Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler

Gonca Keskindemirci; Hüray Kök; Öykü Özbörü Aşkan; Gülbin Gökçay

doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.846458

Review

Indoor Environmental Pollution Exposure in Children and Prevention Methods

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 236 - 243, 29.12.2022

Gonca Keskindemirci , Hüray Kök , Öykü Özbörü Aşkan , Gülbin Gökçay

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.846458

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that inadequate environmental conditions are the reason for more than 25% of deaths under the age of five. WHO declared the most frequent reason for these deaths was respiratory tract infections due to air pollution. The other causes are respectively: diarrhea due to lack of clean water and sanitation conditions, failure of adequate conditions in the health facility, accidents such as drowning and burning, and malaria-related deaths due to the insufficiency of preventions taken against mosquitoes. Children are affected by environmental conditions more than adults because of their behavioral, physical, and developmental characteristics. Exposure to environmental pollutants can cause many diseases such as asthma, heart disease, cancer, endocrine disorders, and cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. The main reasons children are exposed to indoor environmental pollutants are improper storage conditions, lack of education, failure to follow recommend usage instructions, and lack of parental control in children, which can be considered neglect. Therefore, our article aimed to emphasize the most frequently contacted indoor environmental pollutant types and reduce and prevent exposures in our daily lives.

Keywords

Environmental pollutants, tobacco smoke, pesticides, children, prevention

References

1. Worl Health Organization. The cost of a polluted environment: 1.7 million child deaths a year, says WHO. 2017 Erişim: https://www.who.int/news/item/06-03-2017-the-cost-of-a-polluted-environment-1-7-million-child-deaths-a-year-says-who. (Son erişim tarihi 02.03.2022) google scholar
2. Landrigan P, Fuller R, Fisher S, Suk WA, Sly P, Chiles TC, et al. Pollution and children’s health. Sci Total Env 2019;650:2389-2394. google scholar
3. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, et al. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2001;11(3):231-252. google scholar
4. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018;391:462-512. google scholar
5. Filippini T, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Heck JE, Park AS, Crippa A, et al. Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta- Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2019;127:46002. google scholar
6. Peshin SS, Gupta YK. Poisoning due to household products: A ten years retrospective analysis of telephone calls to the National Poisons Information Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. J Forensic Leg Med 2018;58:205-211. google scholar
7. World Health Organization. Household air pollution. Erişim: https://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/ (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11.2020) google scholar
8. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Indoor air quality.Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality#health (Son erişim tarihi: 7.11.2020) google scholar
9. World Health Organization. Health Topics, Tobacco. World Health Organization. Published 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and Tobacco Use: Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11. Kasım 2020). google scholar
11. National Health Service.Quit Smoking-Passive Smoking. National Health Service. Published 2018. Erişim: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/passive-smoking-protect-your- family-and-friends/ (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
12. Lajunen K, Kalliola S, Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Malmberg LP, Pelkonen AS, Mäkelä MJ. Environmental tobacco smoke affects lung function of preschoolers with asthma even after a
decade. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199:534-536 google scholar
13. Chaudhuri R, Livingston E, McMahon AD, Thomson L, Borland W, Thomson NC. Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1308-1311. google scholar
14. Chalmers GW, Macleod KJ, Little SA, Thomson LJ, McSharry CP, Thomson NC. Influence of cigarette smoking on inhaled corticosteroid treatment in mild asthma. Thorax 2002;57:226- 230. google scholar
15. Cohen RT, Raby BA, Van Steen K, et al. In utero smoke exposure and impaired response to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:491-497 google scholar
16. Adhami N, Chen Y, Martins-Green M. Biomarkers of disease can be detected in mice as early as 4 weeks after initiation of exposure to third-hand smoke levels equivalent to those found in homes of smokers. Clin Sci 2017;131:2409-2426. google scholar
17. Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, Saha S, Hazra TK, Schick S,et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis 2013;28:381-391. google scholar
18. Tütün Ürünlerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Kanun. Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 22829 Resmi Gazete Yayımlanma Tarihi: 26.11.1996. Erişim https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4207&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 (Son Erişim Tarihi: 97.03.2022) google scholar
19. Hutchinson SG, van Breukelen G, van Schayck CP, Essers B, Hammond SK, Muris JWM, et al. Motivational interviewing and urine cotinine feedback to stop passive smoke exposure in
children predisposed to asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017;7: 1-10. google scholar
20. Yılmaz G, Karacan C, Yöney A, Yılmaz T. Brief intervention on maternal smoking: a randomized controlled trial. Child Care Health Dev 2006;32:73-79. google scholar
21. Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2019;380:629-637. google scholar
22. Conner M, Grogan S, Simms-Ellis R, Flett K, Sykes-Muskett B, Cowap L, et al. Do electronic cigarettes increase cigarette smoking in UK adolescents? Evidence from a 12-month prospective study. Tob Control 2018;27:365-372 google scholar
23. Bao W, Liu B, Du Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB. Electronic cigarette use among young, middle-aged, and older adults in the United States in 2017 and 2018. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:313-314. google scholar
24. Fernandez MF, Artacho-Cordon F, Freire C, Perez-Lobato R, Calvente I, Ramos R, Castilla AM, Ocon O, Davila C, Arrebola JP, et al. Trends in children’s exposure to second-hand smoke in the INMA-Granada cohort: an evaluation of the Spanish anti-smoking law. Environ Res 2015;138:461-8 google scholar
25. Ho SY, Wang MP, Lo WS, Mak KK, Lai HK, Thomas GN, Lam TH. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation and displacement of smoking into the homes of young children in Hong Kong. Tob Control 2010;19(2):129-33. google scholar
26. Gentzke AS, Creamer M, Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Willis G, Jamal A, et al. Vital signs: tobacco product use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:157. google scholar
27. Haig TR, Akawung AK, Rajabi A Al, Vena JE, Whelan HK, Kopciuk KA. Reductions in Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Non-smokers Post-legislation. Tob Regul Sci 019;5(5):463-479. google scholar
28. McKelvey K, Thrul J, Ramo D. Impact of quitting smoking and smoking cessation treatment on substance use outcomes: An updated and narrative review. Addict Behav 2017;65:161-
170. google scholar
29. Boran P, Özbörü Aşkan Ö. Çevre ve Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Hasanoğlu E, Düşünsel R, Bideci A, Boduroğlu K, eds. Türkiye Milli PEdiatri Derneği Temel Pediatri. 2nd ed. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitap Evleri; 2020:193-201. google scholar
30. United States Environmental Protection Agency.Health Risk of Radon. Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/radon/health-risk-radon (Son erişim: 7.11. Kasım 2020 google scholar
31. Taşınabilir Pil Üreticileri ve İthalatçıları Derneği. Atık pillerin çevreye etkileri. Erişim: https://tap.org.tr/pil-atik-pil/sss/atik-pillerin-cevreye-etkileri/ adresinden erişilmiştir. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022)4.Kasım 2020) google scholar
32. Sharpe SJ, Rochette LM, Smith GA. Pediatric Battery-Related Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 1990–2009. Pediatrics 2012;129:1111-1117. google scholar
33. Atık Pil ve Akümülatörlerin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 25569. Erişim: https://atikyonetimi.ibb.gov.tr/uploads/2015/08/Atik-Pil-ve-Akumulatorlerin-Kontrolu-
Yonetmeligi.pdf. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.03.2022) google scholar
34. Drisse M-NB, Goldizen F, Adair-Rohani H. Inheriting a Sustainable World? Atlas on Children’s Health and the Environment. Geneva; 2017. google scholar
35. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. Kimyasalların Kaydı, Değerlendirilmesi, İzni Ve Kısıtlanması Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete Sayı : 30105 (Mükerrer). Erişim: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170623M1-18.htm. (Son Erişim tarihi: 06.11 Kasım 2020) google scholar
36. Lead Hazards in Some Holiday Toys and Toy Jewelry. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/features/leadintoys/index.html%0D. (Son erişim tarihi: 05.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
37. Fralick M, Thomspson A, Mourad O. Lead toxicity from glazed ceramic cookware. CMAJ 2016;188(17-18):E521-E524. google scholar
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Lead Exposure in Young Children: A Housing-Based Approach to Primary Prevention of Lead Poisoning. Atlanta; 2004. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/primarypreventiondocument.pdf. (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11. Kasım.2020) google scholar
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood Lead Levels in Children. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/blood-lead-levels.htm. (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11.2020) google scholar
40. Council on Environmental Health. Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity. Pediatrics 2016;138:e20161493 google scholar
41. Basic Facts about Mold and Dampness. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/mold/faqs.htm (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
42. Boran P, Özbörü Aşkan Ö. Çevre ve Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Hasanoğlu E, Düşünsel R, Bideci A, Boduroğlu K, eds. Türkiye Milli PEdiatri Derneği Temel Pediatri. 2nd ed. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitap Evleri; 2020:193-201 google scholar
43. Mold and Helath.Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-and-health. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.11.2020) google scholar
44. Roberts JR, Karr CJ. Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics 2012;130(6):e1765-e1788. google scholar
45. Chen M, Chang C-H, Tao L, Lu C. Residential exposure to pesticide during childhood and childhood cancers: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015;136(4):719-729. google scholar
46. Kumar S, Kavitha TK, Angurana SK. Kerosene, camphor, and naphthalene poisoning in children. Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-reviewed. Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med 2019;23(Suppl 4):S278. google scholar
47. Volney G, Tatusov M, Yen AC, Karamyan N. Naphthalene toxicity: methemoglobinemia and acute intravascular hemolysis. Cureus 2018;10(8). google scholar
48. Ahmad R, Amir SH, Khan SA. Naphthalene mothballs poisoning leading to intravascular hemolysis: a case report. J Emerg Med 2020;58(1):e1-e3. google scholar
49. Türkoğlu B. Kulaklıkla müzik dinlemenin yetişkinlerde işitmeye etkisi. 2020. google scholar
50. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Bebek, Çocuk, Ergen İzlem Protokolleri. 2018:1-96. google scholar
51. Sekhar DL, Zalewski TR, Beiler JS, Czarnecki B, Barr AL, King TS, et al. The sensitivity of adolescent hearing screens significantly improves by adding high frequencies. J Adolesc Heal 2016;59(3):362-364. google scholar
52. Workgroup BFPS, Medicine C on P and A. 2017 recommendations for preventive pediatric health care. Pediatrics 2017;139(4). google scholar
53. Tasarruflu Lambalar Zararalı mı?Erişim: http://gnrk.gazi.edu.tr/posts/view/title/tasarruflu-lambalar-zararli-mi%3F-10106. (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11.2020) google scholar
54. Kumar A, Kuppusamy VK, Holuszko M, Song S, Loschiavo A. LED lamps waste in Canada: Generation and characterization. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2019;146:329-336. google scholar
55. Bakanlık Ampullerdeki Cıivaya Karşı Uyardı. eErişim: https://www.csb.gov.tr/bakanlik-ampullerdeki-civaya-karsi-uyardi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-22115%0D (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11.2020) google scholar
56. Cıva Zehirlenmesi ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler. Erişim: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cevresagligi-ced/ced-birimi/cıva-zehirlenmesi-ve-alınması-gereken-önlemler.html (Son erişim tarihi: 5.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
57. Keskindemirci G, Aşkan ÖÖ, Kök H, Şenol E, Yılmazbaş P, Özbay YŞ, Gökçay G. Informed Parents-Safe Environment for Children. Journal of the Child 2021;21(3):260-265 google scholar

Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 236 - 243, 29.12.2022

Gonca Keskindemirci , Hüray Kök , Öykü Özbörü Aşkan , Gülbin Gökçay

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.846458

Abstract

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) olumsuz çevre koşullarının dünyada 5 yaş altın-daki ölümlerin %25’inden fazlasına neden olduğunu, bu ölümlerin sıklık sırasına göre; solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, ishaller, doğumsal travma ve enfeksiyonlar, kazalar ve malaria ilişkili olduğunu bildirmiştir. DSÖ hava kirliliğinin önüne geçilmesi, temiz su ve sanitasyon koşullarının sağlanması, sağlık tesislerinde uygun koşulların sağlanması, boğulma, yanma gibi kaza-lara karşı güvenlik önlemlerinin alınması ve sivrisineklerle mücadele ile bu ölümlerin birçoğunun önlenebileceğini bildirmektedir. Çocuklar davranış-sal, fiziksel ve gelişimsel özellikleri nedeniyle erişkinlere göre çevresel olumsuzluklardan daha fazla etkilenmektedirler. Çevresel kirleticilere maruziyet; astım, kalp hastalığı, kanser, endokrin bozukluklar, bilişsel ve nörogelişimsel bozukluklar gibi pek çok hastalığa neden olabilmektedir. Ev içinde çevresel kirleticilere maruziyet, dikkatsiz saklama koşulları, eğitim-sizlik, önerilen kullanım talimatlarına uyulmaması ve çocuklarda ihmal sayılabilecek ebeveyn denetim eksikliğine bağlı olabileceği düşünülmekte-dir. Makalemizde günlük yaşantımızda sık temas edebileceğimiz ev içi çevresel kirleticiler ile bunlarla olan maruziyeti azaltma ve önleme yolları-nın vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Çevresel kirleticiler, sigara dumanı, pestsit, çocuk, önlem

References

1. Worl Health Organization. The cost of a polluted environment: 1.7 million child deaths a year, says WHO. 2017 Erişim: https://www.who.int/news/item/06-03-2017-the-cost-of-a-polluted-environment-1-7-million-child-deaths-a-year-says-who. (Son erişim tarihi 02.03.2022) google scholar
2. Landrigan P, Fuller R, Fisher S, Suk WA, Sly P, Chiles TC, et al. Pollution and children’s health. Sci Total Env 2019;650:2389-2394. google scholar
3. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, et al. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2001;11(3):231-252. google scholar
4. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018;391:462-512. google scholar
5. Filippini T, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Heck JE, Park AS, Crippa A, et al. Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta- Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2019;127:46002. google scholar
6. Peshin SS, Gupta YK. Poisoning due to household products: A ten years retrospective analysis of telephone calls to the National Poisons Information Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. J Forensic Leg Med 2018;58:205-211. google scholar
7. World Health Organization. Household air pollution. Erişim: https://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/ (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11.2020) google scholar
8. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Indoor air quality.Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality#health (Son erişim tarihi: 7.11.2020) google scholar
9. World Health Organization. Health Topics, Tobacco. World Health Organization. Published 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and Tobacco Use: Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm (Son erişim tarihi: 1.11. Kasım 2020). google scholar
11. National Health Service.Quit Smoking-Passive Smoking. National Health Service. Published 2018. Erişim: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/passive-smoking-protect-your- family-and-friends/ (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
12. Lajunen K, Kalliola S, Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Malmberg LP, Pelkonen AS, Mäkelä MJ. Environmental tobacco smoke affects lung function of preschoolers with asthma even after a
decade. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199:534-536 google scholar
13. Chaudhuri R, Livingston E, McMahon AD, Thomson L, Borland W, Thomson NC. Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1308-1311. google scholar
14. Chalmers GW, Macleod KJ, Little SA, Thomson LJ, McSharry CP, Thomson NC. Influence of cigarette smoking on inhaled corticosteroid treatment in mild asthma. Thorax 2002;57:226- 230. google scholar
15. Cohen RT, Raby BA, Van Steen K, et al. In utero smoke exposure and impaired response to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:491-497 google scholar
16. Adhami N, Chen Y, Martins-Green M. Biomarkers of disease can be detected in mice as early as 4 weeks after initiation of exposure to third-hand smoke levels equivalent to those found in homes of smokers. Clin Sci 2017;131:2409-2426. google scholar
17. Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, Saha S, Hazra TK, Schick S,et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis 2013;28:381-391. google scholar
18. Tütün Ürünlerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Kanun. Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 22829 Resmi Gazete Yayımlanma Tarihi: 26.11.1996. Erişim https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4207&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 (Son Erişim Tarihi: 97.03.2022) google scholar
19. Hutchinson SG, van Breukelen G, van Schayck CP, Essers B, Hammond SK, Muris JWM, et al. Motivational interviewing and urine cotinine feedback to stop passive smoke exposure in
children predisposed to asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017;7: 1-10. google scholar
20. Yılmaz G, Karacan C, Yöney A, Yılmaz T. Brief intervention on maternal smoking: a randomized controlled trial. Child Care Health Dev 2006;32:73-79. google scholar
21. Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2019;380:629-637. google scholar
22. Conner M, Grogan S, Simms-Ellis R, Flett K, Sykes-Muskett B, Cowap L, et al. Do electronic cigarettes increase cigarette smoking in UK adolescents? Evidence from a 12-month prospective study. Tob Control 2018;27:365-372 google scholar
23. Bao W, Liu B, Du Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB. Electronic cigarette use among young, middle-aged, and older adults in the United States in 2017 and 2018. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:313-314. google scholar
24. Fernandez MF, Artacho-Cordon F, Freire C, Perez-Lobato R, Calvente I, Ramos R, Castilla AM, Ocon O, Davila C, Arrebola JP, et al. Trends in children’s exposure to second-hand smoke in the INMA-Granada cohort: an evaluation of the Spanish anti-smoking law. Environ Res 2015;138:461-8 google scholar
25. Ho SY, Wang MP, Lo WS, Mak KK, Lai HK, Thomas GN, Lam TH. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation and displacement of smoking into the homes of young children in Hong Kong. Tob Control 2010;19(2):129-33. google scholar
26. Gentzke AS, Creamer M, Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Willis G, Jamal A, et al. Vital signs: tobacco product use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:157. google scholar
27. Haig TR, Akawung AK, Rajabi A Al, Vena JE, Whelan HK, Kopciuk KA. Reductions in Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Non-smokers Post-legislation. Tob Regul Sci 019;5(5):463-479. google scholar
28. McKelvey K, Thrul J, Ramo D. Impact of quitting smoking and smoking cessation treatment on substance use outcomes: An updated and narrative review. Addict Behav 2017;65:161-
170. google scholar
29. Boran P, Özbörü Aşkan Ö. Çevre ve Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Hasanoğlu E, Düşünsel R, Bideci A, Boduroğlu K, eds. Türkiye Milli PEdiatri Derneği Temel Pediatri. 2nd ed. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitap Evleri; 2020:193-201. google scholar
30. United States Environmental Protection Agency.Health Risk of Radon. Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/radon/health-risk-radon (Son erişim: 7.11. Kasım 2020 google scholar
31. Taşınabilir Pil Üreticileri ve İthalatçıları Derneği. Atık pillerin çevreye etkileri. Erişim: https://tap.org.tr/pil-atik-pil/sss/atik-pillerin-cevreye-etkileri/ adresinden erişilmiştir. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022)4.Kasım 2020) google scholar
32. Sharpe SJ, Rochette LM, Smith GA. Pediatric Battery-Related Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 1990–2009. Pediatrics 2012;129:1111-1117. google scholar
33. Atık Pil ve Akümülatörlerin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 25569. Erişim: https://atikyonetimi.ibb.gov.tr/uploads/2015/08/Atik-Pil-ve-Akumulatorlerin-Kontrolu-
Yonetmeligi.pdf. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.03.2022) google scholar
34. Drisse M-NB, Goldizen F, Adair-Rohani H. Inheriting a Sustainable World? Atlas on Children’s Health and the Environment. Geneva; 2017. google scholar
35. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. Kimyasalların Kaydı, Değerlendirilmesi, İzni Ve Kısıtlanması Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete Sayı : 30105 (Mükerrer). Erişim: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170623M1-18.htm. (Son Erişim tarihi: 06.11 Kasım 2020) google scholar
36. Lead Hazards in Some Holiday Toys and Toy Jewelry. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/features/leadintoys/index.html%0D. (Son erişim tarihi: 05.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
37. Fralick M, Thomspson A, Mourad O. Lead toxicity from glazed ceramic cookware. CMAJ 2016;188(17-18):E521-E524. google scholar
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Lead Exposure in Young Children: A Housing-Based Approach to Primary Prevention of Lead Poisoning. Atlanta; 2004. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/primarypreventiondocument.pdf. (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11. Kasım.2020) google scholar
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood Lead Levels in Children. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/blood-lead-levels.htm. (Son erişim tarihi: 01.11.2020) google scholar
40. Council on Environmental Health. Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity. Pediatrics 2016;138:e20161493 google scholar
41. Basic Facts about Mold and Dampness. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/mold/faqs.htm (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
42. Boran P, Özbörü Aşkan Ö. Çevre ve Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Hasanoğlu E, Düşünsel R, Bideci A, Boduroğlu K, eds. Türkiye Milli PEdiatri Derneği Temel Pediatri. 2nd ed. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitap Evleri; 2020:193-201 google scholar
43. Mold and Helath.Erişim: https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-and-health. (Son erişim tarihi: 02.11.2020) google scholar
44. Roberts JR, Karr CJ. Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics 2012;130(6):e1765-e1788. google scholar
45. Chen M, Chang C-H, Tao L, Lu C. Residential exposure to pesticide during childhood and childhood cancers: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015;136(4):719-729. google scholar
46. Kumar S, Kavitha TK, Angurana SK. Kerosene, camphor, and naphthalene poisoning in children. Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-reviewed. Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med 2019;23(Suppl 4):S278. google scholar
47. Volney G, Tatusov M, Yen AC, Karamyan N. Naphthalene toxicity: methemoglobinemia and acute intravascular hemolysis. Cureus 2018;10(8). google scholar
48. Ahmad R, Amir SH, Khan SA. Naphthalene mothballs poisoning leading to intravascular hemolysis: a case report. J Emerg Med 2020;58(1):e1-e3. google scholar
49. Türkoğlu B. Kulaklıkla müzik dinlemenin yetişkinlerde işitmeye etkisi. 2020. google scholar
50. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Bebek, Çocuk, Ergen İzlem Protokolleri. 2018:1-96. google scholar
51. Sekhar DL, Zalewski TR, Beiler JS, Czarnecki B, Barr AL, King TS, et al. The sensitivity of adolescent hearing screens significantly improves by adding high frequencies. J Adolesc Heal 2016;59(3):362-364. google scholar
52. Workgroup BFPS, Medicine C on P and A. 2017 recommendations for preventive pediatric health care. Pediatrics 2017;139(4). google scholar
53. Tasarruflu Lambalar Zararalı mı?Erişim: http://gnrk.gazi.edu.tr/posts/view/title/tasarruflu-lambalar-zararli-mi%3F-10106. (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11.2020) google scholar
54. Kumar A, Kuppusamy VK, Holuszko M, Song S, Loschiavo A. LED lamps waste in Canada: Generation and characterization. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2019;146:329-336. google scholar
55. Bakanlık Ampullerdeki Cıivaya Karşı Uyardı. eErişim: https://www.csb.gov.tr/bakanlik-ampullerdeki-civaya-karsi-uyardi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-22115%0D (Son erişim tarihi: 07.11.2020) google scholar
56. Cıva Zehirlenmesi ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler. Erişim: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cevresagligi-ced/ced-birimi/cıva-zehirlenmesi-ve-alınması-gereken-önlemler.html (Son erişim tarihi: 5.11. Kasım 2020) google scholar
57. Keskindemirci G, Aşkan ÖÖ, Kök H, Şenol E, Yılmazbaş P, Özbay YŞ, Gökçay G. Informed Parents-Safe Environment for Children. Journal of the Child 2021;21(3):260-265 google scholar

There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Paediatrics
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Gonca Keskindemirci 0000-0003-1797-2802 Hüray Kök 0000-0001-7519-0185 Öykü Özbörü Aşkan 0000-0002-4139-5497 Gülbin Gökçay 0000-0003-1042-0407
Publication Date	December 29, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 22 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Keskindemirci, G., Kök, H., Özbörü Aşkan, Ö., Gökçay, G. (2022). Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler. Journal of Child, 22(3), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.846458
AMA	Keskindemirci G, Kök H, Özbörü Aşkan Ö, Gökçay G. Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler. Journal of Child. December 2022;22(3):236-243. doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.846458
Chicago	Keskindemirci, Gonca, Hüray Kök, Öykü Özbörü Aşkan, and Gülbin Gökçay. “Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler”. Journal of Child 22, no. 3 (December 2022): 236-43. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.846458.
EndNote	Keskindemirci G, Kök H, Özbörü Aşkan Ö, Gökçay G (December 1, 2022) Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler. Journal of Child 22 3 236–243.
IEEE	G. Keskindemirci, H. Kök, Ö. Özbörü Aşkan, and G. Gökçay, “Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler”, Journal of Child, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 236–243, 2022, doi: 10.26650/jchild.2022.846458.
ISNAD	Keskindemirci, Gonca et al. “Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler”. Journal of Child 22/3 (December 2022), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.846458.
JAMA	Keskindemirci G, Kök H, Özbörü Aşkan Ö, Gökçay G. Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler. Journal of Child. 2022;22:236–243.
MLA	Keskindemirci, Gonca et al. “Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler”. Journal of Child, vol. 22, no. 3, 2022, pp. 236-43, doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.846458.
Vancouver	Keskindemirci G, Kök H, Özbörü Aşkan Ö, Gökçay G. Çocuklarda Ev İçi Çevre Kirliliğine Maruziyet ve Alınabilecek Önlemler. Journal of Child. 2022;22(3):236-43.

Download Cover Image

Article Files

Full Text