The Impact of microRNA’s (miRNA) on Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production in Cattle, Goat and Sheep

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 124 - 130, 18.12.2018

Deniz Dinçel , Sena Ardıçlı , Hale Şamlı , Faruk Balcı

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.425623

Abstract

Mammary gland (MG) have important
functions by producing milk for both newborns and human consumption and is a
complex organ that grows and develops in the ruminants after calving.
Development of MG with the synthesis and secretion of milk are both associated
with the lactation process. The productivity of MG is under the influence of
nutrition, genetics, race and epigenetic factors. The microRNAs (miRNAs), precede
the epigenetic factors, are non-coding RNA molecules that have an average
length of 22 (19-24nt) nucleotides. The miRNAs, which play a role in important
biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis,
participate in gene expression as a post transcriptional regulators. In cattle,
goat and sheep species miRNA’s, which are extensively studied from
carcinogenesis to embryogenesis, were defined 1045, 436 and 153 (mature) respectively.
230 miRNAs were detected in the colostrum and 213 miRNAs in the milk within the
identified miRNAs. It was also defined that miRNA types and expression levels
differed in the dry period and the lactation peak period. In another study, it
was seen that the miRNA’s detected in the milk were two times more than the
serum and milk contained 47 different miRNAs compaired to serum; consequently
its tought that MG synthesized its own miRNAs. However, the information about
miRNAs on mammary gland development and the specific function of lactation
regulation is limited. Molecular studies are required to illuminate the effects
of miRNAs on lactogenesis mechanisms and to understand its effect on lactation
milk yield. This review focuses on the current knowledge of miRNAs on the
development of MB and milk production in livestock and possible future
implications.

Keywords

Cattle, goat, sheep, mammary gland, lactation, miRNA

Sığır, Keçi ve Koyunlarda mikroRNA’ların (miRNA) Meme Bezi Gelişimi ve Süt Üretimine Etkisi

Abstract

Meme bezi (MB) gerek yeni doğanlara gerekse insan tüketimine süt üretimiyle önemli fonksiyona sahip olan ve ruminantlarda yavru doğumundan sonra büyüyüp gelişen kompleks bir organdır. MB’nin gelişimi ile sütün sentez ve salgılanması ise laktasyon süreci ile ilişkilidir. MB’nin verimi; beslenme, genetik, ırk ve epigenetik faktörlerin etkisi altındadır. Epigenetik faktörlerin başında gelen mikroRNA’lar (miRNA) ortalama 22 nükleotit (19-24 nt) uzunluğunda, kodlamayan RNA molekülleridir. Hücre çoğalması, farklılaşması ve apopitoz gibi önemli biyolojik süreçlerde rol oynayan miRNA’lar post transkripsiyonel regülatör olarak gen ekspresyonunda görev almaktadır. Karsinogenezden embriyogeneze kadar pek çok alanda yoğun olarak çalışılan miRNA’lar sığır, keçi ve koyun türünde sırasıyla; 1045, 436 ve 153 (olgun) adet tanımlanmıştır. Tanımlanmış miRNA’lar içerisinde kolostrumda 230, sütte ise 213 miRNA tipi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kuru dönemde ve laktasyonun pik evresinde miRNA tipleri ve ekspresyon seviyelerinin farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bir başka çalışmada, sütte tespit edilen miRNA’ların miktar olarak kan serumundan iki kat daha fazla olduğu ve serumdan farklı 47 tip miRNA içerdiği görülürken; MB’nin kendine özgü miRNA’lar sentezlediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak miRNA’ların meme bezi gelişimi ve laktasyon regülasyonundaki spesifik fonksiyonuna ilişkin bilgiler kısıtlıdır. Bu nedenle, miRNA’ların laktogenez mekanizmalarına olan etkilerinin aydınlatılmasına ve laktasyon süt verim ile bileşimine olan etkisinin anlaşılmasına yönelik moleküler çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derlemede çiftlik hayvanlarında miRNA’ların MB gelişimi ve süt üretimine olan etkilerine yönelik güncel bilgiler ve gelecekteki olası çıkarımlar üzerine odaklanılmıştır.

Keywords

Sığır, keçi, koyun, meme bezi, laktasyon, miRNA

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