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Evcil Hayvan Genetik Kaynaklarının Koruma Süreçlerinde Yok Olma Risk Derecesini Değerlendirme Metotları

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 14 - 24, 24.12.2018

Abstract

Dünyadaki evcil hayvan türlerinin genetik çeşitliliği, genetik erozyon olarak adlandırılan sürekli bir düşüş durumundadır ve kalan hayvan genetik kaynakları, en verimli şekilde kullanılmamaktadır. Endüstriyel tarımın yüksek girdi-çıktı ihtiyaçları için çok sınırlı sayıda modern ırklara küresel bir bağımlılık eğilimi gibi çeşitli faktörler vardır. Bu eğilimin etkisi, birçok ırkın işlevlerini yitirmiş olmaları ve ırkları zarar riski altında bırakan ve evcil hayvan çeşitliliğini tehdit eden haber verilmeksizin melezleme ile ortadan kalkmasıdır. Çiftlik hayvanı genetik kaynaklarının bu erozyona uğramasını önlemek için, in situ ve ex situ koruma sürülerinin ya da çoğu zaman küçük nüfusların oluşturulması şeklinde sahip olunan ülkeler tarafından çeşitli önlemler alınmaktadır. Ancak, akrabalığa ve rastgele kayma riskine bağlı olarak, küçük üreme sürülerinde sınırlı sayıda canlı hayvanın bulunduğu koruma programlarında genetik çeşitliliğin kaybolmasına neden olabilir. Akrabalığı (ΔF) oranı öngörülebilir bir forma sahiptir ve varyasyon kaybı ile çok önemli bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Etkili popülasyon büyüklüğü (Ne), başka bir deyişle, aynı sayıda rastgele genetik kayma veya aynı miktarda akrabalığa sahip olan ve sayıları erkeklerin sayısı olan ve aynı sayıdaki popülasyonu gösteren idealize edilmiş bir popülasyondaki üreme bireylerinin sayısı ve dişiler, belirli bir popülasyondaki genetik değişkenliğin dinamikleri hakkında genel ölçülebilir bir fikir verir. Bu çalışma, koruma programlarında hayvan ırklarının neslinin tükenme riski statüsündeki tehlike düzeyini (tehlike kategorilerine giren populasyonları) değerlendirme yöntemlerini gözden geçirmeyi amaçlamıştır.

References

  • Alderson, L. 1981. The Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources in the United Kingdom. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 24:53-70.
  • Alderson, L. 2003. Criteria for the recognition and prioritisation of breeds of special genetic importance. Anim. Genet. Resources Info. 33:1–9.
  • Alderson, L. 2009. Breeds atrizk; definition and measurement of factor which determining endangerement, Livesstock Science 123: 23-27.
  • Alderson, L. 2010. Breeds at risk: criteria and classification. Joint ERFP / RBI / RBST workshop summary report, London, 16–17 February 2010.
  • Duchev, Z., Distl, O., Groeneveld, E. 2006. Early warning system for loss of diversity in European livestock breeds, Arch. Anim. Breed. 49: 521-531.
  • Crawford, R.D. 1981. Organizational aspects of animal conservation research - management methods applicable to poultry. Anim. Prod. Health Paper 24:334–335.
  • Falconer, D. S., Mackay, T. F. C. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Ed 4. Longmans Green, Harlow, Essex, UK.
  • FAO, 2007a. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture – in brief, edited by Dafydd Pilling & Barbara Rischkowsky. Rome.
  • FAO. 2007b. Global plan of action for animal genetic resources and the Interlaken declaration. Rome, FAO, 48 pp.
  • FAO, 2013. In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources.FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 14. Rome.
  • Gandini, G., Villa, E., 2003. Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120: 1 – 11.
  • Gandini, G., Ollivier, L., Danell, B., Distl, O., Geogoudis, A., Groeneveld, E., Martyniuk, E., Van Arendonk, J. & Woolliams, J. 2004. Criteria to assess the degree of endangerment of livestock breeds in Europe. Livest. Prod. Sci. 91: 173–182.
  • Lauvie, A., Audiot, A., Couix, N., Casabianca, F., Brives, H. & Verrier, E. 2011. Diversity of rare breed management programs: between conservation and development. Livest. Sci., 140: 161–170.
  • Oldenbroek, K. 2007. Introduction. Utilization and conservation of farm animal genetic resources, pp. 13–27. Wageningen, Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers. Santiago, E.,Caballero, A. 1995.Effective size of population under selection. Genetics 139, 1013-1030.
  • Scherf, B. 2000. World watch list for domestic animal diversity. 3rd Edition. Rome, FAO.
  • Simon, D.L.1999.European approaches to conservation of farm animal genetic resources AGRİ 25:79-99.
  • Verrier E.2015. Assessing the risk status of livestock breeds: a multi-indicator method applied to 178 French local breeds belonging to ten species. Animal Genetic Resources 57:105–118.
  • Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16: 97–15.

Methods of Assesing the Degree of Endangerment for Extinction Risk Status of Livestock Breeds in Conservation Programs

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 14 - 24, 24.12.2018

Abstract

The genetic diversity of the World’s livestock species is in a state of continuous decline so called genetic erosion and the animal genetic resources that remain are not used in the most efficient way. There are several factors such as the growing trend to a global reliance on a very limited number of modern breeds suited for the high input-output needs of industrial agriculture. The effect of this trend is that many breeds have lost their function and disappear by means of cross breeding without notice which place breeds at risk of loss and threaten domestic animal diversity. In order to avoid this phenomenon of erosion of farm animal genetic resources several measures are taken by the countries owned as in the form of constructing in situ and ex situ conservation herds or often small populations. However, due to the risk of inbreeding and random drift may cause the loss of genetic diversity in the case of conservation programs with limited number of live animals in small breeding herds. The rate of inbreeding (ΔF) has a predictable form, and has a very important relationship with loss of variation. Effective population size (Ne), in other words, the number of breeding individuals in an idealized population that would show the same amount of random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration which is the function of number of males and females gives general measurable idea of the dynamics of genetic variability within a given population. This work was aimed to review the methods of assessing the degree of endangerment for extinction risk status (assigning populations to categories of endangerment) of livestock breeds in conservation programs.

References

  • Alderson, L. 1981. The Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources in the United Kingdom. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 24:53-70.
  • Alderson, L. 2003. Criteria for the recognition and prioritisation of breeds of special genetic importance. Anim. Genet. Resources Info. 33:1–9.
  • Alderson, L. 2009. Breeds atrizk; definition and measurement of factor which determining endangerement, Livesstock Science 123: 23-27.
  • Alderson, L. 2010. Breeds at risk: criteria and classification. Joint ERFP / RBI / RBST workshop summary report, London, 16–17 February 2010.
  • Duchev, Z., Distl, O., Groeneveld, E. 2006. Early warning system for loss of diversity in European livestock breeds, Arch. Anim. Breed. 49: 521-531.
  • Crawford, R.D. 1981. Organizational aspects of animal conservation research - management methods applicable to poultry. Anim. Prod. Health Paper 24:334–335.
  • Falconer, D. S., Mackay, T. F. C. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Ed 4. Longmans Green, Harlow, Essex, UK.
  • FAO, 2007a. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture – in brief, edited by Dafydd Pilling & Barbara Rischkowsky. Rome.
  • FAO. 2007b. Global plan of action for animal genetic resources and the Interlaken declaration. Rome, FAO, 48 pp.
  • FAO, 2013. In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources.FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 14. Rome.
  • Gandini, G., Villa, E., 2003. Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120: 1 – 11.
  • Gandini, G., Ollivier, L., Danell, B., Distl, O., Geogoudis, A., Groeneveld, E., Martyniuk, E., Van Arendonk, J. & Woolliams, J. 2004. Criteria to assess the degree of endangerment of livestock breeds in Europe. Livest. Prod. Sci. 91: 173–182.
  • Lauvie, A., Audiot, A., Couix, N., Casabianca, F., Brives, H. & Verrier, E. 2011. Diversity of rare breed management programs: between conservation and development. Livest. Sci., 140: 161–170.
  • Oldenbroek, K. 2007. Introduction. Utilization and conservation of farm animal genetic resources, pp. 13–27. Wageningen, Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers. Santiago, E.,Caballero, A. 1995.Effective size of population under selection. Genetics 139, 1013-1030.
  • Scherf, B. 2000. World watch list for domestic animal diversity. 3rd Edition. Rome, FAO.
  • Simon, D.L.1999.European approaches to conservation of farm animal genetic resources AGRİ 25:79-99.
  • Verrier E.2015. Assessing the risk status of livestock breeds: a multi-indicator method applied to 178 French local breeds belonging to ten species. Animal Genetic Resources 57:105–118.
  • Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16: 97–15.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Mehmet İhsan Soysal

Emel Özkan Ünal

Eser Kemal Gürcan

Publication Date December 24, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Soysal, M. İ., Özkan Ünal, E., & Gürcan, E. K. (2018). Evcil Hayvan Genetik Kaynaklarının Koruma Süreçlerinde Yok Olma Risk Derecesini Değerlendirme Metotları. Hayvan Bilimi Ve Ürünleri Dergisi, 1(1), 14-24.


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