İleri Glikasyon Son Ürünleri (AGE) ve Polikistik Over Sendromu İlişkisi

Year 2023, , 8 - 17, 26.12.2023

Büşra Nur Aşık , Elif Ede Çintesun

https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.1318435

Abstract

İleri glikasyon son ürünleri (AGE), arginin ve lizin gibi serbest amino asit grupları ile indirgen şekerlerin serbest karbonil grubu arasındaki enzimatik olmayan Maillard reaksiyonu yoluyla oluşan heterojen ve karmaşık bileşikler grubudur. Fizyolojik koşullarda tüm dokularda ve vücut sıvılarında AGE’ler oluşabilmektedir. Ekzojen olarak vücuda beslenme yoluyla da alınabilmektedir. Normal metabolizmanın bir parçası olarak vücutta oluşan AGE’ler dolaşımda yüksek düzeylere ulaştığında sağlık üzerinde olumsuz etkiler gösterebilmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkilerini; vücut proteinleri ile çapraz bağ yaparak veya hücre yüzey reseptörlerine bağlanarak göstermektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak; AGE’ler, oksidatif stres ve inflamasyonun gelişiminde rol oynayabilmektedir. AGE’ler; diyabet, insülin direnci, obezite, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, böbrek hastalıkları, infertilite ve polikistik over sendromu (PKOS) ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. PKOS’lu kadınlar; obezite, insülin direnci ve yumurtalık disfonksiyonuna sebep olan yüksek serum AGE düzeylerine sahiptir. AGE’lerin, vücutta hormonları inhibe etmesi, hormonları taklit etmesi, hormonların aşırı salınımına yol açması, oksidatif stres ve inflamasyona sebep olması ile PKOS’la ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Güncel çalışmalar, diyet kaynaklı AGE’lerin (dAGE), PKOS’lu kadınlarda metabolik bozukluklara yol açabileceğini göstermektedir. PKOS semptomlarını yönetmek ve PKOS’la ilişkili hastalıkları önlemek amacıyla; diyet AGE içeriğinin azaltılmasının yeni bir tedavi yaklaşımı olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Bu derlemede; AGE ve PKOS ilişkisinin güncel veriler eşliğinde değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

İleri Glikasyon Son Ürünleri, PKOS, Obezite, İnsülin Direnci, Beslenme

References

• Ahmed, N. (2005). Advanced glycation endproducts—role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 67(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.004.
• Ajmal, N., Khan, S. Z., & Shaikh, R. (2019). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X, 3, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100060.
• Alataş, E., Kılıç, D., & Güler, T. (2019). Güncel polikistik over sendromu değerlendirme ve yönetim rehberi doğrultusunda tanıdaki ‘yeniler’ve ‘yineler’. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 12(3), 595-602. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.31362/patd.563485.
• Aversa, A., La Vignera, S., Rago, R., Gambineri, A., Nappi, R. E., Calogero, A. E., & Ferlin, A. (2020). Fundamental concepts and novel aspects of polycystic ovarian syndrome: expert consensus resolutions. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00516.
• Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., ... & Witchel, S. F. (2009). The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertility and sterility, 91(2), 456-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035.
• Belenkaia, L. V., Lazareva, L. M., Walker, W., Lizneva, D. V., & Suturina, L. V. (2019). Criteria, phenotypes and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva ginecologica, 71(3), 211-223. DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.19.04404-6.
• Berdún, R., Jové, M., Sol, J., Cai, W., He, J. C., Rodriguez‐Mortera, R., ... & Portero‐Otin, M. (2021). Restriction of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products Induces a Differential Plasma Metabolome and Lipidome Profile. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 65(23), 2000499. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202000499.
• Bohlender, J. M., Franke, S., Stein, G., & Wolf, G. (2005). Advanced glycation end products and the kidney. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 289(4), F645-F659. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00398.2004.
• Burke, A. P., Kolodgie, F. D., Zieske, A., Fowler, D. R., Weber, D. K., Varghese, P. J., ... & Virmani, R. (2004). Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 24(7), 1266-1271. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000131783.74034.97.
• Calcaterra, V., Verduci, E., Cena, H., Magenes, V. C., Todisco, C. F., Tenuta, E., ... & Zuccotti, G. (2021). Polycystic ovary syndrome in insulin-resistant adolescents with obesity: the role of nutrition therapy and food supplements as a strategy to protect fertility. Nutrients, 13(6), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061848.
• Chang, Y. J., & Chan, W. H. (2010). Methylglyoxal has injurious effects on maturation of mouse oocytes, fertilization, and fetal development, via apoptosis. Toxicology letters, 193(3), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.007.
• Choudhury, A. A., & Rajeswari, V. D. (2022). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases the risk of subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A novel therapeutic perspective. Life Sciences, 121069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121069.
• Çatak, J., Özdoğan, N., Ede-Cintesun, E., Demirci, M., & Yaman, M. (2023). Investigation of the effects of sugar type on the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds in jams under in vitro digestive system model. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 120, 105301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105301.
• Delgado-Andrade, C., Tessier, F. J., Niquet-Leridon, C., Seiquer, I., & Pilar Navarro, M. (2012). Study of the urinary and faecal excretion of N ε-carboxymethyllysine in young human volunteers. Amino acids, 43(2), 595-602. DOI 10.1007/s00726-011-1107-8.
• Demirel, Y., & YILDIRAN, H. (2018). İleri glikasyon son ürünleri ve böbrek hastalıkları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 210-217.
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Alexandraki, K., Piperi, C., Aessopos, A., Paterakis, T., Katsikis, I., & Panidis, D. (2007a). Effect of metformin administration on plasma advanced glycation end product levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 56(1), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2006.09.006.
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Christakou, C., & Marinakis, E. (2012). Phenotypes and enviromental factors: their influence in PCOS. Current pharmaceutical design, 18(3), 270-282. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212799040457.
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Piperi, C., Alexandraki, K., Katsilambros, N., Kouroupi, E., Papailiou, J., ... & Kalofoutis, A. (2006). Short-term effect of orlistat on dietary glycotoxins in healthy women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 55(4), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2005.10.011.
• Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E., Piperi, C., Kalofoutis, A., & Creatsas, G. (2005). Increased levels of serum advanced glycation end‐products in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology, 62(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02170.x.
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Piperi, C., Korkolopoulou, P., Kandaraki, E., Levidou, G., Papalois, A., ... & Papavassiliou, A. G. (2007c). Accumulation of dietary glycotoxins in the reproductive system of normal female rats. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 85(12), 1413-1420. DOI 10.1007/s00109-007-0246-6.
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Piperi, C., Patsouris, E., Korkolopoulou, P., Panidis, D., Pawelczyk, L., ... & Duleba, A. J. (2007b). Immunohistochemical localization of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) in polycystic and normal ovaries. Histochemistry and cell biology, 127(6), 581-589. DOI 10.1007/s00418-006-0265-3.
• Dozio, E., Vettoretti, S., Lungarella, G., Messa, P., & Corsi Romanelli, M. M. (2021). Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: Focus on advanced glycation end products as mediators and markers of oxidative stress. Biomedicines, 9(4), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040405.
• Fotheringham A.K., Gallo L.A., Borg D.J., Forbes JM. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney? Nutrients. 2022 Jun 28;14(13):2675. doi: 10.3390/nu14132675. PMID: 35807857; PMCID: PMC9268915.
• Garg, D., & Merhi, Z. (2015). Advanced glycation end products: link between diet and ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS?. Nutrients, 7(12), 10129-10144. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125524.
• Gill, V., Kumar, V., Singh, K., Kumar, A., & Kim, J. J. (2019). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be a striking link between modern diet and health. Biomolecules, 9(12), 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120888.
• Goldberg, T., Cai, W., Peppa, M., Dardaine, V., Baliga, B. S., Uribarri, J., & Vlassara, H. (2004). Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(8), 1287-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.214.
• Granic, A., Hurst, C., Dismore, L., Dodds, R. M., Witham, M. D., Robinson, S. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2022). Advanced glycation end products in skeletal muscle health and sarcopenia: a systematic review of observational studies. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 111744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2022.111744.
• Gu, Y., Zhou, G., Zhou, F., Wu, Q., Ma, C., Zhang, Y., ... & Hua, K. (2022). Life modifications and PCOS: old story but new tales. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 488. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.808898.
• Guilbaud, A., Niquet-Leridon, C., Boulanger, E., & Tessier, F. J. (2016). How can diet affect the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in the human body?. Foods, 5(4), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040084.
• Gündüz, G., Karaalp, E., & Necdet, S. (2012). Polikistik Over Sendromlu Hastalarda Kardiyovasküler Hastalık Riskini Gösteren Kronik İnflamatuar Belirteçlerin HOMA-IR ile İlişkisi. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology, 22(2), 102-107.
• Hamzalıoğlu, A., & Gökmen, V. (2020). Potential reactions of thermal process contaminants during digestion. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 106, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.014.
• Hanford, L. E., Enghild, J. J., Valnickova, Z., Petersen, S. V., Schaefer, L. M., Schaefer, T. M., ... & Oury, T. D. (2004). Purification and characterization of mouse soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(48), 50019-50024. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409782200.
• Hellwig, M., Geissler, S., Matthes, R., Peto, A., Silow, C., Brandsch, M., & Henle, T. (2011). Transport of free and peptide‐bound glycated amino acids: synthesis, transepithelial flux at Caco‐2 cell monolayers, and interaction with apical membrane transport proteins. ChemBioChem, 12(8), 1270-1279. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201000759.
• Hofmann, S. M., Dong, H. J., Li, Z., Cai, W., Altomonte, J., Thung, S. N., ... & Vlassara, H. (2002). Improved insulin sensitivity is associated with restricted intake of dietary glycoxidation products in the db/db mouse. Diabetes, 51(7), 2082-2089. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2082.
• Irani, M., Minkoff, H., Seifer, D. B., & Merhi, Z. (2014). Vitamin D increases serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in women with PCOS. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(5), E886-E890. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4374.
• Jeanes, Y. M., & Reeves, S. (2017). Metabolic consequences of obesity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnostic and methodological challenges. Nutrition research reviews, 30(1), 97-105. DOI:10.1017/S0954422416000287.
• Jinno, M., Takeuchi, M., Watanabe, A., Teruya, K., Hirohama, J., Eguchi, N., & Miyazaki, A. (2011). Advanced glycation end-products accumulation compromises embryonic development and achievement of pregnancy by assisted reproductive technology. Human reproduction, 26(3), 604-610. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq388.
• Kalea, A. Z., Schmidt, A. M., & Hudson, B. I. (2009). RAGE: a novel biological and genetic marker for vascular disease. Clinical Science, 116(8), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20080494.
• Kamenov, Z., & Gateva, A. (2020). Inositols in PCOS. Molecules, 25(23), 5566. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235566.
• Kandaraki, E., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Piperi, C., Palioura, E., Palimeri, S., Korkolopoulou, P., ... & Papavassiliou, A. G. (2012). Reduced ovarian glyoxalase-I activity by dietary glycotoxins and androgen excess: a causative link to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Molecular Medicine, 18, 1183-1189. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00293.
• Kenger E.B., Özlü T., Gürdoğan R., Çelik K. (2020). Karmaşık ilişki: D vitamini, insülin direnci ve polikistik over sendromu. Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med. 5(1), 27-33. DOI: 10.5336/intermed.2019-70547.
• Kim, Y., Keogh, J. B., Deo, P., & Clifton, P. M. (2020). Differential effects of dietary patterns on advanced glycation end products: A randomized crossover study. Nutrients, 12(6), 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061767.
• Koschinsky, T., He, C. J., Mitsuhashi, T., Bucala, R., Liu, C., Buenting, C., ... & Vlassara, H. (1997). Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): an environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(12), 6474-6479. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.12.6474.
• Koyama, H., Shoji, T., Yokoyama, H., Motoyama, K., Mori, K., Fukumoto, S., ... & Nishizawa, Y. (2005). Plasma level of endogenous secretory RAGE is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 25(12), 2587-2593. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000190660.32863.cd.
• Kumar Pasupulati, A., Chitra, P. S., & Reddy, G. B. (2016). Advanced glycation end products mediated cellular and molecular events in the pathology of diabetic nephropathy. Biomol Concepts 7: 293–299. Arch Biochem Biophys, 590, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc - 2016 - 0021.
• Larsen, T. M., Dalskov, S. M., van Baak, M., Jebb, S. A., Papadaki, A., Pfeiffer, A. F., ... & Astrup, A. (2010). Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(22), 2102-2113. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007137.
• Mark, A. B., Poulsen, M. W., Andersen, S., Andersen, J. M., Bak, M. J., Ritz, C., ... & Bügel, S. G. (2014). Consumption of a diet low in advanced glycation end products for 4 weeks improves insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Diabetes care, 37(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0842.
• Merhi, Z., Kandaraki, E. A., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2019). Implications and future perspectives of AGEs in PCOS pathophysiology. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 30(3), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.005.
• Mouanness, M., Nava, H., Dagher, C., & Merhi, Z. (2022). Contribution of Advanced Glycation End Products to PCOS Key Elements: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14(17), 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173578.
• Nasiri-Amiri, F., Tehrani, F. R., Simbar, M., Montazeri, A., & Mohammadpour, R. A. (2018). The polycystic ovary syndrome health-related quality-of-life questionnaire: confirmatory factorGU analysis. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 16(2). DOI: 10.5812/ijem.12400
• Nowotny, K., Schröter, D., Schreiner, M., & Grune, T. (2018). Dietary advanced glycation end products and their relevance for human health. Ageing research reviews, 47, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.06.005.
• Papadakis, G., Kandaraki, E. A., Garidou, A., Koutsaki, M., Papalou, O., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Peppa, M. (2021). Tailoring treatment for PCOS phenotypes. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2021.1865152.
• Pasquali, R., Gambineri, A., & Pagotto, U. (2006). The impact of obesity on reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 113(10), 1148-1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00990.x.
• Pertynska-Marczewska, M., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Zhang, J., & Merhi, Z. (2015). Advanced glycation end products: a link between metabolic and endothelial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome?. Metabolism, 64(11), 1564-1573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.010.
• Piperi, C. (2017). Dietary advanced glycation end-products: molecular mechanisms and preventive tools. Current nutrition reports, 6, 1-8. DOI 10.1007/s13668-017-0188-8.
• Poulsen M.W., Hedegaard R.V., Andersen J.M., de Courten B., Bügel S., Nielsen J., et al. Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2013;60:10-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.052.
• Ravichandran, G., Lakshmanan, D. K., Raju, K., Elangovan, A., Nambirajan, G., Devanesan, A. A., & Thilagar, S. (2019). Food advanced glycation end products as potential endocrine disruptors: An emerging threat to contemporary and future generation. Environment international, 123, 486-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.032.
• Roberts C.K., Barnard R.J., Croymans DM. Weight loss with a lowcarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet, N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359(3):229-241. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708681.
• Rungratanawanich, W., Qu, Y., Wang, X., Essa, M. M., & Song, B. J. (2021). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 53(2), 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7.
• Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., ... & Williamson, D. A. (2009). Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(9), 859-873. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748
• Sandu, O., Song, K., Cai, W., Zheng, F., Uribarri, J., & Vlassara, H. (2005). Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in high-fat–fed mice are linked to high glycotoxin intake. diabetes, 54(8), 2314-2319. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2314.
• Scheijen, J. L., Clevers, E., Engelen, L., Dagnelie, P. C., Brouns, F., Stehouwer, C. D., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2016). Analysis of advanced glycation endproducts in selected food items by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Presentation of a dietary AGE database. Food chemistry, 190, 1145-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.049.
• Schmidt, A. M. (2017). 2016 ATVB plenary lecture: receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders: spotlight on the macrophage. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 37(4), 613-621. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.307263.
• Schmidt, A. M., Du Yan, S., Yan, S. F., & Stern, D. M. (2000). The biology of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1498(2-3), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4889(00)00087-2.
• Shaikh, N., Dadachanji, R., & Mukherjee, S. (2014). Genetic markers of polycystic ovary syndrome: emphasis on insulin resistance. International Journal of Medical Genetics, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/478972.
• Shang, Y., Zhou, H., Hu, M., & Feng, H. (2020). Effect of diet on insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 105(10), 3346-3360. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa425.
• Sharma C., Kaur A., Thind S.S., Singh B., Raina S. Advanced glycation End-products (AGEs): an emerging concern for processed food industries. J Food Sci Technol 2015;52:7561-76. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1851-y.
• Shermin, S., Noor, A., & Jahan, S. (2019). Polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief review with recent updates. Delta Medical College Journal, 7(2), 84-99. https://doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v7i2.45567.
• Singh, V. P., Bali, A., Singh, N., & Jaggi, A. S. (2014). Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology: official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 18(1), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1.
• Snelson, M., & Coughlan, M. T. (2019). Dietary advanced glycation end products: digestion, metabolism and modulation of gut microbial ecology. Nutrients, 11(2), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020215.
• Song, Q., Liu, J., Dong, L., Wang, X. ve Zhang, X. (2021). Novel advances in inhibiting advanced glycation end product formation using natural compounds. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 140, 111750. DOI:10.1016/J.BIOPHA.2021.111750.
• Stinghen, A. E., Massy, Z. A., Vlassara, H., Striker, G. E., & Boullier, A. (2016). Uremic toxicity of advanced glycation end products in CKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 27(2), 354-370. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2014101047.
• Story M., Hayes M., Kalina B. Availability of foods in high schools: is there cause for concern? J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:123-126. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00039-9.
• Tantalaki, E., Piperi, C., Livadas, S., Kollias, A., Adamopoulos, C., Koulouri, A., ... & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2014). Impact of dietary modification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the hormonal and metabolic profile of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hormones, 13(1), 65-73. DOI: 10.1007/BF03401321.
• Tatone, C., Eichenlaub-Ritter, U., & Amicarelli, F. (2014). Dicarbonyl stress and glyoxalases in ovarian function. Biochemical Society Transactions, 42(2), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20140023.
• Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Costello, M. F., Dokras, A., Laven, J., Moran, L., ... & Norman, R. J. (2018). Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction, 33(9), 1602-1618. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey363.
• Tessier F.J., Boulanger E., Howsam M. Metabolic transit of dietary advanced glycation end-products - the case of NƐ-carboxymethyllysine. Glycoconj J. 2021 Jun;38(3):311-317. doi: 10.1007/s10719-020-09950-y. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PMID: 32990827.
• Thornalley, P. J., Langborg, A., & Minhas, H. S. (1999). Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. Biochemical Journal, 344(1), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3440109.
• Thornton, K., Merhi, Z., Jindal, S., Goldsammler, M., Charron, M. J., & Buyuk, E. (2020). Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) could alter ovarian function in mice. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 510, 110826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.110826.
• Twarda-Clapa, A., Olczak, A., Białkowska, A. M., & Koziołkiewicz, M. (2022). Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells, 11(8), 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11081312.
• Ueno, H., Koyama, H., Shoji, T., Monden, M., Fukumoto, S., Tanaka, S., ... & Nishizawa, Y. (2010). Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) regulation of adiposity and adiponectin is associated with atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mouse. Atherosclerosis, 211(2), 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.006.
• Ulrich, P., & Cerami, A. (2001). Protein glycation, diabetes, and aging. Recent progress in hormone research, 56(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1210/rp.56.1.1.
• Uribarri, J., Woodruff, S., Goodman, S., Cai, W., Chen, X. U. E., Pyzik, R., ... & Vlassara, H. (2010). Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(6), 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018.
• van der Lugt, T., Opperhuizen, A., Bast, A., & Vrolijk, M. F. (2020). Dietary advanced glycation endproducts and the gastrointestinal tract. Nutrients, 12(9), 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092814.
• Vlassara, H., Cai, W., Goodman, S., Pyzik, R., Yong, A., Chen, X., ... & Uribarri, J. (2009). Protection against loss of innate defenses in adulthood by low advanced glycation end products (AGE) intake: role of the antiinflammatory AGE receptor-1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(11), 4483-4491. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0089.
• Wautier, M. P., Chappey, O., Corda, S., Stern, D. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Wautier, J. L. (2001). Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. American journal of physiology-endocrinology and metabolism, 280(5), E685-E694. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E685.
• Wilson, K. (2020). Obesity: Lifestyle Modification and Behavior Interventions. FP essentials, 492, 19-24.
• Wirt, A., & Collins, C. E. (2009). Diet quality–what is it and does it matter?. Public health nutrition, 12(12), 2473-2492. DOI: 10.1017/S136898000900531X.
• Witchel, S. F., Teede, H. J., & Peña, A. S. (2020). Curtailing pcos. Pediatric research, 87(2), 353-361. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0615-1.
• Yalçın, E., & Rakıcıoğlu, N. (2022). Besinlerde Oluşan İleri Glikasyon Son Ürünlerine Polifenollerin Etkisi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 50(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.33076/2022.BDD.1554.
• Yamamoto, Y., & Yamamoto, H. (2013). RAGE-mediated inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and diabetic vascular complication. Frontiers in endocrinology, 4, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00105.
• Yaman, M., Demirci, M., Ede-Cintesun, E., Kurt, E., & Mızrak, Ö. F. (2022). Investigation of formation of well-known AGEs precursors in cookies using an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestive system. Food Chemistry, 373, 131451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131451.
• Yılmaz, B., & Karabudak, E. (2016). Besinlerdeki ileri glikasyon son ürünleri ve azaltma yöntemleri. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 44(3), 280-288.
• Yılmaz, B., & Karabudak, E. (2018). Diyet Kaynaklı İleri Glikasyon Son Ürünleri ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (4), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.55.
• Yiğit, A., & Yıldız, M. (2022). Polikistik Over Sendromu ve Beslenme İlişkisi. SAĞLIK & BİLİM 2022: Beslenme-2, 147.
• Zhu, J. L., Cai, Y. Q., Long, S. L., Chen, Z., & Mo, Z. C. (2020). The role of advanced glycation end products in human infertility. Life Sciences, 255, 117830. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117830.
• Zhu, J. L., Chen, Z., Feng, W. J., Long, S. L., & Mo, Z. C. (2019). Sex hormone-binding globulin and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinica chimica acta, 499, 142-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.09.010.