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İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması

Year 2011, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 149 - 159, 01.11.2011

Sonay Sağnak N. Yakut Özgür

Abstract

Günümüzde Helicobacter pylori'nin dünya nüfusunun neredeyse yarısını infekte eden bir patojen olması ve gün geçtikçe yayılması, kedi ve köpeklerin insanlar için infeksiyon kaynağı olabileceğini düşündürmekte, bu konuda araştırmalara yönlenmeye gereksinim oluşturmaktadır. bu araştırmada, köpeklerde de insanlardakine benzer infeksiyona neden olabileceği düşünülen H. pylori'nin varlığı köpek dışkı örneklerinde araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla İstanbul'da bulunan toplam 96 adet pet ve sokak köpeğine ait dışkı örnekleri toplanmıştır. Dışkı örnekleri Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ile incelenmiş, Helicobacter DNA'sı saptanan örneklerde H. pylori'de bulunan CagA geninin saptanması amacıyla Restriction Fragmenth Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile H.pylori spesifik bandlar araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada PCR-RFLP ile H. pylori saptanan dışkı örneklerinden bakteriyolojik kültür yapılarak moleküler yöntemler ile kültür tekniği de karşılaştırılmıştır. Helicobacter cins spesifik primerler kullanarak yapılan PCR uygulaması sonucu 96 örneğin 65 (% 67,7) inden elde edilen 375 bp band sonuçlarını takiben HinfI enzim kesimi ile 12 (% 18,46) DNA örneğinde H.pylori spesifik bandlar (196 bp, 119 bp, 60 bp) saptanmıştır. H. pylori DNA'sı saptanan 12 köpeğin dışkı örneğinden yapılan bakteriyolojik inceleme sonucunda ise örneklerin hiçbirinden H. pylori izole edilememiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Köpek, Helicobacter pylori, PCR, RFLP, kültür

Keywords

Köpek Helicobacter pylori PCR RFLP kültür

References

  • Alim, A., 2002. Sivas İl Merkezinde, Semptomatik ve Asemptomatik Yetişkin Bireylerde Helicobacter pylori Seroprevalansı. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 26, 75-80.
  • Altındiş, M., Özdemir, M., 2003. Helicobacter pylori ve Tanısı. The Medical Journal of Kocatepe 2, 1-12.
  • Armstrong, D., 1996. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Dyspepsia. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31, 38-47.
  • Brea, M.L., Alarcon, T., Megraud, F., 1997. Diagnosis in Helicobacter pylori Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 13, 13-19.
  • Buczolits, S., Hirt, R., Busse, H.J., 2003. PCR-based genetic evidence for occurance of Helicobacter pylori and novel Helicobacter species in the canine gastric mucosa, Veterinary Microbiology, 95, 259-270.
  • Camargo, P.L., Alfieri, A.A., Bracarense, A.P.F.R.L., Menoli, R., Spinosa S.R., Hagiwara, M.K., 2003. Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzymatic Cleavage in the Identification of Helicobacter spp. in Gastric Mucosa of Human Beings from North Paraná, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98, 265-268.
  • Cattolia, G., Vugt, van R, Zanonic, R. G., Sanguinetti, V., R. Chiocchetti, M. Gualtieri, C. M. J. E. , Vandenbroucke-Grauls, W., Gaastraa, Kusters, J. G., 1999. Occurrence and characterization of gastric Helicobacter 158 spp. in naturally infected dogs. Veterinary Microbiology 70, 239-250.
  • Clayton, C.L., Kleanthous, H., Coates, P.J., 1992. Sensitivite Detection of Helicobacter pylori by Using Polimerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Clinical MicrobioIogy 30, 192-200.
  • Cutler, A.F., 1996. Testing for Helicobacter pylori in clinical practice. American Journal of Medicine 100, 35-41.
  • Daz-Regan, J. , Alarcn, T., Aznar, E. , Domingo, D., Lopez-Brea, M., 2006.Time-killing of viable Staphylococcus spp. against Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. Acta Physiologica 188, 23.
  • Diker, S., Hazıroğlu, R., Akan, M., Çelik, S., Kabakçı, N., 2002. The prevalance, colonization sites and pathological effects of gastric helicobacters in dogs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 26, 345-351.
  • Dougbeh, C., Welch, A.R., 2004. Development of a noninvasive method for detecting and monitoring the time course of Helicobacter pylori ınfection. Infection and Immunity 72, 5358-5364.
  • Eaton, K.A., Dewhirst, F.E., Radin, M.J., Fox, J.G., Paster, B.J., Krakowka, S. And Morgan, D.R., 1993. Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 43, 99-106.
  • Eaton, K.A., Dewhirst, F.E., Paster, B.J., Tzellas, N., Coleman, B.E., Paola, J. And Sherding, R., 1996. Prevalence and varieties of helicobacter species in dogs from random sources and pet dogs. Animal and public health implications. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34, 3165¬ 3170.
  • English Health Protection Agency, 2003. Identification of Helicobacter pylori Issue no. 1, Issued by. Standards Unit, Evaluations and Standards Laboratory, 1- 9.
  • Enroth, H, Engstrand, L. , 1995. Immunomagnetic seperation and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and stool specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33, 2162-65.
  • Geyer, C., Colbatzky, F., Lechner, J., Hermanns, W.; 1993. Occurance of spiral shaped bacteria in gastric biopsies of dogs and cats. Veterinary Record 133, 18-19.
  • Hachem, C.Y., Clarridge, J.E., Evans, D.G., Graham, D.Y., 1995. Comparison of agar based media for primary isolation of Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Clinical Pathology 48, 714-16.
  • Hanninen, M.L., Happonen, I., Saari, S., 1996. Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronü, a new canine gastric Helicobacter spp. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 46, 160-166.
  • Happonen, I., Linden, J., Saari, S., Karjalainen, M., Hanninen, M. L. , Jalava, K., 1998. Detection and Effects of Helicobacters in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Signs of Gastritis. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association 213, 1767-1774.
  • Hermanns, W., Kregel, K., Breuer, W., Lechner J. , 1995. Helicobacter like organisms. histopatholojical examination of gastric biopsies from dogs and cats. Journal of Competative Pathology 112, 307-318.
  • Holck, S., Ingeholm, P., Blom, J. , Nargaard, A., Elsborg, L. , Adamsen, S., Andersen, L.P.; 1997. The histopathology of human gastric mucosa inhabited by Helicobacter heilmanniilike (Gastrospirillum hominis) organisms, including the first culturable case. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 105, 746-756.
  • Hwang, C.Y., Han, H.R., 2002. Prevalence and clinical characterization of gastric helicobacter species infection of dogs and cats in Korea, Journal of Veterinary Science 3, 123-133.
  • Ishihara, S., Kaji, T., Kawamura, A., Rumi, A. K., 2000. Diagnostic accuracy of a new noninvazife enzyme immunoassay for detecting Helicobacter pylori in stools after eradication therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14, 611-614.
  • Jafarzadeh, A., 2007. Specific serum immunoglobulin G to H. pylori and CagA in healthy children and adults (south-east of Iran) World Journal of Gastroenterology 13 (22), 3117-3121.
  • Jalava, K., Kaartinen, M., Utriainen, M., Happonen, I. And Hänninen, M.-L., 1997. Helicobacter salomonis sp. nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 48, 975-982.
  • Jalava, K., On, S.L.W., Vandamme, P.A.R., Happonen, I., Sukura, A. ve Hänninen, M.L . , 1998. Isolation and identification of Helicobacter spp. from canine and feline gastric mucosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 3998-4006.
  • Kabir, S., 2001. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in faeces by culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay. Journal of Medical Microbiology 50, 1021-1029.
  • Koksal, F. ve ark., 2002. İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1643-1647.
  • Lee, A., Phillips, M.W., O'Rourke, J.L., Paster, B.J., Dewhirst, F.E., Fraser, G.J., Fox, J.G., Sly, L.I., Romaniuk, P.J., Trust, T.J., Kouprach, S., 1992. Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a microaerophilic helical bacterium with a novel ultrastructure isolated from the intestinal mucosa of rodents. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 42, 27-36.
  • Mai, U.E., Perez-Perez, G.I., Allen, J.B., Wahl, S.M., Blaser, M.J., Smith, P.D., 1992. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, 517-525.
  • McNulty, C.A.M., Dent, J.C., Uff, J.S., Gear, M.W.L., Wilkinson, S.P., 1989. Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test. an assessment in 1445 patients. Gut 30, 1058¬ 1062.
  • Megraud, F., 1996. Advantages and disadvantages of current diagnostic tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of GastroenteroIogy 31,57-62.
  • Monteira, L.Gras, N., Megraud, F., 2001. Magnetic immuno-PCR assay with inhibitor remova1 for direct detection of Helicobacter pylori in human feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, 3778-80.
  • Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Pfaller, M. A., Tenover, F. C., Y, Olken, R.H., 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th Edition, ASM Press, Washington D.C.,USD, 1247-1256.
  • Özdamar, K., 1999. SPSS ile Biyostatik. (3. baskı), Kaan Kitabevi Eskişehir. 341-349.
  • Riley, L.K., 1997. Fecal PCR assay for diagnosis of Helicobacter infection in laboratory rodents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35, 1620¬ 1623.
  • Rocha, G.A., 1998. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Rural Area.of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, Memörias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, 171-174.
  • Rossi, G., Rossi, Michela., 1999. A Conventional beagle dog model for acute and chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Immunity 67, 3112-3120.
  • Russel, H., 1993. Role of infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease. a meta-analysis. The Lancet 359, 14-22.
  • Shinozaki, K.J., Sellon, R.K., 2002. Fecal Poliymerase Chain Reaction with 16S ribosomal RNA primers can detect the presence of gastointestinal helicobacters in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16,426-432.
  • Strauss-Ayali, D., Simpson, K.W., Schein, A.H., McDonough, P.L., Jacobson, R.H., Valentine, B.A., Peacock, J. , 1999.
  • Serological discrimination of dogs infected with gastric Helicobacter spp. and uninfected dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 1280-1287.
  • Şimşek, 1., Menevşe, S., 2000. PCR and RFLP analysing and identification of H. pylori Strains isolated from gastric specimens. Tohuko Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, 213¬ 222.
  • Trevisani, L. , Sartori, S., Galvani, F., Rossi, M. R., 1999. Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detecting Helicobacter pylori in faeces. A Prospective Pilot Study American Journal of Gastroenterology 94, 1830-1833.
  • Windsor, H. M., O'Rourke, J.; 2000. Bacteriology and taxonomy of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 29 (3), 633-649.
  • Yılmaz, E. , Doğan, Y., Gürgöze, M.K., Unal, S., 2002. Seroprevalance of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and their parents in eastern Turkey. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38, 183-186.

Year 2011, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 149 - 159, 01.11.2011

Sonay Sağnak N. Yakut Özgür

Abstract

References

  • Alim, A., 2002. Sivas İl Merkezinde, Semptomatik ve Asemptomatik Yetişkin Bireylerde Helicobacter pylori Seroprevalansı. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 26, 75-80.
  • Altındiş, M., Özdemir, M., 2003. Helicobacter pylori ve Tanısı. The Medical Journal of Kocatepe 2, 1-12.
  • Armstrong, D., 1996. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Dyspepsia. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31, 38-47.
  • Brea, M.L., Alarcon, T., Megraud, F., 1997. Diagnosis in Helicobacter pylori Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 13, 13-19.
  • Buczolits, S., Hirt, R., Busse, H.J., 2003. PCR-based genetic evidence for occurance of Helicobacter pylori and novel Helicobacter species in the canine gastric mucosa, Veterinary Microbiology, 95, 259-270.
  • Camargo, P.L., Alfieri, A.A., Bracarense, A.P.F.R.L., Menoli, R., Spinosa S.R., Hagiwara, M.K., 2003. Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzymatic Cleavage in the Identification of Helicobacter spp. in Gastric Mucosa of Human Beings from North Paraná, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98, 265-268.
  • Cattolia, G., Vugt, van R, Zanonic, R. G., Sanguinetti, V., R. Chiocchetti, M. Gualtieri, C. M. J. E. , Vandenbroucke-Grauls, W., Gaastraa, Kusters, J. G., 1999. Occurrence and characterization of gastric Helicobacter 158 spp. in naturally infected dogs. Veterinary Microbiology 70, 239-250.
  • Clayton, C.L., Kleanthous, H., Coates, P.J., 1992. Sensitivite Detection of Helicobacter pylori by Using Polimerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Clinical MicrobioIogy 30, 192-200.
  • Cutler, A.F., 1996. Testing for Helicobacter pylori in clinical practice. American Journal of Medicine 100, 35-41.
  • Daz-Regan, J. , Alarcn, T., Aznar, E. , Domingo, D., Lopez-Brea, M., 2006.Time-killing of viable Staphylococcus spp. against Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. Acta Physiologica 188, 23.
  • Diker, S., Hazıroğlu, R., Akan, M., Çelik, S., Kabakçı, N., 2002. The prevalance, colonization sites and pathological effects of gastric helicobacters in dogs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 26, 345-351.
  • Dougbeh, C., Welch, A.R., 2004. Development of a noninvasive method for detecting and monitoring the time course of Helicobacter pylori ınfection. Infection and Immunity 72, 5358-5364.
  • Eaton, K.A., Dewhirst, F.E., Radin, M.J., Fox, J.G., Paster, B.J., Krakowka, S. And Morgan, D.R., 1993. Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 43, 99-106.
  • Eaton, K.A., Dewhirst, F.E., Paster, B.J., Tzellas, N., Coleman, B.E., Paola, J. And Sherding, R., 1996. Prevalence and varieties of helicobacter species in dogs from random sources and pet dogs. Animal and public health implications. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34, 3165¬ 3170.
  • English Health Protection Agency, 2003. Identification of Helicobacter pylori Issue no. 1, Issued by. Standards Unit, Evaluations and Standards Laboratory, 1- 9.
  • Enroth, H, Engstrand, L. , 1995. Immunomagnetic seperation and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and stool specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33, 2162-65.
  • Geyer, C., Colbatzky, F., Lechner, J., Hermanns, W.; 1993. Occurance of spiral shaped bacteria in gastric biopsies of dogs and cats. Veterinary Record 133, 18-19.
  • Hachem, C.Y., Clarridge, J.E., Evans, D.G., Graham, D.Y., 1995. Comparison of agar based media for primary isolation of Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Clinical Pathology 48, 714-16.
  • Hanninen, M.L., Happonen, I., Saari, S., 1996. Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronü, a new canine gastric Helicobacter spp. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 46, 160-166.
  • Happonen, I., Linden, J., Saari, S., Karjalainen, M., Hanninen, M. L. , Jalava, K., 1998. Detection and Effects of Helicobacters in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Signs of Gastritis. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association 213, 1767-1774.
  • Hermanns, W., Kregel, K., Breuer, W., Lechner J. , 1995. Helicobacter like organisms. histopatholojical examination of gastric biopsies from dogs and cats. Journal of Competative Pathology 112, 307-318.
  • Holck, S., Ingeholm, P., Blom, J. , Nargaard, A., Elsborg, L. , Adamsen, S., Andersen, L.P.; 1997. The histopathology of human gastric mucosa inhabited by Helicobacter heilmanniilike (Gastrospirillum hominis) organisms, including the first culturable case. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 105, 746-756.
  • Hwang, C.Y., Han, H.R., 2002. Prevalence and clinical characterization of gastric helicobacter species infection of dogs and cats in Korea, Journal of Veterinary Science 3, 123-133.
  • Ishihara, S., Kaji, T., Kawamura, A., Rumi, A. K., 2000. Diagnostic accuracy of a new noninvazife enzyme immunoassay for detecting Helicobacter pylori in stools after eradication therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14, 611-614.
  • Jafarzadeh, A., 2007. Specific serum immunoglobulin G to H. pylori and CagA in healthy children and adults (south-east of Iran) World Journal of Gastroenterology 13 (22), 3117-3121.
  • Jalava, K., Kaartinen, M., Utriainen, M., Happonen, I. And Hänninen, M.-L., 1997. Helicobacter salomonis sp. nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 48, 975-982.
  • Jalava, K., On, S.L.W., Vandamme, P.A.R., Happonen, I., Sukura, A. ve Hänninen, M.L . , 1998. Isolation and identification of Helicobacter spp. from canine and feline gastric mucosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 3998-4006.
  • Kabir, S., 2001. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in faeces by culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay. Journal of Medical Microbiology 50, 1021-1029.
  • Koksal, F. ve ark., 2002. İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1643-1647.
  • Lee, A., Phillips, M.W., O'Rourke, J.L., Paster, B.J., Dewhirst, F.E., Fraser, G.J., Fox, J.G., Sly, L.I., Romaniuk, P.J., Trust, T.J., Kouprach, S., 1992. Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a microaerophilic helical bacterium with a novel ultrastructure isolated from the intestinal mucosa of rodents. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 42, 27-36.
  • Mai, U.E., Perez-Perez, G.I., Allen, J.B., Wahl, S.M., Blaser, M.J., Smith, P.D., 1992. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, 517-525.
  • McNulty, C.A.M., Dent, J.C., Uff, J.S., Gear, M.W.L., Wilkinson, S.P., 1989. Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test. an assessment in 1445 patients. Gut 30, 1058¬ 1062.
  • Megraud, F., 1996. Advantages and disadvantages of current diagnostic tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of GastroenteroIogy 31,57-62.
  • Monteira, L.Gras, N., Megraud, F., 2001. Magnetic immuno-PCR assay with inhibitor remova1 for direct detection of Helicobacter pylori in human feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, 3778-80.
  • Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Pfaller, M. A., Tenover, F. C., Y, Olken, R.H., 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th Edition, ASM Press, Washington D.C.,USD, 1247-1256.
  • Özdamar, K., 1999. SPSS ile Biyostatik. (3. baskı), Kaan Kitabevi Eskişehir. 341-349.
  • Riley, L.K., 1997. Fecal PCR assay for diagnosis of Helicobacter infection in laboratory rodents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35, 1620¬ 1623.
  • Rocha, G.A., 1998. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Rural Area.of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, Memörias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, 171-174.
  • Rossi, G., Rossi, Michela., 1999. A Conventional beagle dog model for acute and chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Immunity 67, 3112-3120.
  • Russel, H., 1993. Role of infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease. a meta-analysis. The Lancet 359, 14-22.
  • Shinozaki, K.J., Sellon, R.K., 2002. Fecal Poliymerase Chain Reaction with 16S ribosomal RNA primers can detect the presence of gastointestinal helicobacters in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16,426-432.
  • Strauss-Ayali, D., Simpson, K.W., Schein, A.H., McDonough, P.L., Jacobson, R.H., Valentine, B.A., Peacock, J. , 1999.
  • Serological discrimination of dogs infected with gastric Helicobacter spp. and uninfected dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 1280-1287.
  • Şimşek, 1., Menevşe, S., 2000. PCR and RFLP analysing and identification of H. pylori Strains isolated from gastric specimens. Tohuko Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, 213¬ 222.
  • Trevisani, L. , Sartori, S., Galvani, F., Rossi, M. R., 1999. Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detecting Helicobacter pylori in faeces. A Prospective Pilot Study American Journal of Gastroenterology 94, 1830-1833.
  • Windsor, H. M., O'Rourke, J.; 2000. Bacteriology and taxonomy of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 29 (3), 633-649.
  • Yılmaz, E. , Doğan, Y., Gürgöze, M.K., Unal, S., 2002. Seroprevalance of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and their parents in eastern Turkey. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38, 183-186.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sonay Sağnak This is me

N. Yakut Özgür

Publication Date November 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sağnak, S., & Özgür, N. Y. (2011). İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.20022
AMA Sağnak S, Özgür NY. İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması. iuvfd. November 2011;37(2):149-159. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.20022
Chicago Sağnak, Sonay, and N. Yakut Özgür. “İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı Ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter Pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Ile Saptanması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 37, no. 2 (November 2011): 149-59. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.20022.
EndNote Sağnak S, Özgür NY (November 1, 2011) İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 37 2 149–159.
IEEE S. Sağnak and N. Y. Özgür, “İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması”, iuvfd, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 149–159, 2011, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.20022.
ISNAD Sağnak, Sonay - Özgür, N. Yakut. “İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı Ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter Pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Ile Saptanması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 37/2 (November 2011), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.20022.
JAMA Sağnak S, Özgür NY. İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması. iuvfd. 2011;37:149–159.
MLA Sağnak, Sonay and N. Yakut Özgür. “İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı Ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter Pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Ile Saptanması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 37, no. 2, 2011, pp. 149-5, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.20022.
Vancouver Sağnak S, Özgür NY. İstanbul Yöresinde Sağlıklı ve Klinik Belirti Gösteren Köpeklerde Helicobacter pylori Varlığının Kültür, Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ve Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ile Saptanması. iuvfd. 2011;37(2):149-5.