A Study on Phenol Pollution in the Aksu Creek (Giresun, Turkey)

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 235 - 240, 30.06.2022

Selda Palabıyık , Tamer Akkan

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1126971

Abstract

The phenol and its derivatives are widely available in the environment. The phenol index is considered an important indicator of water purity and quality. Presence of phenols in aquatic environments is also related to petrochemical, agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewater in the environment. It is a variable that should be monitored because it causes bioaccumulation and toxicity in the entire living chain extending to humans, especially the aquatic ecosystem where it pollutes. In this study, it was aimed to define and quantify the total phenol concentration in Aksu Stream according to seasonal periods.For this purpose, phenol concentrations of surface water samples collected from three different points by seasonal sampling from Aksu Stream were investigated. The total phenol concentrations of water samples were reported between 0.069 and 1.125 mg/L. In addition, it was noted that there was no significant difference in phenol accumulation according to the stations (p>0.05), and that the spring with summer and autumn with winter seasons clustered. As a result, it was determined that the phenol pollution in Aksu Stream surface water samples showed an increasing trend compared to the concentrations detected in the past years.

Keywords

Phenol, Water quality, Aksu creek, Giresun

Aksu Deresi (Giresun, Türkiye) Fenol Kirliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Fenol ve türevleri çevrede yaygın olarak bulunmakla birlikte, su kalitesinin de önemli bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilir. Sucul ortamlarda fenollerin varlığı aynı zamanda ortamdaki petrokimya, zirai, endüstriyel ve belediye atık sularıyla da ilgilidir. Fenol başta kirlilik oluşturduğu sucul ekosistemler olmak üzere, insana kadar uzanan tüm besin zincirinde biyobirikim ve toksisiteye neden olduğundan, izlenmesi gereken bir değişkendir. Bu çalışmada, Aksu Deresi’ndeki toplam fenol miktarı konsantrasyonunun mevsimsel dönemlere göre tanımlanması ve nicelleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç için Aksu Deresinden mevsimsel örnekleme ile üç farklı noktadan toplanan yüzey suyu örneklerinin fenol konsantrasyonları araştırılmıştır. Su örneklerinin toplam fenol konsantrasyonları 0,069 ile 1,125 mg/L arasında rapor edilmiştir. Ayrıca, istasyonlara göre fenol birikiminde anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamadığı (p>0,05), ilkbahar ile yaz ve sonbahar ile kış mevsimlerinin kümeleştiği kayıt edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Aksu Deresi yüzey suyu örneklerindeki fenol kirliliğinin, geçmiş yıllarda tespit edilen konsantrasyonlara göre yükseliş eğilimi göstermesinin dikkate değer düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Fenol, Su Kalitesi, Aksu Deresi, Giresun

References

• Adeola, A. O. (2018). Fate and toxicity of chlorinated phenols of environmental implications: a review. Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry International Journal, 2(4), 000126. Doi: 10.23880/macij-16000126.
• Aghav, R. M., Kumar, S., & Mukherjee, S. N. (2011). Artificial neural network modeling in competitive adsorption of phenol and resorcinol from water environment using some carbonaceous adsorbents. Journal of hazardous materials, 188(1-3), 67-77. Doi:1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.067.
• Anlı, A. S. (2003). Giresun İlindeki Aksu Çayı Su Toplama Havzasının Yağmur ve Akış Karakteristikleri Üzerinde Bir Çalışma. Ank. Ünv., Fen Bil. Enst., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 162s, Ankara.
• Balcı, B., Erkurt, F.E. & Turan, E. S: (2017). Halk Sağlığı İçin Tehdit Oluşturan Fenolün Sulardan Düşük Maliyetli Bir Aktif Karbon İle Giderimi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 74(EK-1): 49 – 54. Doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.33044.
• Basha, K.M., Rajendran, A. & Thangavelu, V., (2010). Recent advances in the biodegradation of phenol: a review. Society of Applied Sciences, 2, 219-234.
• Bat, L., Arici, E., & Öztekin, A. (2021). Threats to Quality in the Coasts of the Black Sea: Heavy Metal Pollution of Seawater, Sediment, Macro-Algae and Seagrass. In Spatial Modeling and Assessment of Environmental Contaminants (pp. 289-325). Springer, Cham. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-63422-3_18.
• Bayraktar, İ. (2007). Mudurnu Deresi ve kolarında su kalitesinin belirlenmesi (Master's thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi).
• Boran, M. & H. Karaçam, (1996). The seasonal variation in pollutants load of Değirmendere and Karadere Rivers (Trabzon, Türkiye), (in Turkish). Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 3-4, 395-402.
• De Zuane, J. (1990). Handbook of Drinking Water Quality. (2nd edition). ABD: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Duan, W., Meng, F., Cui H., Lin, Y., Wang, G. & Wu, J. (2018). Ecotoxicity of phenol and cresols to aquatic organisms: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 15; 157:441-456. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.089.
• EPA (1978). Phenol: Ambient Water Quality Criteria, Washington, D.C.
• Filippov, O. A., Posokh, V. V., Tikhomirova, T. I., Shapovalova, E. N., Tsizin, G. I., Shpigun, O. A. & Zolotov, Y. A. (2002). On-Line Sorption–Chromatographic Determination of Phenols with Amperometric Detection. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 57(9), 788-793.
• Gümüş, N. E. (2021). Akarçay Akarsuyu (Afyonkarahisar) su kalitesi ve ağır metal kirliliği. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(1), 120-127. Doi: 10.35229/jaes.839147.
• Hansch, C., McKarns, S. C., Smith, C. J. & Doolittle, D. J. (2000). Comparative QSAR evidence for a free-radical mechanism of phenol-induced toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 127(1), 61-72. Doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(00)00171-X.
• İl Çevre Durum Raporu (2020). Giresun İli 2019 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü ÇED, İzin ve Denetim Şube Müdürlüğü, Giresun.
• Liu, J., Wang, R., Huang, B., Lin, C., Zhou, J. & Pan, X. (2012). Biological effects and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in high-back crucian carp exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental pollution, 162, 325-331. Doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.036
• Michałowicz, J., Stufka-Olczyk, J., Milczarek, A. & Michniewicz, M. (2011). Analysis of annual fluctuations in the content of phenol, chlorophenols and their derivatives in chlorinated drinking waters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18(7), 1174-1183. Doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0469-5.
• Minareci, O. & Bazer, M. (2019). Küçük Menderes Nehri yüzey suyunda anyonik deterjan kirliliği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 267-274. Doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.554586.
• Montero, L., Conradi, S., Weiss, H. & Popp, P. (2005). Determination of phenols in lake and ground water samples by stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1071, 163-169. Doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.097
• Mutlu, C., Eraslan Akkan, B. & Verep, B. (2018). The heavy metal assessment of Harsit Stream (Giresun, Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(12B), 9851-9858.
• Nasiri, E. F., Kebria, D. Y. & Qaderi, F. (2018). An experimental study on the simultaneous phenol and chromium removal from water using titanium dioxide photocatalyst. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(3), 585-593. Doi:10.28991/cej-0309117.
• Nemerov, N.L. (Ed.). (2009). Environmental Engineering – Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation. (6th edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Othmani, A., Magdouli, S., Kumar, P. S., Kapoor, A., Chellam, P. V. & Gökkuş, Ö. (2022). Agricultural waste materials for adsorptive removal of phenols, chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) from wastewater: A review. Environmental Research, 204, 111916. Doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111916.
• Ramos, R. L., Moreira, V. R., Lebron, Y. A., Santos, A. V., Santos, L. V. & Amaral, M. C. (2021). Phenolic compounds seasonal occurrence and risk assessment in surface and treated waters in Minas Gerais—Brazil. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115782. Doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115782.
• Rao, K. S., Mohapatra, M., Anand, S. & Venkateswarlu, P. (2010). Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. International journal of engineering, science and technology, 2(7). Doi: 10.4314/ijest.v2i7.63747.
• Rosales, E., Meijide, J., Tavares, T., Pazos, M. & Sanromán, M. A. (2016). Grapefruit peelings as a promising biosorbent for the removal of leather dyes and hexavalent chromium. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 101, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2016.03.006.
• Sofoniou, Michael K., Zachariadis, George A., Anthemidis, Aristidis N. & Kouimtzis, Themistoclis A. (2000). Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenols and Cyanides After Distillation from Natural Waters. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 78(3-4), 353-365, DOI: 10.1080/03067310008041353.
• Sukatar, A., Ertas, A., & Kızılkaya, İ. T. (2021). Assessment of Water Quality in Brackish Lake Bafa (Muğla, Turkey) by Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 7(3), 271-284. Doi:10.17216/LimnoFish.774739.
• Sun, J., Mu, Q., Kimura, H., Murugadoss, V., He, M., Du, W. & Hou, C. (2022). Oxidative degradation of phenols and substituted phenols in the water and atmosphere: a review. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 1-14. Doi:10.1007/s42114-022-00435-0.
• Tang, S., Lin, X. H., Li, S. F. Y. & Lee, H. K. (2014). In-syringe dispersive solid-phase extraction using dissolvable layered double oxide hollow spheres as sorbent followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of 11 phenols in river water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1373, 31-39. Doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.031.
• Tunç Dede, Ö. & Sezer, M. (2017). Aksu Deresi Su Kalitesinin Belirlenmesinde Kanada Su Kalitesi İndeks (CWQI) Modelinin Uygulanması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32 (3), 0-0. Doi: 10.17341/gazimmfd.337643.
• WHO, G. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, 216, 303-304.
• Wu, P., Zhang, Z., Luo, Y., Bai, Y. & Fan, J. (2022). Bioremediation of phenolic pollutants by algae-current status and challenges. Bioresource Technology, 126930. Doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126930. Yücel, Y. & Çam, A. R. (2021). Assessment of industrial pollution effects in coastal seawater (Northeastern Mediterranean Sea) with chemometric approach. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 101(1), 95-112. Doi:10.1080/03067319.2019.1660877.
• Zhong, W., Wang, D. & Wang, Z. (2018). Distribution and potential ecological risk of 50 phenolic compounds in three rivers in Tianjin, China. Environmental Pollution, 235, 121-128. Doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.037.