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British Admiral Charles Napier's Activities in Egyptian Crisis of 1840 and his views on Ottoman Empire

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 77 - 86, 20.06.2020

Abstract

The European Powers decided to halt the intra-European wars and initiate a harmony process based on the policy of balance in 1815 Vienna Congress. Britain, relying on these principles, commenced a military campaign against the troops of Mehmet Ali Pasha in Syria with the support of Ottoman and Austrian troops in 1840. France, despite reserving strong objections, opted to act as a negotiator during the crisis.
Commodore Charles Napier became one of the most prominent actors of this crisis through his military accomplishments and his acts contradicting and sometimes even defying British official policy. After a rapid victory over the Egyptian forces in Syria, Napier conducted a secret convention with Mehmet Ali Pasha in Alexandria without informing the British government and reached an agreement with the latter on the hereditary governance of Egyptian territory. At first, his move was protested by the British, Ottoman and European governments. However, with the firman of Sultan Abdulmecid on 13 February 1841, the hereditary governance of Egypt was officialised. Hence, Napier, through his secret meeting, provided the layout for peace terms and significantly contributed to the termination of Egyptian Crisis of 1840.
This paper focuses on Napier’s military operations in the region and diplomatic engagements during the crisis. Furthermore, Napier’s expressions on the Egyptian crisis, general position of the Ottoman Empire and the peoples of Syria are evaluated. Besides Napier’s biography and account on the crisis, the archival documents, communiqués, journals and books of the time constitute the primary sources of this study.

References

  • BOA, İ.HR, 312, 20 Receb 1256 (28 Ekim 1840).
  • Abraham, A.J. Lebanon in Modern Times, Lanham: University Press of America, 2008.
  • Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston: The Board, 1841.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. 19. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi: 1789-1914, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997.
  • Baring, Evelyn (Earl of Cromer). Modern Egypt, London: MacMillan&Co. Ltd., 1908.
  • Cameron, Donald Andreas. Egypt in the Nineteenth Century, or, Mehemet Ali and his Successors until the British Occupation in 1882, London: Smith, Elder&co., 1898.
  • Chasseaud, George Washington. The Druses of the Lebanon: Their Manners, Customs, and History, London: R. Bentley, 1855.
  • Churchill, Charles Henry. The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860, London: B. Quaritch, 1862.
  • Cyrille, Charon, La Syrie de 1516 à 1855, Echos d’Orient, v. 8, No: 54, 1905.
  • Farah, Caesar E. The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830-1861, Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2000.
  • Guys, M.Henri, Relation d’Un Séjour de Plusieurs Années à Beyrout et Dans Le Liban, Librairie Française et Etrangère, Paris, v. 1, 1847.
  • Hajjar, J. L'Europe et les Destinées du Proche-Orient: (1815-1848), Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1970.
  • Harik, Iliya F. Politics and Change in a Traditional Society; Lebanon, 1711-1845, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.
  • Holland, Thomas Erskine. The European Concert in the Eastern Question: a Collection of Treaties and Other Public Acts, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1885.
  • Kamil Paşa, Tarih-i Siyasi-yi Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye: Teessüs-i Devlet-i Âliyeden Cennet-Mekân Sultan Abdülmecit Han’ın Evahir-i Saltanatına kadar Güzeran Eden Zamana Aittir, İstanbul: Matbaa-i Ahmed İhsan,1909.
  • Kızıltoprak, Süleyman. Mısır’da İngiliz İşgali Osmanlı’nın Diplomasi Savaşı (1882-1887), İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2010.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
  • Markovits, Claude, İnceleme: Stratégies of British İndia, Britain, İran and Afghanistan, 1798- 1850, M.E. Yapp, Revue Française d’Histoire d’Outre Mer, Tome 67, No: 248-249, 1980.
  • Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913, Cambridge: The University Press, 1913.
  • Mouriez, Paul, Histoire de Méhémet-Ali Vice-Roid’Egypte, Paris: L. Chappe, 1857.
  • Müderrisoğlu Esiner, Ayşen. “Doğu Sorunu” Çerçevesinde İngiliz-Rus İlişkileri ve 1844 Tarihli Gizli Sözleşme, Bozkırın Oğlu Ahmet Taşağıl’a Armağan, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2019, s. 493-514.
  • Napier, Charles. An Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel, London: T. & W. Boone, 1836.
  • Napier, Charles. The History of the Baltic Campaign of 1854, London: R. Bentley, 1857.
  • Napier, Charles. The Navy, Its Past and Present State, London: John & Daniel A. Darling, 1851.
  • Napier, Charles. The War in Syria, London: J. W. Parker, 1842, v.1 & v.2.
  • Napier, Elers. The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir Charles Napier, K.C.B., London: Hurst and Blackett, 1862, v.1& v.2.
  • Noradounghian, Gabriel. Recueil d'actes Internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman, Paris: F. Pichon, 1897.
  • Seyitdanlıoğlu, Mehmet. Yenileşme Dönemi Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatı, Türkler, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2002, s. 561-576.
  • de Testa, I. Recueil des Traités de la Porte Ottomane avec les Puissance étrangères, depuis le Premier Traité Conclu en 1536 entre Suléyman I et François I jusqu'à nos Jours, Paris: Amyot Editeur, 1864.
  • Urquhart, David. The Lebanon (Mount Souria), London: T. C. Newby, 1860, v. 1 & v. 2.
  • Wortabet, Gregory. Syria and the Syrians; or, Turkey in the Dependencies, London: J. Madden, 1856.
  • Yapp, M. E. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792-1923, New York: Longman, 1987.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 8 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire Süleyman Paşa’nın askeri harekâtı düzenleyen amirallere yazdığı mektup, 11 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 18 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 20 Ekim 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, , 5 Kasım 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 1 Ocak 1841.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 8 Eylül 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 11 Eylül 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 2 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 3 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 6 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 16 Eylül 1840’da Napier’ın Amiral Stopford’a yazdığı mektup, Amiral Stopford’un 20 Eylül 1840 tarihli mektubu, 13 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 7 Kasım 1840.
  • Le Constitutionnel, 16 Aralık 1852.

İngiliz Amiral Charles Napier'in 1840 Mısır Krizindeki Tutumu ve Osmanlı Devleti Hakkındaki Görüşleri

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 77 - 86, 20.06.2020

Abstract

Avrupalı devletler 1815 Viyana Kongresi’nde aralarındaki savaşları sonlandırma ve denge politikasına dayanan bir uyum süreci başlatma kararı almışlardır. Bu prensiplerden yola çıkan İngiltere, Osmanlı Devleti’nin desteği ve Avusturya’nın da katılımıyla 1840 yılında Mehmet Ali Paşa’nın birliklerine karşı Suriye’de askeri bir harekât düzenlemiştir. Fransa bu gelişmeyi olumlu karşılamamış olsa da süreç boyunca arabuluculuk konumunda kalmayı tercih etmiştir.
Tuğamiral Charles Napier hem askeri başarıları ile hem de İngiliz hükümetinin genel siyasetinin dışına çıkan hamleleri ile söz konusu bu harekâtın en önemli aktörü olmuştur. Suriye’de kısa sürede Mısırlı birliklere karşı zafer kazanan Napier İngiliz hükümetinin onayı olmadan İskenderiye’de gizlice Mehmet Ali Paşa ile görüşmüş ve Mısır’daki valiliğinin veraset usulüne göre devam etmesine dayanan bir anlaşma teklifinde bulunmuştur. Başta İngiliz hükümeti, Osmanlı Devleti ve Avrupalı devletler bu gizli görüşmeye tepki göstermişlerdir. Ancak Sultan Abdülmecid’in 13 Şubat 1841 tarihli fermanı ile Mısır’daki valilik makamının veraset yoluyla devam etmesine karar verilmiş ve sonuç olarak Napier’ın Mısır Krizi’ni taşıdığı durum resmiyet kazanmıştır.
Bu çalışma Napier’ın kriz esnasında bölgede yürüttüğü askeri faaliyetler ve diplomatik girişimlerin üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ayrıca Napier’ın Mısır krizi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin genel durumu ve Suriye toplumu üzerindeki görüşlerine de yer verilmiştir. Napier’ın biyografisi ve kriz ile ilgili eserinin yanında döneme ait arşiv belgeleri, yazışmalar, gazeteler ve kitaplar bu çalışmanın birincil kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • BOA, İ.HR, 312, 20 Receb 1256 (28 Ekim 1840).
  • Abraham, A.J. Lebanon in Modern Times, Lanham: University Press of America, 2008.
  • Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston: The Board, 1841.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. 19. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi: 1789-1914, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997.
  • Baring, Evelyn (Earl of Cromer). Modern Egypt, London: MacMillan&Co. Ltd., 1908.
  • Cameron, Donald Andreas. Egypt in the Nineteenth Century, or, Mehemet Ali and his Successors until the British Occupation in 1882, London: Smith, Elder&co., 1898.
  • Chasseaud, George Washington. The Druses of the Lebanon: Their Manners, Customs, and History, London: R. Bentley, 1855.
  • Churchill, Charles Henry. The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860, London: B. Quaritch, 1862.
  • Cyrille, Charon, La Syrie de 1516 à 1855, Echos d’Orient, v. 8, No: 54, 1905.
  • Farah, Caesar E. The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830-1861, Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2000.
  • Guys, M.Henri, Relation d’Un Séjour de Plusieurs Années à Beyrout et Dans Le Liban, Librairie Française et Etrangère, Paris, v. 1, 1847.
  • Hajjar, J. L'Europe et les Destinées du Proche-Orient: (1815-1848), Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1970.
  • Harik, Iliya F. Politics and Change in a Traditional Society; Lebanon, 1711-1845, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.
  • Holland, Thomas Erskine. The European Concert in the Eastern Question: a Collection of Treaties and Other Public Acts, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1885.
  • Kamil Paşa, Tarih-i Siyasi-yi Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye: Teessüs-i Devlet-i Âliyeden Cennet-Mekân Sultan Abdülmecit Han’ın Evahir-i Saltanatına kadar Güzeran Eden Zamana Aittir, İstanbul: Matbaa-i Ahmed İhsan,1909.
  • Kızıltoprak, Süleyman. Mısır’da İngiliz İşgali Osmanlı’nın Diplomasi Savaşı (1882-1887), İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2010.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
  • Markovits, Claude, İnceleme: Stratégies of British İndia, Britain, İran and Afghanistan, 1798- 1850, M.E. Yapp, Revue Française d’Histoire d’Outre Mer, Tome 67, No: 248-249, 1980.
  • Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913, Cambridge: The University Press, 1913.
  • Mouriez, Paul, Histoire de Méhémet-Ali Vice-Roid’Egypte, Paris: L. Chappe, 1857.
  • Müderrisoğlu Esiner, Ayşen. “Doğu Sorunu” Çerçevesinde İngiliz-Rus İlişkileri ve 1844 Tarihli Gizli Sözleşme, Bozkırın Oğlu Ahmet Taşağıl’a Armağan, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2019, s. 493-514.
  • Napier, Charles. An Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel, London: T. & W. Boone, 1836.
  • Napier, Charles. The History of the Baltic Campaign of 1854, London: R. Bentley, 1857.
  • Napier, Charles. The Navy, Its Past and Present State, London: John & Daniel A. Darling, 1851.
  • Napier, Charles. The War in Syria, London: J. W. Parker, 1842, v.1 & v.2.
  • Napier, Elers. The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir Charles Napier, K.C.B., London: Hurst and Blackett, 1862, v.1& v.2.
  • Noradounghian, Gabriel. Recueil d'actes Internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman, Paris: F. Pichon, 1897.
  • Seyitdanlıoğlu, Mehmet. Yenileşme Dönemi Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatı, Türkler, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2002, s. 561-576.
  • de Testa, I. Recueil des Traités de la Porte Ottomane avec les Puissance étrangères, depuis le Premier Traité Conclu en 1536 entre Suléyman I et François I jusqu'à nos Jours, Paris: Amyot Editeur, 1864.
  • Urquhart, David. The Lebanon (Mount Souria), London: T. C. Newby, 1860, v. 1 & v. 2.
  • Wortabet, Gregory. Syria and the Syrians; or, Turkey in the Dependencies, London: J. Madden, 1856.
  • Yapp, M. E. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792-1923, New York: Longman, 1987.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 8 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire Süleyman Paşa’nın askeri harekâtı düzenleyen amirallere yazdığı mektup, 11 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 18 Eylül 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 20 Ekim 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, , 5 Kasım 1840.
  • Courrier du Gard: Journal Politique, Administratif et Judiciaire, 1 Ocak 1841.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 8 Eylül 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 11 Eylül 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 2 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 3 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 6 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 16 Eylül 1840’da Napier’ın Amiral Stopford’a yazdığı mektup, Amiral Stopford’un 20 Eylül 1840 tarihli mektubu, 13 Ekim 1840.
  • Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires, 7 Kasım 1840.
  • Le Constitutionnel, 16 Aralık 1852.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bekir Sadık Topaloğlu

Zeynep Yaman This is me

Publication Date June 20, 2020
Submission Date June 7, 2020
Acceptance Date June 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Topaloğlu, Bekir Sadık, and Zeynep Yaman. “İngiliz Amiral Charles Napier’in 1840 Mısır Krizindeki Tutumu Ve Osmanlı Devleti Hakkındaki Görüşleri”. Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations 1, no. 2 (June 2020): 77-86.

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