andreas, “Assyria and the East: Western Iran and Elam”, A Companion to Assyria, ed. Eckart Frahm, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2017, p. 259-67. google scholar
  • George, Andrew, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin Books, London 2000. google scholar
  • Grayson, Albert Kirk, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods II (RIMA), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2002. google scholar
  • ———, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods III (RIMA), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2002. google scholar
  • Hart, B. H. Liddell, Strategy: The Indirect Approach, Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2012. google scholar
  • Hawkins, John David, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, W. De Gruyter, New York 2000. google scholar
  • Herodotus, The Persian Wars, ed. A Godley, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1994. google scholar
  • Hoffner, Harry, “Proclamation of Anitta of Kussar”, The Context of Scripture., ed. William Wolfgang Hallo, Brill, Leiden 2003, p. 182-84. google scholar
  • Keegan, John, A History of Warfare, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1993. google scholar
  • Kılıç, Murat, Anadolu’da Savaş Stratejileri, Doruk, İstabul 2023. google scholar
  • ———, “Hannibal’in Savaş Taktiklerine Genel Bir Bakış”, Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3/5 (2018), p. 25-60. google scholar
  • King, Leonard William, D. Litt, Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalmaneser, King of Assyria, B.C. 860-825, Order of The Trustees, London 1915. google scholar
  • Kitchen, K. A., “The Battle of Qadesh - The Poem, Or Literary Record”, The Context of Scripture., ed. William Wolfgang Hallo, Brill, Leiden, 2003, p. 32-38. google scholar
  • Konijnendijk, Roel, “Playing Dice for the Polis: Pitched Battle in Greek Military Thought”, TAPA, CLI/1 (2021), p. 1-33. google scholar
  • Köroğlu, Kemalettin, “Conflict and Interaction in the Iron Age: The Origins of Urartian-Assyrian Relations”, European Journal of Archaeology, XVIII/1 (2015), p. 111-127. google scholar
  • Lancel, Serge, Hannibal, trans. Antonia Nevill, Blackwell, Massachusetts 1999. google scholar
  • Lazenby, J F, Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1998. google scholar
  • Lipinski, Edward, The Aramaeans: Their AncientHistory, Culture, Religion, Peeters, Leuven; Sterling 2000. google scholar
  • Livy, Hannibal’s War, ed. Dexter Hoyos, OUP Oxford, New York 2009. google scholar
  • Livy Titus, Hannibal’s War, trans. John Yardley, B. D. Hoyos, Oxford University Press, New York 2006. google scholar
  • Luckenbill, Daniel David, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (ARAB), Chicago University Press, Chicago 1927. google scholar
  • Malik, J. Mohan, “The Evolution of Strategic Thoughts”, Contemporary Security and Strategy, ed. Craig A. Syder, Routlegde 1999, p. 13-52. google scholar
  • Miller, Jared L, Royal Hittite Instructions and Related Administrative Texts, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2013. google scholar
  • Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo, Reign of Arrows: The Rise of The Parthian Empire in The Hellenistic Middle East, Oxford University Press, New York 2020. google scholar
  • Parker, Geoffrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare, Cambridge University Press, New York 2022. google scholar
  • Payne, Margaret, Urartu Çiviyazılı Belgeler Katalogu, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2006. google scholar
  • Polybius, The General History of Polybius, trans. M Hampton, W. Baxter, J. Parker; London, Oxford 1823. google scholar
  • ———, The Histories of Polybius, trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012. google scholar
  • Radner, Karen, “Between A Rock and a Hard Place: Muşaşir, Kumme, Ukku and Subria - the buffer states between Assyria and Urartu”, Biainili-Urartu: The Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Munich 12-14 October 2007 = Tagungsbericht desMünchner Symposiums 12.-14. Oktober 2007, ed. U. Hellwag vd., Peeters, Leuven 2012, p. 243-64. google scholar
  • Reilly, Henry J., “Blitzkrieg”, Foreign Affairs, XVIII/2 (1940), p. 254-265. google scholar
  • “RINAP”, Upenn.edu, 2024, https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/corpus. google scholar
  • Rosenberger, Veit, “The Gallic Disaster”, The Classical World, XCVI/4 (2003), p. 365-373. google scholar
  • Saggs, Henry W. F., “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period”, Iraq, XXV/2 (1963), p. 145-54. google scholar
  • ———, “The Nimrud Letters Part IV”, Iraq, C. 20, 2 (1958), p. 182-212. google scholar
  • Salvini, Mirjo, Urartu Tarihi ve Kültürü, trans. Belgin Aksoy, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2006. google scholar
  • Schulman, Alan R., “The N'rn at the Battle of Kadesh”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, C. 1 (1962), p. 47-52. google scholar
  • Sun Tzu, The Art of War, Allandale Online Publishing, Leicester 2000. google scholar
  • “The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP)”, oracc.museum.upenn.edu, (20.03.2021), http://oracc.org/rinap/. google scholar
  • Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. J. M. Dent, E. P. Dutton, New York 1910. google scholar
  • Topaloğlu, Yasin, “Erzurum Kalelerinde Kullanılan Kiklopik Duvar Tekniği”, GSED, 31 (2013), p. 195-222. google scholar
  • Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, Legends of the Kings ofAkkade: The Texts, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1997. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, Ercüment, “Carrhae Yenilgisi ve Roma’nın Doğu Politikasına Etkileri”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29 (2013), p. 261-72. google scholar
  • Zimansky, Paul, “Urartu Krallığı ve Topografya”, Urartu: Savas ve Estetik, ed. Filiz Özdem, Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat, İstanbul 2003, p. 75-85. google scholar
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Turkish History (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Süleyman Çiğdem 0000-0003-0076-7052

Murat Kılıç 0000-0002-7646-8596

Publication Date March 13, 2025
Submission Date June 6, 2024
Acceptance Date September 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 85

Cite

APA Çiğdem, S., & Kılıç, M. (2025). The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics. Tarih Dergisi(85), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496808
AMA Çiğdem S, Kılıç M. The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics. Tarih Dergisi. March 2025;(85):1-24. doi:10.26650/iutd.1496808
Chicago Çiğdem, Süleyman, and Murat Kılıç. “The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics”. Tarih Dergisi, no. 85 (March 2025): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496808.
EndNote Çiğdem S, Kılıç M (March 1, 2025) The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics. Tarih Dergisi 85 1–24.
IEEE S. Çiğdem and M. Kılıç, “The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics”, Tarih Dergisi, no. 85, pp. 1–24, March 2025, doi: 10.26650/iutd.1496808.
ISNAD Çiğdem, Süleyman - Kılıç, Murat. “The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics”. Tarih Dergisi 85 (March 2025), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496808.
JAMA Çiğdem S, Kılıç M. The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics. Tarih Dergisi. 2025;:1–24.
MLA Çiğdem, Süleyman and Murat Kılıç. “The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics”. Tarih Dergisi, no. 85, 2025, pp. 1-24, doi:10.26650/iutd.1496808.
Vancouver Çiğdem S, Kılıç M. The Urartian Army on the Battlefield: Strategy and Tactics. Tarih Dergisi. 2025(85):1-24.