Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri

İlayda Hünler Dönmez; Cengiz Haluk Bodur

Review

Bad Oral Habits and Treatment Methods in Children

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 107 - 114, 29.12.2020

İlayda Hünler Dönmez , Cengiz Haluk Bodur

Abstract

A balance exists among the muscles in the head, neck, and oral region, which can be disrupted due to abnormal oral habits that may cause anomalies in the jaw skeletal system and occlusions, especially in children with continuing growth development. Cessation of poor oral habits before the age of 4 years can reduce the risk of developing malocclusions. Appropriate management of poor oral habits, which can otherwise cause malocclusions, is an important task for pediatric dentists. Methods such as behavioral orientation of the child, educating on the consequences of poor oral habits, and rewarding are often useful in helping the child quit such poor habits. However, occasionally, the child may resist on giving up these habits. In such cases, intraoral and extraoral appliances can be used. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness against malocclusions that may occur due to poor oral habits and their treatment approaches to parents, society, pediatricians, and pediatric dentists.

Keywords

Poor oral habits, malocclusion, pediatric dentistry

References

1. Ülgen M. Anomaliler, sefalometri, etiyoloji, büyüme ve gelişim,tanı. 2. Baskı. Ankara 2001; p.184-189.
2. Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of gingivaldiseases, malocclusion and fluorosis in school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2007; 25(2): 103. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.33458
3. English JD, Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS. Does malocclusion affect masticatory performance?. Angle Orthod 2002;72(1):21-27. doi:10.1043/0003-3219(2002)072<0021:DMAMP>2.0.CO;2
4. Kumar V, Shivanna V, Kopuri RC. Knowledge and attitude of pediatricians toward digit sucking habit in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019;37(1):18. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_136_18
5. Dos Santos RR, Nayme JG, Garbin AJ, Saliba N, Garbin CA, MoimazSA. Prevalence of malocclusion and related oral habits in 5-to 6-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2012; 10(4): 311- 318. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a28901
6. Heimer MV, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits,dental malocclusions, and facial morphology in Brazilian children: a longitudinal study. Eur J Orthodont 2008; 30(6): 580- 585.doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjn035
7. Tanny L, Huang B, Naung NY, Currie G. Non-orthodontic intervention and non-nutritive sucking behaviours: A literatüre review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34(4): 215-222. doi:10.1016/j. kjms.2018.01.006
8. Christensen JR, Fields HW, Adair Jr, Adair SM. Zararlı Ağız Alışkanlıkları. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ, editors. Çocuk diş hekimliği: Bebeklikten ergenliğe. 4th ed. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık; 2009.p.431-439.
9. Majorana A, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Polimeni A. Timetable for oral prevention in childhood— developing dentition Andoral habits: a current opinion. Prog Orthod 2015; 16:39 doi: 10.1186/ s40510-015-0107-8
10. Piteo AM, Kennedy JD, Roberts RM, Martin AJ, Nettelbeck T, Kohler MJ, Lushington K. Snoring and cognitive development in infancy. Sleep Med 2011; 12(10): 981-987. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.03.023
11. Bengi AO, Karacay S, Güven G. A unique treatment of finger sucking habit in children with mental retardation: report of 2 cases. Quintessence Int 2007; 38(3): 158-163. PMID: 17510725
12. Moore NL. Suffer the little children: fixed intraoral habit appliances for treating childhood thumbsucking habits: a critical review of the literature. Int J Orofacial Myology 2008, 34: 46-78. PMID: 19545090
13. Vasconcelos FMND, Massoni ACDLT, Heimer MV, Ferreira AMB, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and associated factors in Brazilian children aged 30- 59 months. Braz Dent J 2011; 22(2): 140-145. doi: 10.1590/ S010364402011000200009
14. Gutierrez DS, Carugno P. (2020). Thumb sucking. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID: 32310572
15. AlEmran S. A new method in reminder therapy technique for ceasing digit sucking habit in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000;24(4):261-263. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.24.4.c303020414023862
16. Kurol J, Rasmussen P. Occlusal development, preventive and interceptive orthodontics. In Koch G, Poulsen S editors. Pediatric Dentistry A Clinical Approach. 2nd. ed. Copenhagen: Blackwell Munksgaard; 2003.p.321-349. ISBN-13: 978-1405161008
17. Thumb sucking prevention glove earns accreditation. Br Dent J 2020; 228(11): 895. doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1764-7.
18. Thumbsie Website. https://thumbsie.co.uk/product/multi-coloureddinosaur- thumbsie-thumb-guard/, erişim tarihi: 08.12.2020
19. Ruby SHAH. RURS’elbow guard: a state-of-the-art treatment of digit sucking habit in a child with primary dentition. Am Int J Contemp Res 2014; 1(2): 160-164.
20. Shetty RM, Shetty M, Shetty NS, Deoghare A. Three-Alarm System: Revisited to treat Thumb-sucking Habit. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015; 8(1): 82. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1289
21. Erdinç AE, Ugur T, Erba E. A comparison of different treatment techniques for posterior crossbite in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116(3): 287-300. doi: 10.1016/ S0889-5406(99)70240-4
22. Özçırpıcı AA, Muradova N. Modified Haas Expander for the Treatment of Anterior Openbite and Posterior Crossbite Associated with Thumb Sucking-A Case Report: 3-Years Follow-Up. Turk J Orthod 2019; 32(4): 247. doi: 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2019.19070
23. Ülker AE, Maşeroğlu Ö, Tulunoğlu Ö. Habit breakers used in pediatric dentistry; quad helix, position trainer, palatal crib. Hacettepe Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 31(3): 28-33.
24. Greenleaf S, Mink J. A retrospective study of the use of the Bluegrass appliance in the cessation of thumb habits. Pediatr Dent 2003; 25(6): 587-593. PMID: 14733476
25. Bishara SE, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Levy SM. Changes in the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking patterns in the first 8 years of life. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130(1): 31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.11.033
26. Nihi VSC, Maciel SM, Jarrus ME, Nihi FM, Salles CLFD, Pascotto RC, Fujimaki M. Pacifier-sucking habit duration and frequency on occlusal and myofunctional alterations in preschool children. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR2015.vol29.0013
27. Muzulan CF, Gonçalves MIR. Recreational strategies for the elimination of pacifier and finger sucking habits. J Soc Bras Fonoaudiol 2011;23(1):66-70. doi: 10.1590/S2179-64912011000100014
28. Feldens CA, Ardenghi TM, Cruz LN, Cunha Scalco GPD, Vítolo MR. Advising mothers about breastfeeding and weaning reduced pacifier use in the first year of life: a randomized trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013;41(4):317-326. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12030
29. Caruso S, Nota A, Darvizeh A, Severino M, Gatto R, Tecco S. (2019). Poor oral habits and malocclusions after usage of orthodontic pacifiers: an observational study on 3–5 years old children. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1668-3
30. Silva M, Manton D. Oral Habits—Part 2: Beyond Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sucking. J Dent Child 2014; 81(3): 140-146.
31. Germeç D, Taner TU. Lower lip sucking habit treated with a lip bumper appliance. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(6): 1071-1076. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2005)75[1071:LLSHTW]2.0.CO;2
32. De Souza N, Martires S, Chalakkal P, Da Costa GC. An innovative appliance for the simultaneous treatment of premolar space loss and lip sucking habit. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9(2): 358. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_135_18
33. Tanaka OM, Vitral RWF, Tanaka GY, Guerrero AP, Camargo ES. (2008). Nailbiting, or onychophagia: a special habit. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134(2): 305-308. doi: 10.1016/j. ajodo.2006.06.023
34. Dellazzana AA, Berlese DB, Haeffner LSB, dos Santos Pascotini F. (2017). Deleterious Oral Habits: Relationship With The Z-Score Boby Mass Index And Anxiety In Children. Revista Conhecimento Online 2017; 1: 3-11. doi: 10.25112/rco.v1i0.1150
35. Şişman FN, Tok O, Ergun A. The effect of psychological state and social support on nail-biting in adolescents: An explorator study. Sch Psychol Int 2017; 38(3): 304-318. doi: 10.1177/0143034317690578
36. Baydaş B, Uslu H, Yavuz I, Ceylan I, Dağsuyu İM. Effect of a chronic nail‐biting habit on the oral carriage of Enterobacteriaceae. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007, 22(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399- 302X.2007.00291.x
37. Siddiqui JA, Qureshi SF, Marei WM, Mahfouz TA. Onychophagia (Nail Biting): A Body Focused Repetitive Behavior due to Psychiatric Co-morbidity. J Mood Disord 2017; 7(1): 47-49. doi: 10.5455/ jmood.20170204031431
38. Marouane O, Ghorbel M, Nahdi M, Necibi A, Douki N. New Approach to Managing Onychophagia. Case Rep Dent 2016; 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/5475462
39. Abraham R, Kamath G, Sodhi JS, Sodhi S, Rita C, Sai Kalyan S. Habit breaking appliance for multiple corrections. Case Rep Dent 2013; 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/647649
40. Tripathi T, Kalra S, Rai P. Aesthetic Retainer cum Trainer. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11(1): ZH01-ZH02. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23107.9153
41. Mauclaire C, Vanpoulle F, Saint-Georges-Chaumet Y. Physiological correction of lingual dysfunction with the “Tongue Right Positioner”: Beneficial effects on the upper airways. Int Orthod 2015; 13(3): 370-389. doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2015.06.007
42. Giuca MR, Pasini M, Galli V, Casani AP, Marchetti E, Marzo G. Correlations between transversal discrepancies of the upper maxilla and oral breathing. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009; 10(1): 23-28.
43. Grippaudo C, Paolantonio EG, Antonini G, Saulle R, La Torre G, Deli R. Association between oral habits, mouth breathing and malocclusion. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2016; 36(5): 386-394. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-770
44. Enoki C, Valera FCP, Lessa, FCR, Elias AM, Matsumoto MAN, Anselmo- Lima WT. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on nasal air resistance. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70(7): 1225-1230. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.12.019
45. Stensson M, Wendt LK, Koch G, Nilsson M, Oldaeus G, Birkhed D. Oral health in pre‐school children with asthma–followed from 3 to 6 years. Int J Paediatr Dent 2010; 20(3): 165-172. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01037.x
46. Villa MP, Evangelisti M, Martella S, Barreto M, Del Pozzo M. Can myofunctional therapy increase tongue tone and reduce symptoms in children with sleep-disordered breathing?. Sleep Breath 2017; 21(4): 1025-1032. doi: 10.1007/s11325-017-1489-2
47. Serra-Negra JM, Ramos‐Jorge ML, Flores‐Mendoza CE, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Influence of psychosocial factors on the development of sleep bruxism among children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2009; 19(5): 309-317. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2009.00973.x
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Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 107 - 114, 29.12.2020

İlayda Hünler Dönmez , Cengiz Haluk Bodur

Abstract

Baş boyun ve oral bölgedeki kasların arasında bir denge bulunmaktadır. Bu denge, anormal ağız alışkanlıkları sonucu bozulabilmekte ve özellikle büyüme gelişimi devam eden çocukların çene iskelet sisteminde ve dişlerinin kapanışında anomalilere sebep olabilmektedir. Kötü ağız alışkanlıklarının 4 yaşından önce bırakılması maloklüzyonların gelişmesi riskini azaltmaktadır. Maloklüzyonlara neden olabilecek kötü ağız alışkanlıklarının doğru yönetilmesi çocuk diş hekimlerinin önemli görevlerindendir. Davranış yönlendirme, çocukla alışkanlığı sonucu neler olabileceğini konuşma ve ödüllendirme gibi yöntemler alışkanlığı bırakmada sıklıkla işe yaramaktadır. Ancak zaman zaman çocuk alışkanlığını bırakmamakta ısrarcı olabilmektedir. Bu gibi durumlarda uygulanabilecek ağız içi ve ağız dışı apareyler kullanılabilmektedir. Kötü ağız alışkanları sonucu oluşabilecek maloklüzyonlar ve tedavileri ile ilgili ebeveynlerin, toplumun, ç

Keywords

kötü ağız alışkanlıkları, maloklüzyon, çocuk diş hekimliği

References

1. Ülgen M. Anomaliler, sefalometri, etiyoloji, büyüme ve gelişim,tanı. 2. Baskı. Ankara 2001; p.184-189.
2. Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of gingivaldiseases, malocclusion and fluorosis in school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2007; 25(2): 103. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.33458
3. English JD, Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS. Does malocclusion affect masticatory performance?. Angle Orthod 2002;72(1):21-27. doi:10.1043/0003-3219(2002)072<0021:DMAMP>2.0.CO;2
4. Kumar V, Shivanna V, Kopuri RC. Knowledge and attitude of pediatricians toward digit sucking habit in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019;37(1):18. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_136_18
5. Dos Santos RR, Nayme JG, Garbin AJ, Saliba N, Garbin CA, MoimazSA. Prevalence of malocclusion and related oral habits in 5-to 6-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2012; 10(4): 311- 318. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a28901
6. Heimer MV, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits,dental malocclusions, and facial morphology in Brazilian children: a longitudinal study. Eur J Orthodont 2008; 30(6): 580- 585.doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjn035
7. Tanny L, Huang B, Naung NY, Currie G. Non-orthodontic intervention and non-nutritive sucking behaviours: A literatüre review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34(4): 215-222. doi:10.1016/j. kjms.2018.01.006
8. Christensen JR, Fields HW, Adair Jr, Adair SM. Zararlı Ağız Alışkanlıkları. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ, editors. Çocuk diş hekimliği: Bebeklikten ergenliğe. 4th ed. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık; 2009.p.431-439.
9. Majorana A, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Polimeni A. Timetable for oral prevention in childhood— developing dentition Andoral habits: a current opinion. Prog Orthod 2015; 16:39 doi: 10.1186/ s40510-015-0107-8
10. Piteo AM, Kennedy JD, Roberts RM, Martin AJ, Nettelbeck T, Kohler MJ, Lushington K. Snoring and cognitive development in infancy. Sleep Med 2011; 12(10): 981-987. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.03.023
11. Bengi AO, Karacay S, Güven G. A unique treatment of finger sucking habit in children with mental retardation: report of 2 cases. Quintessence Int 2007; 38(3): 158-163. PMID: 17510725
12. Moore NL. Suffer the little children: fixed intraoral habit appliances for treating childhood thumbsucking habits: a critical review of the literature. Int J Orofacial Myology 2008, 34: 46-78. PMID: 19545090
13. Vasconcelos FMND, Massoni ACDLT, Heimer MV, Ferreira AMB, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and associated factors in Brazilian children aged 30- 59 months. Braz Dent J 2011; 22(2): 140-145. doi: 10.1590/ S010364402011000200009
14. Gutierrez DS, Carugno P. (2020). Thumb sucking. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID: 32310572
15. AlEmran S. A new method in reminder therapy technique for ceasing digit sucking habit in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000;24(4):261-263. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.24.4.c303020414023862
16. Kurol J, Rasmussen P. Occlusal development, preventive and interceptive orthodontics. In Koch G, Poulsen S editors. Pediatric Dentistry A Clinical Approach. 2nd. ed. Copenhagen: Blackwell Munksgaard; 2003.p.321-349. ISBN-13: 978-1405161008
17. Thumb sucking prevention glove earns accreditation. Br Dent J 2020; 228(11): 895. doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1764-7.
18. Thumbsie Website. https://thumbsie.co.uk/product/multi-coloureddinosaur- thumbsie-thumb-guard/, erişim tarihi: 08.12.2020
19. Ruby SHAH. RURS’elbow guard: a state-of-the-art treatment of digit sucking habit in a child with primary dentition. Am Int J Contemp Res 2014; 1(2): 160-164.
20. Shetty RM, Shetty M, Shetty NS, Deoghare A. Three-Alarm System: Revisited to treat Thumb-sucking Habit. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015; 8(1): 82. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1289
21. Erdinç AE, Ugur T, Erba E. A comparison of different treatment techniques for posterior crossbite in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116(3): 287-300. doi: 10.1016/ S0889-5406(99)70240-4
22. Özçırpıcı AA, Muradova N. Modified Haas Expander for the Treatment of Anterior Openbite and Posterior Crossbite Associated with Thumb Sucking-A Case Report: 3-Years Follow-Up. Turk J Orthod 2019; 32(4): 247. doi: 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2019.19070
23. Ülker AE, Maşeroğlu Ö, Tulunoğlu Ö. Habit breakers used in pediatric dentistry; quad helix, position trainer, palatal crib. Hacettepe Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 31(3): 28-33.
24. Greenleaf S, Mink J. A retrospective study of the use of the Bluegrass appliance in the cessation of thumb habits. Pediatr Dent 2003; 25(6): 587-593. PMID: 14733476
25. Bishara SE, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Levy SM. Changes in the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking patterns in the first 8 years of life. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130(1): 31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.11.033
26. Nihi VSC, Maciel SM, Jarrus ME, Nihi FM, Salles CLFD, Pascotto RC, Fujimaki M. Pacifier-sucking habit duration and frequency on occlusal and myofunctional alterations in preschool children. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR2015.vol29.0013
27. Muzulan CF, Gonçalves MIR. Recreational strategies for the elimination of pacifier and finger sucking habits. J Soc Bras Fonoaudiol 2011;23(1):66-70. doi: 10.1590/S2179-64912011000100014
28. Feldens CA, Ardenghi TM, Cruz LN, Cunha Scalco GPD, Vítolo MR. Advising mothers about breastfeeding and weaning reduced pacifier use in the first year of life: a randomized trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013;41(4):317-326. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12030
29. Caruso S, Nota A, Darvizeh A, Severino M, Gatto R, Tecco S. (2019). Poor oral habits and malocclusions after usage of orthodontic pacifiers: an observational study on 3–5 years old children. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1668-3
30. Silva M, Manton D. Oral Habits—Part 2: Beyond Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sucking. J Dent Child 2014; 81(3): 140-146.
31. Germeç D, Taner TU. Lower lip sucking habit treated with a lip bumper appliance. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(6): 1071-1076. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2005)75[1071:LLSHTW]2.0.CO;2
32. De Souza N, Martires S, Chalakkal P, Da Costa GC. An innovative appliance for the simultaneous treatment of premolar space loss and lip sucking habit. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9(2): 358. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_135_18
33. Tanaka OM, Vitral RWF, Tanaka GY, Guerrero AP, Camargo ES. (2008). Nailbiting, or onychophagia: a special habit. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134(2): 305-308. doi: 10.1016/j. ajodo.2006.06.023
34. Dellazzana AA, Berlese DB, Haeffner LSB, dos Santos Pascotini F. (2017). Deleterious Oral Habits: Relationship With The Z-Score Boby Mass Index And Anxiety In Children. Revista Conhecimento Online 2017; 1: 3-11. doi: 10.25112/rco.v1i0.1150
35. Şişman FN, Tok O, Ergun A. The effect of psychological state and social support on nail-biting in adolescents: An explorator study. Sch Psychol Int 2017; 38(3): 304-318. doi: 10.1177/0143034317690578
36. Baydaş B, Uslu H, Yavuz I, Ceylan I, Dağsuyu İM. Effect of a chronic nail‐biting habit on the oral carriage of Enterobacteriaceae. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007, 22(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399- 302X.2007.00291.x
37. Siddiqui JA, Qureshi SF, Marei WM, Mahfouz TA. Onychophagia (Nail Biting): A Body Focused Repetitive Behavior due to Psychiatric Co-morbidity. J Mood Disord 2017; 7(1): 47-49. doi: 10.5455/ jmood.20170204031431
38. Marouane O, Ghorbel M, Nahdi M, Necibi A, Douki N. New Approach to Managing Onychophagia. Case Rep Dent 2016; 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/5475462
39. Abraham R, Kamath G, Sodhi JS, Sodhi S, Rita C, Sai Kalyan S. Habit breaking appliance for multiple corrections. Case Rep Dent 2013; 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/647649
40. Tripathi T, Kalra S, Rai P. Aesthetic Retainer cum Trainer. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11(1): ZH01-ZH02. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23107.9153
41. Mauclaire C, Vanpoulle F, Saint-Georges-Chaumet Y. Physiological correction of lingual dysfunction with the “Tongue Right Positioner”: Beneficial effects on the upper airways. Int Orthod 2015; 13(3): 370-389. doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2015.06.007
42. Giuca MR, Pasini M, Galli V, Casani AP, Marchetti E, Marzo G. Correlations between transversal discrepancies of the upper maxilla and oral breathing. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009; 10(1): 23-28.
43. Grippaudo C, Paolantonio EG, Antonini G, Saulle R, La Torre G, Deli R. Association between oral habits, mouth breathing and malocclusion. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2016; 36(5): 386-394. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-770
44. Enoki C, Valera FCP, Lessa, FCR, Elias AM, Matsumoto MAN, Anselmo- Lima WT. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on nasal air resistance. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70(7): 1225-1230. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.12.019
45. Stensson M, Wendt LK, Koch G, Nilsson M, Oldaeus G, Birkhed D. Oral health in pre‐school children with asthma–followed from 3 to 6 years. Int J Paediatr Dent 2010; 20(3): 165-172. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01037.x
46. Villa MP, Evangelisti M, Martella S, Barreto M, Del Pozzo M. Can myofunctional therapy increase tongue tone and reduce symptoms in children with sleep-disordered breathing?. Sleep Breath 2017; 21(4): 1025-1032. doi: 10.1007/s11325-017-1489-2
47. Serra-Negra JM, Ramos‐Jorge ML, Flores‐Mendoza CE, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Influence of psychosocial factors on the development of sleep bruxism among children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2009; 19(5): 309-317. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2009.00973.x
48. Şenel GB, Dede HÖ, Karadeniz D. Uykuda Diş Gıcırdatma Tedaviye Dirençli ise… J Turk Sleep Med 2015;2(2):42-43. doi: 10.4274/ jtsm.02.011
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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Paediatrics
Journal Section	Review
Authors	İlayda Hünler Dönmez 0000-0002-7099-0930 Cengiz Haluk Bodur This is me 0000-0002-5054-3682
Publication Date	December 29, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Hünler Dönmez, İ., & Bodur, C. H. (2020). Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. Journal of Child, 20(3), 107-114.
AMA	Hünler Dönmez İ, Bodur CH. Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. Journal of Child. December 2020;20(3):107-114.
Chicago	Hünler Dönmez, İlayda, and Cengiz Haluk Bodur. “Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları Ve Tedavi Yöntemleri”. Journal of Child 20, no. 3 (December 2020): 107-14.
EndNote	Hünler Dönmez İ, Bodur CH (December 1, 2020) Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. Journal of Child 20 3 107–114.
IEEE	İ. Hünler Dönmez and C. H. Bodur, “Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri”, Journal of Child, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 107–114, 2020.
ISNAD	Hünler Dönmez, İlayda - Bodur, Cengiz Haluk. “Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları Ve Tedavi Yöntemleri”. Journal of Child 20/3 (December 2020), 107-114.
JAMA	Hünler Dönmez İ, Bodur CH. Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. Journal of Child. 2020;20:107–114.
MLA	Hünler Dönmez, İlayda and Cengiz Haluk Bodur. “Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları Ve Tedavi Yöntemleri”. Journal of Child, vol. 20, no. 3, 2020, pp. 107-14.
Vancouver	Hünler Dönmez İ, Bodur CH. Çocuklarda Kötü Ağız Alışkanlıkları ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. Journal of Child. 2020;20(3):107-14.

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