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GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Year 2006, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 107 - 121, 20.12.2012

Abstract

Çocukların bulunduğu ortamlarda yaygın bîr şekilde sigara içilmesi. Önemli sağhk
problemlerine yol açabilmektedir. Sigaranın insan ve hayvanlarda bir çok sistem üzerindeki zararlı etkileri
çeşitli araştırmalarla ayrıntılı bir şekilde ortaya konulduğu halde, kemik doku İle İlgili araştırmalar daha çok
ergin ve gebelik döneminde yapılmış olup, çoğunluğu kemik yoğunluğuna ilişkin çalışmalardır. Bu
çalışmalarda elde edilen verilerin sigaranın iskelet sisteminin özellikle gelişimi üzerine etkilerini tam olarak
kapsamadığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, gelişme dönemindeki erkek ve dişi ratlarda sigara inhalasyonunun
pelvis'in morfometrik yapısına etkisi yanında, olası etkinin kemik kısımları ve cinsiyet üzerinde farklı
etkilerinin olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; Sprague Dawley ırkı ratlar deney ve
kontrol grubu olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılarak deney grubu bir haftalıktan itibaren. 16 hafta süre ile sigara
dumanına maruz bırakılmıştır. Her iki grupta canlı ağırlık, boy ve kuyruk uzunlukları ölçümleri yanında
pelvis'in morfometrik Ölçümleri alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak; gelişme döneminde sigara dumanına maruz kalan
ratlarda canlı ağırlık, boy ve kuyruk uzunlukları ile pelvis şeklinin olumsuz etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir.
Gelişme döneminde sigara dumanına maruz kalan erkek ratlarda. canlı ağırlık, boy ve kuyruk uzunlukları ile
pelvis üzerindeki olumsuz etkinin, dişi ratlara göre daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ratlarm insanlarda
yapılan çalışmalarda bir model olarak sıklıkla kullanılması nedeniyle, bu çalışmanın insanlarda sigaranın
iskelet sistemi üzerine etkisiyle ilgili yapılabilecek araştırmalara katkıda bulunabileceği düşünülmüştür.

References

  • Balkaya, M., Ünsal, C , Çeler, H . , Dabanoğlu, İ., Kargın, F . : Swiss albino farelerinde Alkol ve sigaranın etkileri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu VTF-97001 No*lu Proje Kesin Raporu, 2000.
  • Barlas, H., Ubay, G . , Soyhan, B., Bayat, C : Heavy metal concentrations of cigarettes in Turkey. FEB 2001; 10(1): 80-83.
  • Baron, J.A., Comi, R . J . , Cryns, V., Brinck-Jhonsen, B„ Mercer, N.G.: The effect of cigarette smoking on adrenal cortical hormones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272: 151-155.
  • Bennell, K . L . , Khan, K . M . , Warmington, S., Forwood, M.R., Coleman, B.D.,
  • Bennett, M.B., Wark, J.D.: Age docs not influence the bone response to treadmill exercise in female rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002; 34: 1958-1965
  • Benowitz, N.L.: Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 1988;319(20): 1318-1330.
  • Bhattacharyya, M.H., Whelton, B.D., Stern, P.H., Peterson, D.P.: Cadmium accelerates bone loss in ovariectomized mice and fetal rat limb bones in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85(abst): 8761-8765.
  • Bjarnason, N.H., Christiansen, C : The influence of thinnes and smoking on bone loss and response to hormone replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(2): 590-595.
  • Brodish, P.H.: The Irreversible Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. The American Council on Science and Health. New York, 1998.
  • Broulik, P.D, Jarab, J . : The effect of chronic nicotine administration on bone mineral content in mice. Horm Metab Res 1993; 25(4): 219-21.
  • Charlton, A.: Children and passive smoking: a review. J Fam Pract 1994: 38 (abst): 267ı 277.
  • Cliver, S.P., Goldenberg, R . L . , Cutter, G.R., Hoffman, H.J., Davis, R.O„ Nelson,
  • K . G . : The effect of cigarette smoking on neonatal anthropometric measurements. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 625-630.
  • Driesch, A.: A Guide To The Measurement Of Animai Bones From Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1976.
  • Eser, P. Frotzler, A., Zshnder, Y - , Wick, L . , Knecht, H . , Denoth, J . , Schiessl, H-: Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 2004; 34: 869-880
  • Fang, M.A., Frost, P.J., Iida-Klein, A., Hahn, T . J . : Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Bone 1991; 12(4): 283-286.
  • Frost, H.M., Jee, W.S.S.: On the rat model of human osteopenias and osteoperoses. Bone and Mineral 1992; 18: 227-236
  • Fung, Y . K . , Ivaniec, U., Cullen, D.M., Akhter, M.P., Haven, M.C., Timmins, P.: Long- term effects of nicotine on bone and calciotropic hormones in adult female rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999;85(abst): 181-187.
  • Grunberg, N.E., Popp, K . A . , Boven, D.J., Nespor, S.M., Winders, S.E., Eury, S.E.: Effects of chronic nicotine administration on insulin, glucose, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Life Sci 1988:42(abst): 161-170.
  • Grunberg, N.E.: Nicotine, cigarette smoking and body weight. Br J Addict 1985; 80: 369ı 377.
  • Guyton, A . C . : Textbook of Medical Physiology. Eighth edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1991; 893, 905.
  • Hadley, M.N., Reddy, S.V.: Smoking and human vertebral column: A review of the impact of cigarette use on vertebral bone metabolism and spinal fusion. Neurosurgery 1997; 41(1): 116-124.
  • Harknese, J . E . , Wagner, J . E . : The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. Third Edition, Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia, London, 1985; 47-54.
  • Hollinger, J.O., Schmitt, J.M., Hwang, K., Buck. D.t Impact of nicotine on bone healing. J Biomed Mater Res 1999:45(4): 294-301.
  • Hopper, J . L . , Seeman, E . : The bone density of female twins discordant for tobacco use. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 387-392.
  • Hughes, P.C.R., Tanner, J.M.: A radiographic study of the growth of the rat pelvis. J. Anat 1973; 114: 439-448.
  • G e l i ş m e D ö n e m i n d e k i Ratlarda S i g a r a n ı n Pelvis Morfometrisi Ü z e r i n e Etkisinin 119
  • Johansson, C , Mellström, D . : An earlier fracture as a risk factor for new fracture and its assaciation with smoking and menopausal age in women. Maturitas 1996; 24: 97-106.
  • K r a l l , E.A., Dawson-Hughes, B . : Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorbtion. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14(abst): 215-220.
  • Laroche, M . , Lasne, Y., Felez, A., Moulinier, L-, Bon, E., Cantagrel, A., Leophonte,
  • P., Mazieres, B.: Osteocalcin and smoking. Rev Rhum Ed Fr 1994; 61(abst): 433-436.
  • Law, M.R., Hackshaw, A . K . : A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ 1997; 315: 841-846.
  • Law, M R . , Cheng, R., Hackshaw, A . K . , AHaway, S., Hale, A . K . : Cigarette smoking, sex hormones and bone density in women. Eur J Epidem 1997; 13: 553-558.
  • McDermott, M . T . , Witte, M . C . : Bone mineral content in smokers. South Med J 1988; 81(4): 477-480.
  • Miller, J.P., German, R.Z.: Protein malnutration affects the growth trajectories of the craniofacial skeleton in rats. J Nutr 1999; 129:2061-2069.
  • Nash, J.E., Persaud, T.V.N.: Influence of nicotine and caffeine on skeletal development in the rat. Anat Anz 1989; 168: 109-126.
  • Nelson, E., Jodscheit, K . , Guo, Y . : Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and fetal developmental toxicity. Part 1: gross morphological effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18(absf): 252-256.
  • O'Connor, J.J., McDermott, W . M . , Amorosino, C.S.: Cigarette smoking and body weight. N Engl J Med 1989; 320(14): 931-933.
  • Paulson, R.B., Shanfeld, J., Mullet, D., Cole, J., Paulson, J.O.: Prenatal smokeless tobacco effects on the rat fetus. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1994; 14(abst): 16-25.
  • Payne, J.B., Reinhardt, R.A., Nummikoski, P.V., Dunning, D.G., Patil, K . D . : The association of cigarette smoking whith alveolar bone loss in postmenoposal females. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 658-664."
  • Perkins, K.A., Metabolic effects of cigarette smoking.: J Appl Physiol 1992; 72 (abst): 401-409
  • Pocock, N.A., Eisman, J.A., Kelly, P.J., Sambrook, P.N., Yeates, M . G . : Effects of tobacco use on axial and apendicular bone mineral density. Bone 1989; 10: 329-331.
  • Porter, S.E., Hanley, E.N.: The musculoskeletal effects of smoking. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001; 9: 9-17.
  • Raikin, S.M., Landsman, J.C., Alexander, V.A., Froimson, M . L , Plaxton, N.A.: Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing. Clin Orthop 1998: 353: 231ı 237.
  • Read, R.C.: Systemic effects of smoking. Am J Surg 1984: 148:706-711. 120
  • M . Erkut KARA - Hasan ALPAK
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Growth-depresing effects of alcohol and nicotine in two strains of rats. Acta Anat 1985; 122:18-24.
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat. Acta Anat 1978; 102:427-432.
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Functional and hormonal control of pelvic morphology in the rat. Acta Anat 1972; 82:231-253.
  • Rundgren, A, Mellstrom, D.: The effects of tobacco smoking on the bone mineral content of the ageing skeleton. Mec Ageing Dev 1984: 28: 273-277.
  • Saah, M.I., Raygada, M., Grunberg, N.E.: Effects of nicotine on body weight and plasma insulin in female and male rats. Life Sci 1994. 55(12): 925-931.
  • Slemenda, C.W.: Cigarettes and the skeleton. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 430-431.
  • Slemenda, C.W., Hui, S.L., Longcope, C , Johnston,: C.C. Cigarette smoking, obesity and bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 1989; 4 (5): 737-741.
  • Spangler, J . G . : Tobacco use and cessation: Smoking and hormon-related disorders. Prim Care 1999; 26 (3): 499-511.
  • Syversen, U., Nordsletten, L . , Falch, A., Madsen, J.E., Nilsen, O.G., Valdum,
  • H . L . : Effect of lifelong nicotine inhalation on bone mass and mechanical properties in female rat femurs. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 65: 246-249.
  • Tatlıcıoğlu, T.: Pasif İçicilik. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı 1991ı 1992 Sempozyumları Kitapçığı. Hürok AŞ, İstanbul. 1992, 52-69.
  • Ueng, S.W., Lee, M.Y., L i , A . F . , L i n , S.S., Tai, C . L . , Shih, C.H.: Effect o f intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation on tibial lengthening: experimental study on rabbits. J Trauma 1997; 42 (2): 231-238.
  • Vlajinac, H . , Petrovic, R., Marinkovic, J . , Kocev, N., Sipetic, S.: The effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on fetal growth. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1997; 125(abst):267-71.
  • Waldum, H . L . , Nilsen, O . G . , Nilsen, T., Rorvik, H . , Syversen, U., Sandvik, A . K . , Haugen, O., Torp, S.H., Brenna, E.: Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. Life Sci 1996; 58 (16): 1339-1346.
Year 2006, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 107 - 121, 20.12.2012

Abstract

References

  • Balkaya, M., Ünsal, C , Çeler, H . , Dabanoğlu, İ., Kargın, F . : Swiss albino farelerinde Alkol ve sigaranın etkileri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu VTF-97001 No*lu Proje Kesin Raporu, 2000.
  • Barlas, H., Ubay, G . , Soyhan, B., Bayat, C : Heavy metal concentrations of cigarettes in Turkey. FEB 2001; 10(1): 80-83.
  • Baron, J.A., Comi, R . J . , Cryns, V., Brinck-Jhonsen, B„ Mercer, N.G.: The effect of cigarette smoking on adrenal cortical hormones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272: 151-155.
  • Bennell, K . L . , Khan, K . M . , Warmington, S., Forwood, M.R., Coleman, B.D.,
  • Bennett, M.B., Wark, J.D.: Age docs not influence the bone response to treadmill exercise in female rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002; 34: 1958-1965
  • Benowitz, N.L.: Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 1988;319(20): 1318-1330.
  • Bhattacharyya, M.H., Whelton, B.D., Stern, P.H., Peterson, D.P.: Cadmium accelerates bone loss in ovariectomized mice and fetal rat limb bones in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85(abst): 8761-8765.
  • Bjarnason, N.H., Christiansen, C : The influence of thinnes and smoking on bone loss and response to hormone replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(2): 590-595.
  • Brodish, P.H.: The Irreversible Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. The American Council on Science and Health. New York, 1998.
  • Broulik, P.D, Jarab, J . : The effect of chronic nicotine administration on bone mineral content in mice. Horm Metab Res 1993; 25(4): 219-21.
  • Charlton, A.: Children and passive smoking: a review. J Fam Pract 1994: 38 (abst): 267ı 277.
  • Cliver, S.P., Goldenberg, R . L . , Cutter, G.R., Hoffman, H.J., Davis, R.O„ Nelson,
  • K . G . : The effect of cigarette smoking on neonatal anthropometric measurements. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 625-630.
  • Driesch, A.: A Guide To The Measurement Of Animai Bones From Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1976.
  • Eser, P. Frotzler, A., Zshnder, Y - , Wick, L . , Knecht, H . , Denoth, J . , Schiessl, H-: Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 2004; 34: 869-880
  • Fang, M.A., Frost, P.J., Iida-Klein, A., Hahn, T . J . : Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Bone 1991; 12(4): 283-286.
  • Frost, H.M., Jee, W.S.S.: On the rat model of human osteopenias and osteoperoses. Bone and Mineral 1992; 18: 227-236
  • Fung, Y . K . , Ivaniec, U., Cullen, D.M., Akhter, M.P., Haven, M.C., Timmins, P.: Long- term effects of nicotine on bone and calciotropic hormones in adult female rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999;85(abst): 181-187.
  • Grunberg, N.E., Popp, K . A . , Boven, D.J., Nespor, S.M., Winders, S.E., Eury, S.E.: Effects of chronic nicotine administration on insulin, glucose, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Life Sci 1988:42(abst): 161-170.
  • Grunberg, N.E.: Nicotine, cigarette smoking and body weight. Br J Addict 1985; 80: 369ı 377.
  • Guyton, A . C . : Textbook of Medical Physiology. Eighth edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1991; 893, 905.
  • Hadley, M.N., Reddy, S.V.: Smoking and human vertebral column: A review of the impact of cigarette use on vertebral bone metabolism and spinal fusion. Neurosurgery 1997; 41(1): 116-124.
  • Harknese, J . E . , Wagner, J . E . : The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. Third Edition, Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia, London, 1985; 47-54.
  • Hollinger, J.O., Schmitt, J.M., Hwang, K., Buck. D.t Impact of nicotine on bone healing. J Biomed Mater Res 1999:45(4): 294-301.
  • Hopper, J . L . , Seeman, E . : The bone density of female twins discordant for tobacco use. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 387-392.
  • Hughes, P.C.R., Tanner, J.M.: A radiographic study of the growth of the rat pelvis. J. Anat 1973; 114: 439-448.
  • G e l i ş m e D ö n e m i n d e k i Ratlarda S i g a r a n ı n Pelvis Morfometrisi Ü z e r i n e Etkisinin 119
  • Johansson, C , Mellström, D . : An earlier fracture as a risk factor for new fracture and its assaciation with smoking and menopausal age in women. Maturitas 1996; 24: 97-106.
  • K r a l l , E.A., Dawson-Hughes, B . : Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorbtion. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14(abst): 215-220.
  • Laroche, M . , Lasne, Y., Felez, A., Moulinier, L-, Bon, E., Cantagrel, A., Leophonte,
  • P., Mazieres, B.: Osteocalcin and smoking. Rev Rhum Ed Fr 1994; 61(abst): 433-436.
  • Law, M.R., Hackshaw, A . K . : A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ 1997; 315: 841-846.
  • Law, M R . , Cheng, R., Hackshaw, A . K . , AHaway, S., Hale, A . K . : Cigarette smoking, sex hormones and bone density in women. Eur J Epidem 1997; 13: 553-558.
  • McDermott, M . T . , Witte, M . C . : Bone mineral content in smokers. South Med J 1988; 81(4): 477-480.
  • Miller, J.P., German, R.Z.: Protein malnutration affects the growth trajectories of the craniofacial skeleton in rats. J Nutr 1999; 129:2061-2069.
  • Nash, J.E., Persaud, T.V.N.: Influence of nicotine and caffeine on skeletal development in the rat. Anat Anz 1989; 168: 109-126.
  • Nelson, E., Jodscheit, K . , Guo, Y . : Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and fetal developmental toxicity. Part 1: gross morphological effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18(absf): 252-256.
  • O'Connor, J.J., McDermott, W . M . , Amorosino, C.S.: Cigarette smoking and body weight. N Engl J Med 1989; 320(14): 931-933.
  • Paulson, R.B., Shanfeld, J., Mullet, D., Cole, J., Paulson, J.O.: Prenatal smokeless tobacco effects on the rat fetus. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1994; 14(abst): 16-25.
  • Payne, J.B., Reinhardt, R.A., Nummikoski, P.V., Dunning, D.G., Patil, K . D . : The association of cigarette smoking whith alveolar bone loss in postmenoposal females. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 658-664."
  • Perkins, K.A., Metabolic effects of cigarette smoking.: J Appl Physiol 1992; 72 (abst): 401-409
  • Pocock, N.A., Eisman, J.A., Kelly, P.J., Sambrook, P.N., Yeates, M . G . : Effects of tobacco use on axial and apendicular bone mineral density. Bone 1989; 10: 329-331.
  • Porter, S.E., Hanley, E.N.: The musculoskeletal effects of smoking. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001; 9: 9-17.
  • Raikin, S.M., Landsman, J.C., Alexander, V.A., Froimson, M . L , Plaxton, N.A.: Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing. Clin Orthop 1998: 353: 231ı 237.
  • Read, R.C.: Systemic effects of smoking. Am J Surg 1984: 148:706-711. 120
  • M . Erkut KARA - Hasan ALPAK
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Growth-depresing effects of alcohol and nicotine in two strains of rats. Acta Anat 1985; 122:18-24.
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat. Acta Anat 1978; 102:427-432.
  • Riesenfeld, A.: Functional and hormonal control of pelvic morphology in the rat. Acta Anat 1972; 82:231-253.
  • Rundgren, A, Mellstrom, D.: The effects of tobacco smoking on the bone mineral content of the ageing skeleton. Mec Ageing Dev 1984: 28: 273-277.
  • Saah, M.I., Raygada, M., Grunberg, N.E.: Effects of nicotine on body weight and plasma insulin in female and male rats. Life Sci 1994. 55(12): 925-931.
  • Slemenda, C.W.: Cigarettes and the skeleton. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 430-431.
  • Slemenda, C.W., Hui, S.L., Longcope, C , Johnston,: C.C. Cigarette smoking, obesity and bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 1989; 4 (5): 737-741.
  • Spangler, J . G . : Tobacco use and cessation: Smoking and hormon-related disorders. Prim Care 1999; 26 (3): 499-511.
  • Syversen, U., Nordsletten, L . , Falch, A., Madsen, J.E., Nilsen, O.G., Valdum,
  • H . L . : Effect of lifelong nicotine inhalation on bone mass and mechanical properties in female rat femurs. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 65: 246-249.
  • Tatlıcıoğlu, T.: Pasif İçicilik. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı 1991ı 1992 Sempozyumları Kitapçığı. Hürok AŞ, İstanbul. 1992, 52-69.
  • Ueng, S.W., Lee, M.Y., L i , A . F . , L i n , S.S., Tai, C . L . , Shih, C.H.: Effect o f intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation on tibial lengthening: experimental study on rabbits. J Trauma 1997; 42 (2): 231-238.
  • Vlajinac, H . , Petrovic, R., Marinkovic, J . , Kocev, N., Sipetic, S.: The effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on fetal growth. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1997; 125(abst):267-71.
  • Waldum, H . L . , Nilsen, O . G . , Nilsen, T., Rorvik, H . , Syversen, U., Sandvik, A . K . , Haugen, O., Torp, S.H., Brenna, E.: Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. Life Sci 1996; 58 (16): 1339-1346.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

M. Kara This is me

Hasan Alpak

Publication Date December 20, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kara, M., & Alpak, H. (2012). GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.17839
AMA Kara M, Alpak H. GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. iuvfd. December 2012;32(2):107-121. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.17839
Chicago Kara, M., and Hasan Alpak. “GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32, no. 2 (December 2012): 107-21. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.17839.
EndNote Kara M, Alpak H (December 1, 2012) GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32 2 107–121.
IEEE M. Kara and H. Alpak, “GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ”, iuvfd, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 107–121, 2012, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.17839.
ISNAD Kara, M. - Alpak, Hasan. “GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32/2 (December 2012), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.17839.
JAMA Kara M, Alpak H. GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. iuvfd. 2012;32:107–121.
MLA Kara, M. and Hasan Alpak. “GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 2, 2012, pp. 107-21, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.17839.
Vancouver Kara M, Alpak H. GELİŞME DÖNEMİNDEKİ RATLARDA SİGARANIN PELVİS MORFOMETRİSİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. iuvfd. 2012;32(2):107-21.