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Nivation hollows formed by snow patch erosion in the Kalkanlı Mountains (Turkey)

Year 2022, Issue: 8, 61 - 77, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1084239

Abstract

References

  • Brauchli, T., Trujillo, E., Huwald, H., Lehning, M. (2017). Influence of slopescale snowmelt on catchment response simulated with the Alpine 3D model. Water Resources Research. 53: 10723–10739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021278
  • Christiansen, H.H. 1998. Nivation forms and processes in unconsolidated sediments, NE Greenland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(8): 751-760. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199808)23:8<751::AID-ESP886>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Colhoun, E.A. 2002. Periglacial landforms and deposite of Tasmania. South African Journal of Science, 98: 55-63. https://www.antpas.org/uploads/7/9/8/3/7983921/sajsci_v98_n1_a23.pdf Derbyshire, E. & Peterson, J.A. 1977. Nivation Cirque. Australian Landform Example No:31. Australian Geographer, 13: 416-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049187708702721
  • Dohrenwend, J.C. 1984. Nivation Landforms in Western Great Basin and Their Paleoclimatik Significance. Quaternary Research, 22: 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90022-X
  • Embleton, C. & King, C. A.M. 1968. Periglacial Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, SBN: 7131-5377-6, Printed in Greate Britain.
  • Embleton, C. & King, C. A.M. 1975. Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, ISBN: 0-7131-5794-1, London.
  • Flint, R. F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-26435-0, USA.
  • French, H. M. 2008. The Periglacial Environment, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86588-0, ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86589-7.
  • Jennings, J.N. 1978. The Geomorphic Role of Stone Movement through Snow Creep Mount Twynam, Snowy Mountains, Australia Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, 60(1/2): 1-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/520960?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Jennings, J.N. & Costin, A.B., 1978. Stone movement through snow creep, 1963–75 Mount Twynam, Snowy Mountains, Australia. Earth Surface Processes, 3(1): 1-22. https://ur.booksc.org/dl/1329763/c147dd
  • Henderson, E. P. 1956. Large Nivation Hollows near Knob Lake, Quebec. The Journal of Geology, Volume 64, Number 6, https://doi.org/10.1086/626394
  • Hjort, J. 2006. Environmental factors aff ecting the occurrence of periglacial landforms in Finnish Lapland: a numerical approach. Academic dissertation. Department of Geography Faculty of Science University of Helsinki. ISBN 952-10-3080-1 (PDF). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47932730_Environmental_Factors_Affecting_the_Occurrence_of_Periglacial_Landforms_in_Finnish_Lapland_A_Numerical_Approach
  • Kariya, Y. 2002. Geomorphic processes at a snowpatch hollow on Gassan volcano, northern Japan Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 13(2): 107 – 116. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.412
  • Lewis, W. V. 1939. Snow-Patch Erosion in Iceland. The Geographical Journal, 94(2): 153-161. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787251
  • Lund, R.N. 1991. Geormorphic processes at snowpatch sites in the Abisko mountains, northern Sweden. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 35(3): 321-343. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/35/1991/321
  • Margold, M., Treml, V., Petr, L., Nyplová, P. 2011. Snowpatch hollows and pronival ramparts in the Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic: distribution, morphology and chronology of formation. Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography, 93: 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00422.x
  • Matsuoka, N. 2001. Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review. Earth-Science Reviews, 55(1–2): 107-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00057-5
  • Matthews, J.A., Shakesby, R.A., Berrisford, M.S., McEwen, L.J., 1998. Periglacial patterned ground on the Styggedalsbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: micro-topographic, paraglacial and geoecological controls. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 9: 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199804/06)9:2<147::AID-PPP278>3.0.CO;2-9
  • McCabe, L. H. 1939. Nivation and Corrie Erosion in West Spitsbergen. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 447-465. Mott, R., Vionnet, V., Grünewald, T. 2018.The Seasonal Snow Cover Dynamics: Review on Wind-Driven Coupling Processes. Frontiers in Earth Science, 6:197. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00197
  • Natek, K. 2007. Periglacial Landforms in The Pohorje Mountains. Dela, 27: 247-263. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.27.247-263 Nichols, R. L. 1963. Miniature Nivation Cirques Near Marble Point, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Journal of Glaciology, Volume 4, Issue 34, pp. 477 – 479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300002791X.
  • Nyberg, R. 1991. Geomorphic processes at snowpatch sites in the Abisko mountains, northern Sweden. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 35(3): 321 – 343. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/35/1991/321.
  • Palacios, D., Andrés, N., Nicolau, E. L. 2003. Distribution and effectiveness of nivation in Mediterranean mountains: Peñalara (Spain). Geomorphology, 54(3-4): 157-178. DOI:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00340-9.
  • Peltier, L.C. 1950. The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 40: 214-236. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561059?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Rademacher, C.L. 1980. Morphometric Properties of Nivation Hollows on Hart Mountain, Lake County, Oregon. A thesis submitted to Oregon State University, Master of Science.
  • Rapp, A. 1984. Nivation Hollows and Glacial Cirques in Söderåsen, Scania, South Sweden. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, 66A(1/2): 11-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/520937?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Slee, A.J. 2015. The distribution and paleoclimate implications of periglacial landforms in eastern Australia. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland, Australia.
  • Thorn, C. E. 1978. The Geomorphic Role of Snow. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 414-42.
  • Thorn, C. E. & Hall, K. 1980. Nivation: An Arctic-Alpine Comparison And Reappraisal. Journal of Glaciology, Volume: 25, No. 91, pp: 109-124.
  • Thorn, C. E. 1988. Nivation: a geomorphic chimera. In: Clark, M.J. (ed.). Advances in periglacial geomorphology, 3–31. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Thorn, C. E. & Hall, K. 2002. Nivation and cryoplanation: the case for scrutiny and integration. Progress in Physical Geography. Volume 26, No:4, pp. 533–550.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2009. Aksu Deresi Havzası (Giresun) Periglasiyal Sahasında Kütle Hareketleri (The Mass Movements in The Periglacial Region of Aksu River Basin (Giresun). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 52: 41–54, Basılı ISSN 1302–5856, Elektronik ISSN 1308–9773, İstanbul. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/198477
  • Turoğlu, H. Erginal, A.E., Caner, H., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. 2020. Dipsizgöl Nivasyon Sirki (Dipsizgol Nivation Cirque), TURQUA 2020 Bildiri Özleri Kitabı (Abstracts Book), sayfa: 34-35. http://www.turqua.itu.edu.tr/docs/librariesprovider222/default-document-library/turqua_abstract_book_2020_v34fcf3e4bceeb6433bf21ff0000f8c30d.pdf?sfvrsn=0
  • Turoğu, H. & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. 2021. Istavroma Periglasiyal Bölgesindeki Nivasyon Sirkleri (Nivation Cirques in Istavroma Periglacial Region). 73. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri ve Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı (Proceedıngs Of Abstracts And Extended Abstracts), TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayınları No: 143, ISBN: 978-625-7653-17-6, sayfa: 481-482. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/02d915fa0bf0f11_ek.pdf
  • Troll, C. 1944. Strukturböden, Solifluktion und Frostklimate der Erde. Geologische Rundschau, 34(7-8): 545-694. Doi. 10.1007/BF01803103. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01803103.pdf
  • Washburn, A.L. 1980. Geocryology - a survey of periglacial processes and environments. ISBN 0-470-6582-5, John Wile & Sons, New York.
  • Watson, E. 1966. Two nivation cirques near Aberystwyth, Wales. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 15: 79–101.
  • Wilson, L. 1968. Morphogenetic classification. In: Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31060-6_248

Kalkanlı Dağlarında Kar Yaması Erozyonu İle Oluşan Nivasyon Oyukları

Year 2022, Issue: 8, 61 - 77, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1084239

Abstract

Nivasyon oyukları, kar yaması erozyonu ile oluşan bir aşınım şeklidir. Bu aşınma; kar yamaları altında, detritik nitelikteki zeminin sığ üst zonunda meydana gelen donma-çözülme döngü süreci ile gerçekleşir. Nivasyon süreci olarak tanımlanan bu aşınma; iklim, jeomorfoloji, zeminin tekstür ve strüktür özellikleri ile bitki örtüsü özelliklerinin kontrolünde gelişir. Kar yaması; hem sıcaklığın gün içinde donma ve çözülme döngüsü içinde değişmesi için termal koruyuculuk yaparak, hem de nivasyon sürecinin çalışması için gerekli olan suyun teminine katkı yaparak aşınmanın yıl içindeki etki süresi ve şiddeti üzerinde önemli rol oynar. Bu çalışmada; nivasyon oyukları ele alınarak, Kalkanlı Dağları’ndan (Trabzon, Gümüşhane) kaynağını alan Yanbolu Deresi yukarı çığırı 2000-2200m yükselti kademesindeki nivasyon oyukları örneklemelerinde onların oluşum ve gelişimlerinin açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında; yüzey analizleri için 1m yersel çözünürlükteki topografik veritabanı drone verisinden üretilmiştir. Çalışma sahasının nivasyon koşullarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla; Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’nden temin edilen, 2050m yükseklikteki Torul/Zigana Kayak Merkezi (İstasyon no: 17696) meteoroloji istasyonu iklim verileri kullanılmıştır. Yüzey analizleri için ArcMap 10.7 yazılımı tercih edilmiştir. Arazi çalışmasında nivasyon oyukları incelenerek, ölçümler Garmin Etrex 10 El Tipi GPS ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca Google Earth görüntülerinden de faydalanılmıştır. Nivasyon oyuklarının oluşum ve gelişimlerine ait daha önceki araştırmaların bulgu ve sonuçları; araştırma sahasındaki örnekler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Nivasyon gelişiminin güncel bir jeomorfolojik süreç olması nedeni ile sahanın güncel iklim özellikleri dikkate alınarak, nivasyon süreci perspektifinde değerlendirilmiştir. İklim verilerinin nivasyon sürecinin aktif olmasını desteklediği görülmüştür. Arazi çalışmaları ile elde edilen sahanın jeomorfolojik özellikleri, zeminin tekstür ve strüktür özellikleri, orman örtüsünden yoksun alpin çayır katı hakkındaki bulgular; 2000-2200m yükselti kademesinde halen kar yaması erozyonunun devam ettiğine işaret etmektedir. Arazi çalışmasında, nivasyon oyuklarının enine, boyuna ve dairesel türleri tespit edilmiş olup, bunlar karakteristik özelliklerine göre başlangıç, gençlik ve olgunluk gelişim aşamaları şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Sahada gözlenen nivasyon oyukları genellikle başlangıç ve gençlik gelişim aşamalarında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Sahada görülen olgunluk gelişim aşamasındaki dairesel nivasyon oyuğu; Dipsizgöl nivasyon sirki’dir. Nivasyon sirk göllerin ideal bir proksi kapanı olduğunu ve geçmişin coğrafi arşivini sakladıklarını, Dipsizgöl tabanına ait kurtarılmış sedimentlerinin analizleri doğrulamıştır. Bu bilimsel öneminin yanı sıra nivasyon sirk göllerinin korunması gereken birer doğal miras olduğu da kabul edilmelidir.

References

  • Brauchli, T., Trujillo, E., Huwald, H., Lehning, M. (2017). Influence of slopescale snowmelt on catchment response simulated with the Alpine 3D model. Water Resources Research. 53: 10723–10739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021278
  • Christiansen, H.H. 1998. Nivation forms and processes in unconsolidated sediments, NE Greenland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(8): 751-760. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199808)23:8<751::AID-ESP886>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Colhoun, E.A. 2002. Periglacial landforms and deposite of Tasmania. South African Journal of Science, 98: 55-63. https://www.antpas.org/uploads/7/9/8/3/7983921/sajsci_v98_n1_a23.pdf Derbyshire, E. & Peterson, J.A. 1977. Nivation Cirque. Australian Landform Example No:31. Australian Geographer, 13: 416-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049187708702721
  • Dohrenwend, J.C. 1984. Nivation Landforms in Western Great Basin and Their Paleoclimatik Significance. Quaternary Research, 22: 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90022-X
  • Embleton, C. & King, C. A.M. 1968. Periglacial Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, SBN: 7131-5377-6, Printed in Greate Britain.
  • Embleton, C. & King, C. A.M. 1975. Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, ISBN: 0-7131-5794-1, London.
  • Flint, R. F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-26435-0, USA.
  • French, H. M. 2008. The Periglacial Environment, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86588-0, ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86589-7.
  • Jennings, J.N. 1978. The Geomorphic Role of Stone Movement through Snow Creep Mount Twynam, Snowy Mountains, Australia Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, 60(1/2): 1-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/520960?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Jennings, J.N. & Costin, A.B., 1978. Stone movement through snow creep, 1963–75 Mount Twynam, Snowy Mountains, Australia. Earth Surface Processes, 3(1): 1-22. https://ur.booksc.org/dl/1329763/c147dd
  • Henderson, E. P. 1956. Large Nivation Hollows near Knob Lake, Quebec. The Journal of Geology, Volume 64, Number 6, https://doi.org/10.1086/626394
  • Hjort, J. 2006. Environmental factors aff ecting the occurrence of periglacial landforms in Finnish Lapland: a numerical approach. Academic dissertation. Department of Geography Faculty of Science University of Helsinki. ISBN 952-10-3080-1 (PDF). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47932730_Environmental_Factors_Affecting_the_Occurrence_of_Periglacial_Landforms_in_Finnish_Lapland_A_Numerical_Approach
  • Kariya, Y. 2002. Geomorphic processes at a snowpatch hollow on Gassan volcano, northern Japan Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 13(2): 107 – 116. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.412
  • Lewis, W. V. 1939. Snow-Patch Erosion in Iceland. The Geographical Journal, 94(2): 153-161. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787251
  • Lund, R.N. 1991. Geormorphic processes at snowpatch sites in the Abisko mountains, northern Sweden. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 35(3): 321-343. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/35/1991/321
  • Margold, M., Treml, V., Petr, L., Nyplová, P. 2011. Snowpatch hollows and pronival ramparts in the Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic: distribution, morphology and chronology of formation. Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography, 93: 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00422.x
  • Matsuoka, N. 2001. Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review. Earth-Science Reviews, 55(1–2): 107-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00057-5
  • Matthews, J.A., Shakesby, R.A., Berrisford, M.S., McEwen, L.J., 1998. Periglacial patterned ground on the Styggedalsbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: micro-topographic, paraglacial and geoecological controls. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 9: 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199804/06)9:2<147::AID-PPP278>3.0.CO;2-9
  • McCabe, L. H. 1939. Nivation and Corrie Erosion in West Spitsbergen. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 447-465. Mott, R., Vionnet, V., Grünewald, T. 2018.The Seasonal Snow Cover Dynamics: Review on Wind-Driven Coupling Processes. Frontiers in Earth Science, 6:197. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00197
  • Natek, K. 2007. Periglacial Landforms in The Pohorje Mountains. Dela, 27: 247-263. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.27.247-263 Nichols, R. L. 1963. Miniature Nivation Cirques Near Marble Point, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Journal of Glaciology, Volume 4, Issue 34, pp. 477 – 479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300002791X.
  • Nyberg, R. 1991. Geomorphic processes at snowpatch sites in the Abisko mountains, northern Sweden. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 35(3): 321 – 343. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/35/1991/321.
  • Palacios, D., Andrés, N., Nicolau, E. L. 2003. Distribution and effectiveness of nivation in Mediterranean mountains: Peñalara (Spain). Geomorphology, 54(3-4): 157-178. DOI:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00340-9.
  • Peltier, L.C. 1950. The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 40: 214-236. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561059?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Rademacher, C.L. 1980. Morphometric Properties of Nivation Hollows on Hart Mountain, Lake County, Oregon. A thesis submitted to Oregon State University, Master of Science.
  • Rapp, A. 1984. Nivation Hollows and Glacial Cirques in Söderåsen, Scania, South Sweden. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, 66A(1/2): 11-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/520937?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Slee, A.J. 2015. The distribution and paleoclimate implications of periglacial landforms in eastern Australia. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland, Australia.
  • Thorn, C. E. 1978. The Geomorphic Role of Snow. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 414-42.
  • Thorn, C. E. & Hall, K. 1980. Nivation: An Arctic-Alpine Comparison And Reappraisal. Journal of Glaciology, Volume: 25, No. 91, pp: 109-124.
  • Thorn, C. E. 1988. Nivation: a geomorphic chimera. In: Clark, M.J. (ed.). Advances in periglacial geomorphology, 3–31. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Thorn, C. E. & Hall, K. 2002. Nivation and cryoplanation: the case for scrutiny and integration. Progress in Physical Geography. Volume 26, No:4, pp. 533–550.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2009. Aksu Deresi Havzası (Giresun) Periglasiyal Sahasında Kütle Hareketleri (The Mass Movements in The Periglacial Region of Aksu River Basin (Giresun). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 52: 41–54, Basılı ISSN 1302–5856, Elektronik ISSN 1308–9773, İstanbul. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/198477
  • Turoğlu, H. Erginal, A.E., Caner, H., Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. 2020. Dipsizgöl Nivasyon Sirki (Dipsizgol Nivation Cirque), TURQUA 2020 Bildiri Özleri Kitabı (Abstracts Book), sayfa: 34-35. http://www.turqua.itu.edu.tr/docs/librariesprovider222/default-document-library/turqua_abstract_book_2020_v34fcf3e4bceeb6433bf21ff0000f8c30d.pdf?sfvrsn=0
  • Turoğu, H. & Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. 2021. Istavroma Periglasiyal Bölgesindeki Nivasyon Sirkleri (Nivation Cirques in Istavroma Periglacial Region). 73. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri ve Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı (Proceedıngs Of Abstracts And Extended Abstracts), TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayınları No: 143, ISBN: 978-625-7653-17-6, sayfa: 481-482. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/02d915fa0bf0f11_ek.pdf
  • Troll, C. 1944. Strukturböden, Solifluktion und Frostklimate der Erde. Geologische Rundschau, 34(7-8): 545-694. Doi. 10.1007/BF01803103. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01803103.pdf
  • Washburn, A.L. 1980. Geocryology - a survey of periglacial processes and environments. ISBN 0-470-6582-5, John Wile & Sons, New York.
  • Watson, E. 1966. Two nivation cirques near Aberystwyth, Wales. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 15: 79–101.
  • Wilson, L. 1968. Morphogenetic classification. In: Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31060-6_248
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Physical Geography and Environmental Geology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hüseyin Turoğlu 0000-0003-0173-6995

Early Pub Date January 10, 2022
Publication Date April 15, 2022
Submission Date March 7, 2022
Acceptance Date April 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Turoğlu, H. (2022). Kalkanlı Dağlarında Kar Yaması Erozyonu İle Oluşan Nivasyon Oyukları. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi(8), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1084239

Journal of Geomorphological Researches  ( JADER )

Turkish Society for Geomorphology ( www.jd.org.tr )