Kızılırmak Nehrinin Denizel İzotop Katı 6 Sırasındaki İklim Değişimlerine Tepkisi

Year 2020, Issue: 5, 48 - 63, 15.10.2020

Uğur Doğan , Çetin Şenkul , Suzan Altıparmak

https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.788712

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma Kızılırmak vadisinin Kapadokya yöresinde, Gülşehir-Tuzköy arasında kalan kesiminde yapılmıştır. Bu sahada T1’den (en yaşlı) T15’e (en genç) kadar numaralandırılmış 15 seki basamağı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, T13 sekisine (+15-20 m) ait üç lokasyonda Denizel İzotop Katı (DİK) 6 sırasında Kızılırmak Nehri’nin küresel iklim değişimlerine karşı tepkisini saptamaktır. Sekinin taban depolarından alınmış olan kum örnekleri pIRIR290 yöntemiyle 148 ±8, 154 ± 8 ve 159 ± 8 bin yıl (by) öncesine tarihlendirilmiştir. Önceki bir çalışmadaysa seki deposu kozmojenik izotop yöntemiyle 160±30 by öncesine tarihlendirilmiştir. Elde ettiğimiz veriler T13 teras depdepolarının birikimi öncesindeki ana vadi kazılmasının DİK 7 ve 6 (sıcak–soğuk) iklim geçişinde olduğunu göstemektedir. Veriler, T13 seki depolarının DİK 6’nın ilk evresinde biriktiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, T13 sekisinin ilk taşkınovası deposunda sıcak iklimi karakterize eden paleosolerin varlığı, seki deposunun alt kısmının olasılıkla DİK 6'nın erken evresinde (günümüzden önce 180 ile 165 bin yıl arasında) oluştuğunu gösterir. T13 sekisi depolarının yarılması ise DİK 6’nın sıcak periyodunun sonunda başlamış ve DİK 6’nın tam glasyal periyodunda tamamlanmıştır.

Keywords

Kızılırmak Nehri, Kapadokya, Akarsu Sekisi, Denizel İzotop Katı 6, İklim Değişimi, Akarsu Tepkisi

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

112Y153

Thanks

Katkıları nedeniyle Mustafa Karabıyıkoğlu’nu teşekkür ederiz. Bu çalışma 112Y153 nolu TÜBİTAK projesi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

The response of Kızılırmak River to Climate Change During Marine Isotope Stage 6

Abstract

This study was carried out on the Cappadocia section of the Kızılırmak River valley. In this area, 15 terrace staircases, referred to as T1 to T15, were identified. This study aimed to illustrate river response to climate changes during the formation of T13 (+15-20 m) terrace. Three samples, taken from the lower part of this terrace deposit, were dated to 148 ± 8, 154 ± 8 and 159 ± 8 ka BP with pIRIR290 method. In a previous study, the same terrace deposit was dated to 160 ± 30 ka BP 36Cl cosmogenic nuclide method. Our data show that the main valley incision phase before accumulation of the T13 terrace deposits occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 and 6 (warm to cold) climate transition. Our results suggest that the T13 terrace deposits accumulated during the early part of MIS 6. It could further be proposed that lower part of the terrace deposits have developed at the early part of the MIS 6 (betwen 180 and 165 ka BP) because of the presence of a paleosol in the old floodplain deposits at T13, which characterizes a warm dry climate. The incision process of the deposits of T13 terrace appears to have started at the end of a warm period of the MIS 6 and formation of the terrace staircase was completed during the full glacial part of MIS 6.

Keywords

Kızılırmak River, Cappadocia, River Terrace, Marine Isotope Stage 6, Climate Changes, River Response

Project Number

112Y153

References

• Antoine, P., Lozouet N. L., Chausse, C., Lauthridou, J., Pastre, J., Auguste, P., Bahain, J., 2007. Pleistocene fluvial terraces from northern Farnce (Seine, Yonne, Somme): synthesis, and new results from interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2701-2723.
• Antoine, P., Munaut, A.M., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Ponel, P., Duperon, J., Duperon, M., 2003. Response of the Selle River to climatic modifications during the Lateglacial and Early Holocene (Somme Basin-Northern France). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2061–2076.
• Atıcı, G., Schmitt, AK., Friedrichs, B., Sparks, S., Danišík, M., Yurteri, E., Gündoğdu, EA., Schindlbeck Belo, J., Çobankaya, M., Wang, KL., Lee, HY., 2019. Ages and glass compositions for paired large volume eruptions from the Acigöl volcanic complex, Cappadocia (Turkey). Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 1, 167–178.
• Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Kaufman, A., 2002. Climatic conditions during marine oxygen isotope stage 6 in the eastern Mediterranean region from the isotopic composition of speleothems of Soreq Cave, Israel. Geology 30, 303–306.
• Bard, E., Delaygue, G., Rostek, F., Antonioli, F., Silenzi, S., Schrag, D.P., 2002. Hydrological conditions over the western Mediterranean basin during the deposition of the cold Sapropel 6 (ca. 175 kyr BP). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 202, 481-494.
• Berndt C., Yıldırım C., Çiner A., Strecker, M., Ertunç, G., Sarıkaya, M.A., Özcan, O., Öztürk, T., Kıyak, N.G., 2018. Quaternary uplift of the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau: new OSL dates of fluvial and delta-terrace deposits of the Kızılırmak River, Black Sea coast, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews 201, 446–469.
• Bogaart, P.W., Van Balen, R.T., Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Process-based modelling of fluvial system response to rapid climate change II. Application to the River Maas (The Netherlands) during the last Glacial–Interglacial Transition. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2097–2110.
• Bohncke, S., Kasse, C. and Vandenberghe, J., 1995. Climate induced environmental changes during the Vistulian Lateglacial at Zabinko, Poland. Quaestiones Geographicae, Spec. Issue 4, 43 – 64.
• Bridgland, D., Westaway, R., 2008. Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: a worldwide Quaternary phenomenon. Geomorphology 98, 285–315.
• Bridgland, D.R., 2000. River terrace systems in Northwest Europe: an archive of environmental change, uplift and early human occupation. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 1293–1303.
• Bridgland, D.R., 2006. The Middle and Upper Pleistocene sequence in the Lower Thames: a record of Milankovitch climatic fluctuation and early human occupation of southern Britain. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 117, 281-305.
• Bridgland, D.R., Allen, P., 1996. A revised model for terrace formation and its significance for the early middle Pleistocene terrace aggradations of north-east Essex, England. In: Turner, C. (Ed.), The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 121-134.
• Busschers, F.S., Kasse, C., van Balen, R.T., Vandenberghe, J., Cohen, K.M., Weerts, H.J.T., Wallinga, J., Johns, C., Cleveringa, P., Bunnik, F.P.M., 2007. Late Pleistocene evolution of the Rhine–Meuse system in the southern North Sea basin: imprints of climate change, sea level oscillation and glacio-isostacy. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 3216–3248.
• Buyleart, J.-P., Jain, M., Murray, A.S., Thomsen, K. J., Thiel, C., Sohbati, R., 2012. A robust feldspar luminescence dating method for Middle and Late Pleistocene sediments. Boreas 41, 435-451.
• Buyleart, J.-P., Murray, A.S., Gebhardt, A.C., Sohbati, R., Ohlendorf, C., Thiel, C., Westegard, S., Zolitschka, B., The PASADO Science Team. 2013. Luminescence dating of the PASADO core 5022-ID from Laguna Potrok Aike (Argentina) using IRSL signals from feldspar. Quaternary Science Reviews 71, 70-80.
• Colls, A.E., Stokes, S., Blum, M.D., Straffin, E., 2001. Age limits on the Late Quaternary evolution of the upper Loire River. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 743–750.
• Cordier, S., Frechen, M., Harmand, D., 2014. Dating fluvial erosion: fluvial response to climate change in the Moselle catchment (France, Germany) since the Late Saalian. Boreas 43, 450-468.
• Cordier, S., Harmand., D., Lauer, T., Voinchet, P., Bahain, J.J., Frechen, M., 2012. Geochronological reconstruction of the Pleistocene evolution of the Sarre valley (France and Germany) using OSL and ESR dating techniques. Geomorphology 165-166, 91-106.
• Çiner, A., Doğan, U., Yıldırım, C., Akçar, N., Ivy-Ochs, Alfimov, V., Kubik, P.W., Schlüchter, C., 2015. Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces. Quaternary Science Reviews 107, 81-97.
• Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Scaillet, S., Beck, A., Bridgland, D.R. 2012. Late Cenozoic regional uplift and localised crustal deformation within the northern Arabian Platform in southeast Turkey: Investigation of the Euphrates terrace staircase using multidisciplinary techniques. Geomorphology 165-66, 7-24.
• Doğan, U., 2010. Fluvial response to climate change during and after the Last Glacial Maximum in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International 222, 221–229.
• Doğan, U., 2011. Climate-controlled river terrace formation in the Kızılırmak Valley, Cappadocia section, Turkey: Inferred from Ar–Ar dating of Quaternary basalts and terraces stratigraphy. Geomorphology 126, 66–81.
• Erturaç, M.K., Şahiner, E., Zabcı, C., Okur, H., Polymeris, G.S., Meriç, N., İkiel, C., 2019. Fluvial response to rising levels of the Black Sea and to climate changes during the Holocene: Luminescence geochronology of the Sakarya terraces. The Holocene 29, 941-952.
• Gibbard, P.L., Lewin, J., 2009. River incision and terrace formation in the Late Cenozoic of Europe. Tectonophysics 474, 41– 55.
• Görendağlı, N., 2013. Göksu nehri vadisinin flüvyal jeomorfolojisi: Mut-Silifke arası. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi (basılmamış).
• Huisink, M., 1997. Late–Glacial sedimentological and morphological changes in a lowland river in response to climatic change: the Maas, southern Netherlands. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 209-223.
• Karadoğan, S., Kuzucuoğlu, C., 2019. Diyarbakır civarında Dicle vadisinde nehirle ilişkili yer şekillerinin yakın evrimi: yapısal sınırlamalar, iklim değişikliği, çevre dinamiği, insan etkileri. Jeomorfoloji Derneği Bülteni 3, 33-37.
• Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J., Van Huissteden, J., Bohncke, S.J.P., Bos, J.A.A., 2003. Sensitivity of Weichselian fluvial systems to climate change (Nochten mine eastern Germany). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2141–2156.
• Kuzucuoğlu, C., Dumoulin, J-P., Saulnier-Copard, S., (2018) Geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental setting of Aşıklı Höyük. In: Özbaşaran M, Duru G, Stiner M (eds) The early settlement at Aşıklı Höyük-Essays in honor of Ufuk Esin. Ege Yayınları Istanbul, pp. 15–43.
• Lewin, J., Gibbard, P.L., 2010. Quaternary river terraces in England: forms, sediments and processes. Geomorphology 120, 293-311.
• Liu, X., Sun,Y. Vandenberghe, J., Cheng, P., Zhang, X., Gowan, EJ., Lohmann, G., An, Z., 2020. Centennial- to millennial-scale monsoon changes since the last deglaciation linked to solar activities and North Atlantic cooling. Clim. Past 16, 315–324.
• Lu, H.Y., Wang, X., Wang, X., Sun, X.F., Yi, S.W., Zhou, Y.L., Liu, Q.Y., Swinehart, J., Vandenberghe, J., 2012. Palaeoclimatic changes in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau revealed by magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility analysis of thick loess deposits. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91, 189 – 198.
• Lu, H.Y., Vandenberghe, J., Miao, X.D., Tan, H.B., Ma, H.Z., 2006. Evidence for an abrupt climatic reversal during the Last Interglacial on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International 154-155, 136-140.
• Maddy, D., Bridgland, D., Westaway, R., 2001. Uplift driven valley incision and climate-controlled river terrace development in the Thames Valley, UK. Quaternary International 79, 23–36.
• Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., vanGorp, W., Wijbrans, JR., vanHinsbergen, DJJ,. Dekkers, MJ., Schreve, D., Schoorl, JM., Scaife, R., Stemerdink, C., vanderSchriek, T., Bridgland, DR., Aytaç, A.S., 2017. The Gediz River fluvial archive: A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia. Quaternary Science Reviews 166, 289-306.
• Margari, V., Skinner, L.C., Hodell, D.A., Martrat, B., Toucanne, S., Grimalt, J.O., Gibbard, P.L., Lunkka, J., Tzedakis, P., 2014. Land-ocean changes on orbital and millennial time scales and the penultimate glaciation. Geology 42, 183-186.
• Mol, J., Vandenberghe, J., Kasse, C., 2000. River response to variations of periglacial climate in mid-latitude Europe. Geomorphology 33, 131–148. Mouralis, D., Pastre, J., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Türkecan, A., Guillou, H., 2019. Tephrostratigraphy and chronology of the Quaternary Gölludağ and Acıgöl volcanic complexes (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 1, 179–202.
• Rousseau, D.D., Antoine, P., Boers, N., Lagroix, F., Ghil, M., Lomax, J., Fuchs, M., Debret, M., Hatté, C., Moine, O., Gauthier, C., Jordanova, D., Jordanova, N., 2020. Dansgaard–Oeschger-like events of the penultimate climate cycle: the loess point of view. Clim. Past 16, 713–727.
• Schmitt, A.K., Danišík, M., Evans, N.J., Siebel, W., Kiemele, E., Aydın, F., Harvey, J.C., 2011. Acigöl rhyolite feld, Central Anatolia (part 1): high-resolution dating of eruption episodes and zircon growth rates. Contrib Miner Petrol 162, 1215–1231.
• Schumm, S., 1979. Geomorphic Thresholds: The Concept and its Applications. Transcations Institute British Geographers 4, 485–515.
• Shin, J., 2019. Millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 variations during the Marine Isotope Stage 6. Doktora Tezi (PhD), L’Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement dans l'École Doctorale Terre Univers Environnement.
• Starkel, L., 2003. Climatically controlled terraces in uplifting mountain areas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2189–2198.
• Starkel, L., Gebica, P., Superson, J., 2007. Last Glacial-Interglacial cycle in the evolution of river valleys in southern and central Poland. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2924-2936.
• Tebbens, L.A., Vedkamp, A., Westerhoff, W., Kroonenberg, S.B., 1999. Fluvial incision and channel downcutting as a response Late-glacial Early Holocene climate change: the lower reach of river Meuse (Maas), The Netherlands. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 59–75.
• Thiel, C., Buyleart, J.-P., Murray, A.S., Terhorst, B., Hofer, I., Tsukomato, S., Frechen, M. 2011. Luminescence dating of the Stratzing loess profile (Austria) – Testing the potential of an elevated temperature post-IR IRSL protocol. Quaternary International 234, 23-31.
• Törnqvist, T.E., 2007. Fluvial environments /Responses to rapid environmental change. In: S.A. Elias (Editor), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, s. 686-694.
• Turner, F., Tolksdorf, J.F., Viehberg, F., Schwalb, A., Kaiser, K., Bittmann, F., von Bramann, U., Pott, R., Staesche, U., Breest, K., Veil, S., 2013. Lateglacial/early Holocene fluvial reactions of the Jeetzel river (Elbe valley, northern Germany) to abrupt climatic and environmental changes. Quaternary Science Reviews 60, 91-109.
• Tzedakis, P.C., Hooghiemstra, H., Palike, H., 2006. The last 1.35 million years at Tenaghi Philippon: revised chronostratigraphy andlong-termvegetationtrends. Quaternary Science Reviews 25,3416–3430.
• Van Huissteden, J., Kasse, C., 2001. Detection of rapid climate change in Last Glacial fluvial successions in The Netherlands. Global and Planetary Change 28, 319-339.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2008. The fluvial cycle and cold-warm-cold transition in lowland regions: a refinement of theory. Geomorphology 98, 275-284.
• Vandenberghe, J., 1995. Timescales, climate and river development. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 631-638.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2001. The response of river systems to climate change. Quaternary International 79, 1–3.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2002. The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary International 91, 17–23.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Climate forcing of fluvial system development: an evolution of ideas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2053–2060.
• Vandenberghe, J., Bohncke, S., Lammers, W., Zilverberg, L., 1987. Geomorphology and paleoecology of the Mark valley (southern Netherlands): geomorphological valley development during the Weichselian and Holocene. Boreas 16, 55–57.
• Vandenberghe, J., Kasse, C., Bohncke, S. and Kozarski, S., 1994. Climate – Related River Activity at the Weichselian – Holocene Transition: A Comparative Study of the Warta and Maas Rivers. Terra Nova, 6, 476 – 485.
• Vandenberghe, J., Mommersteeg, H., Edelman, D., 1993. Lithogenesis And Geomorphological Processes of the Pleistocene Deposites At Maastricht – Belvedere. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 47, 7 – 17.
• Vandenberhge, J., 2015. River terraces as a response to climatic forcing: Formation processes, sedimentary characteristics and sites for human occupation. Quaternary International 370, 3-11.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, F., Huayu, L., Van Balen, R., 2017. Climatic and tectonic controls on the fluvial morphology of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China). Geogr. Sci. 27, 1325-1340.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, J., Yi, S., Van Balen, R., Lu, H., 2015. Climate-dependent fluvial architecture and processes on a suborbital timescale in areas of rapid tectonic uplift: An example from the NE Tibetan Plateau. Globaland Planetary Change133, 318–329.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, D., Yi, S., Vandenberghe, J., Lu, H., Balen, R.V., Haute, P.V.D., 2013. Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and geomorphological evolution at the interface between the Menyuan basin and the Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Research 80, 534-544.
• Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Kong, X.G., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J.Y., Jiang, X.Y., Wang, X.F., An, Z.S., 2008. Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature 451, 1090-1093.
• Westaway, R., Goillou, H., Seyrek, A., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Scaillet S., Beck, A., 2009. Late Cenozoic surface uplift, basaltic volcanism, and incision by the River Tigris around Diyarbakır, SE Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 601-625.