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ELMA İŞLEME ATIKLARI KOMPOSTUNDAN SOLUCAN KOMPOSTU ÜRETİMİ

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 844 - 856, 28.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1214009

Abstract

Solucan kompostlama işlemi, hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklı atıkların geri dönüşümü için uygulanan çevre dostu bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada elma işleme atıklarından elde edilen kompost karışımları solucanlara besi maddesi olarak verilmiştir. Çalışma deseninde yer alan 5 farklı solucan kompost (SK) karışımının her birine 500 adet yetişkin Eisenia foetida türü solucan bırakılmış, proses boyunca yetişin solucan sayıları artmış ve proses sonunda SK1’den SK5’e doğru sırasıyla 1134, 1311, 2712, 1038 ve 1151 sayılarına ulaşılmıştır. SK3 karışımında aynı zamanda en fazla solucan sayısı artışı görülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda solucan kompost karışımlarında yapılan analizlerde karışımların su muhtevası değerleri %55,12-58,94, organik madde değerleri %65,26-68,11, pH değerleri 7,79-8,07, elektriksel iletkenlik değerleri 0,61-1,05 dS m-1, NH4-N değerleri 227-1071 mg kg-1, NO3-N değerleri 578-2358 mg kg-1 ve Fosfor değerleri %0,75-1,36 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Solucan kompost karışımlarında en fazla ayrışma SK3 karışımında meydana gelmiş, karışımın kütlesinin %23,67 ve hacminin ise %46,27 azaldığı görülmüştür. Çimlenme indeksine göre tüm solucan kompostlarının olgunlaşmış ve fitotoksik özellik içermeyen kompost olduğu görülmektedir.

Supporting Institution

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi Başkanlığı

Project Number

FDK-2018-6012

Thanks

Bu çalışma bir doktora tezinden hazırlanmış olup FDK-2018-6012 No`lu Proje ile tezi maddi olarak destekleyen Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi Başkanlığı’na teşekkür ederim. Reaktör kompostlama çalışmalarının gerçekleştirilmesi için kompost laboratuarının imkânlarını bize sunan Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Makinaları Bölümü’ne ve solucan kompostlama işleminin gerçekleştirildiği Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü’ne teşekkür ederim. Solucan kompostlama hazırlık aşamasında ve solucan temininde yardımcı olan Yeşil Vadi Kırmızı Solucan Çiftliği yetkilileri Gültekin GÜRELLİ ve Ünzile ÇAKMAK’a destek ve katkıları için teşekkür ederim.

References

  • Abacıoğlu, E., Yatgın, S., Tokel, E., Yücesoy, P. 2020. Vermikompostun (Solucan Gübresi) Üretimi Ve Bitki Beslemesindeki Önemi. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 3(1), 1-10.
  • APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Chander, G., Wani, S.P., Gopalakrishnan, S., Mahapatra, A., Chaudhury, S., Pawar, C.S., Kaushal, M., Kesava Rao, A.V.R. 2018. Microbial consortium culture and vermicomposting technologies for recycling on - farm wastes and food production. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 7, 99–108.
  • Demir H., Polat E., Sönmez İ. 2010. Ülkemiz için yeni bir organik gübre: solucan gübresi. Tarım aktüel, 14, 54-60.
  • Doube, B.M., Brown, G.G. 1998. Life in a complex community: Functional interactions between earth-worms, organic matter, microorganisms, and plants.Earthworm Ecology, Ed. Clive Edwards, St LuciePress, 179-211.
  • Esmaeili, A., Khoram, M.R., Gholami, M.,Eslami, H. 2020. Pistachio waste management using combined composting-vermicomposting technique: Physico-chemical changes and worm growth analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 242, 118523.
  • He, Y., Inamori, Y., Mizuochi, M., Kong, H., Iwami, N., Sun, T., 2001. Nitrous oxide emissions from aerated composting of organic waste. Environmental Science & Technology. 35 (11),2347–2351.
  • Ju, X.T., Xing, G.X., Chen, X.P., Zhang, S.L., Zhang, L.J., Liu, X.J., Cui, Z.L., Yin, B., Christie, P., Zhi, Z.L., Zhang, F.S. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(9), 3041-3046. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813417106.
  • Lazcano, C., Gómez-Brandón, M., Domínguez, J. 2008. Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere. 72(7), 1013-1019.
  • Levis, J.W., Barlaz, M.A., 2011. What is the most environmentally beneficial way to treat commercial food waste? Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (17), 7438–7444.
  • Luo, Y., Liang, J., Zeng, G., Chen, M., Mo, D., Li, G., Zhang, D., 2018. Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Management. 71, 109–114.
  • Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. 2000. Effects of C-to-N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology. 75, 7-12.
  • Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A., Das, K.C. 2000. Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology. 71(1), 5-12.
  • Negi, R., Suthar, S. 2018. Degradation of paper mill wastewater sludge and cow dung by brown-rot fungi Oligoporus placenta and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) during vermicomposting. Journal of Cleaner Production. 201, 842-852.
  • Pellejero, G., Miglierina, A., Aschkar, G., Turcato, M., Jim´enez- Ballesta, R. 2017. Effects of the onion residue compost as an organic fertilizer in a vegetable culture in the Lower Valley of the Rio Negro. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 6, 159–166.
  • Polat, H. 2020. Türkiye’de Kimyasal Azotlu Gübre Tüketim Durumunun ve Toprak Analizi Zorunluluğunun Azotlu Gübre Kullanımına Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi. 9(2), 60-71.
  • Rajkhowa, D.J., Sarma, A.K., Bhattacharyya, P.N., Mahanta, K. 2019. Bioconversion of agricultural waste and its efficient utilization is the hilly ecosystem of Northeast India. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 8, 11–20.
  • Resmi Gazete, 2018. Tarımda Kullanılan Organik, Mineral ve Mikrobiyal Kaynaklı Gübrelere Dair Yönetmelik. Tarih: 23.02.2018, Sayı: 30341.
  • Rostami R., Nabaei A., Eslami A., Najafı S.H. 2010. Survey of optimal conditions for worm’s growth and vermicompost production of prepared food wastes. Internal Medicine Today. 15 (4), 76-83.
  • Sharma, D., Pandey, A.K., Yadav, K.D., Kumar, S. 2021. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling for enhancing maturity parameters during vermicomposting of floral waste. Bioresource Technology. 324, 124672.
  • Sharma, K., Garg, V.K. 2018. Solid-state fermentation for vermicomposting, in: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 373-413.
  • Silva, J.C., Siqueira, A.J.N., Maia, H.B., Nunes, R.R. 2021. Vermicomposting corn waste under cultural and climatic conditions of the Brazilian Backwoods. Bioresource Technology Reports. 15, 100730.
  • Söyler, O. 2020. Türkiye’de Tarımsal Üretimde Kimyasal Gübre Kullanımı ile İlgili Problemler ve Çözüm Yolları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. 5. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi tam metin kitabı (ISBN:978-605-70159-9-0) 26-27 Aralık 2020, Diyarbakır.
  • Su, J-Q., Wei, B., Qu-Yang, W-Y., Huang, F-Y., Zhao, Y., Xu, H-J., Zhu, Y-G. 2015. Antibiotic Resistome and Its Association with Bacterial Communities during Sewage Sludge Composting. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(12), 7356-7363.
  • Sülük, 2022. Sabit C/N Oranında Farklı Materyallerden Kompost Ve Solucan Kompost Çayı Üretimi, Üretilen Kompost Çaylarının Zenginleştirilmesi Ve Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi: Elma İşleme Atıkları Örneği, Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Sülük, K., Tosun, İ., Ekinci, K. 2016. Co-composting of two-phase olive-mill pomace and poultry manure with tomato harvest stalks. Environmental Technology. 38(8), 923-932.
  • Şahin, G. 2016. Türkiye'de Gübre Kullanım Durumu ve Gübreleme Konusunda Yaşanan Problemler. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi. 22 (1), 19-32.
  • Şevik, F., Tosun, İ., Ekinci, K. 2018. The effect of FAS and C/N ratios on co-composting of sewage sludge, dairy manure and tomato stalks. Waste Management. 80, 450-456.
  • Toledo,M., Gutiérrez, M.C., Siles, J.A., Martín, M.A. 2018. Full-scale composting of sewage sludge and market waste, Stability monitoring and odor dispersion modeling. Environmental Research. 167, 739-750.
  • TÜİK, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, İstatistiksel Tablolar, Kimyasal gübre kullanımı (2009-2021). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111 (Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2022)
  • USCC. 2002. The US Composting Council Research and Education Foundation, and the United States Department of Agriculture. Test methods for the examination of composting and compost (TMECC). Edaphos International, Houston, TX.
  • Vig, A.P., Singh, J., Wani, S.H., Dhaliwal, S.S. 2011. Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny). Bioresource Technology. 102, 7941-7945.
  • Wong, J.W.C., Lee, D.J., Nair, J., Garg, V.K., Suthar, S., Yadav, A. 2012. Management of food industry waste employing vermicomposting technology. Bioresource Technology. 126, 437-443.
  • Yadav, A., Garg, V.K. 2019. Biotransformation of bakery industry sludge into valuable product using vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology. 274, 512-517.
  • Yang, Y., Wang, G., Li, G., Ma, R., Kong, Y., Yuan, J. 2021. Selection of sensitive seeds for evaluation of compost maturity with the seed germination index. Waste Management, 136, 238-243.
  • Zucconi, F.M., Forte, M., Monaco, A., De Bertoldi, M. 1981. Biological evaluation of compost maturity. BioCycle. 22, 27–29.

VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION FROM APPLE PROCESSING WASTE COMPOST

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 844 - 856, 28.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1214009

Abstract

Vermicomposting is an environmentally friendly method applied for the recycling of animal and vegetable wastes. In this study, compost mixtures obtained from apple processing wastes were given to worms as a nutrient. 500 adult worms of Eisenia foetida species were left in each of the 5 different vermicompost (VC) mixtures in the study design, the number of adult worms increased throughout the process and at the end of the process, the numbers of 1134, 1311, 2712, 1038 and 1151 were reached from VC1 to VC5, respectively. The highest worm proliferation was also determined in the VC3 mixture. At the end of the study, the water content values of my mixtures were 55.12-58.94%, organic matter values were 65.26-68.11%, pH values were 7.79-8.07, electrical conductivity values were 0.61 -1.05 ds m-1, NH4-N values were found in the range of 227-1071 mg kg-1, NO3-N values in the range of 578-2358 mg kg-1 and phosphorus values in the range of 0.75-1.36%. In the vermicompost mixtures, the highest decomposition occurred in the VC3 mixture, with a mass reduction of 23.67% and a volume reduction of 46.27% in this mixture. According to the germination index, all worm composts appear to be mature and phytotoxic-free compost.

Project Number

FDK-2018-6012

References

  • Abacıoğlu, E., Yatgın, S., Tokel, E., Yücesoy, P. 2020. Vermikompostun (Solucan Gübresi) Üretimi Ve Bitki Beslemesindeki Önemi. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 3(1), 1-10.
  • APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Chander, G., Wani, S.P., Gopalakrishnan, S., Mahapatra, A., Chaudhury, S., Pawar, C.S., Kaushal, M., Kesava Rao, A.V.R. 2018. Microbial consortium culture and vermicomposting technologies for recycling on - farm wastes and food production. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 7, 99–108.
  • Demir H., Polat E., Sönmez İ. 2010. Ülkemiz için yeni bir organik gübre: solucan gübresi. Tarım aktüel, 14, 54-60.
  • Doube, B.M., Brown, G.G. 1998. Life in a complex community: Functional interactions between earth-worms, organic matter, microorganisms, and plants.Earthworm Ecology, Ed. Clive Edwards, St LuciePress, 179-211.
  • Esmaeili, A., Khoram, M.R., Gholami, M.,Eslami, H. 2020. Pistachio waste management using combined composting-vermicomposting technique: Physico-chemical changes and worm growth analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 242, 118523.
  • He, Y., Inamori, Y., Mizuochi, M., Kong, H., Iwami, N., Sun, T., 2001. Nitrous oxide emissions from aerated composting of organic waste. Environmental Science & Technology. 35 (11),2347–2351.
  • Ju, X.T., Xing, G.X., Chen, X.P., Zhang, S.L., Zhang, L.J., Liu, X.J., Cui, Z.L., Yin, B., Christie, P., Zhi, Z.L., Zhang, F.S. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(9), 3041-3046. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813417106.
  • Lazcano, C., Gómez-Brandón, M., Domínguez, J. 2008. Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere. 72(7), 1013-1019.
  • Levis, J.W., Barlaz, M.A., 2011. What is the most environmentally beneficial way to treat commercial food waste? Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (17), 7438–7444.
  • Luo, Y., Liang, J., Zeng, G., Chen, M., Mo, D., Li, G., Zhang, D., 2018. Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Management. 71, 109–114.
  • Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. 2000. Effects of C-to-N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology. 75, 7-12.
  • Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A., Das, K.C. 2000. Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology. 71(1), 5-12.
  • Negi, R., Suthar, S. 2018. Degradation of paper mill wastewater sludge and cow dung by brown-rot fungi Oligoporus placenta and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) during vermicomposting. Journal of Cleaner Production. 201, 842-852.
  • Pellejero, G., Miglierina, A., Aschkar, G., Turcato, M., Jim´enez- Ballesta, R. 2017. Effects of the onion residue compost as an organic fertilizer in a vegetable culture in the Lower Valley of the Rio Negro. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 6, 159–166.
  • Polat, H. 2020. Türkiye’de Kimyasal Azotlu Gübre Tüketim Durumunun ve Toprak Analizi Zorunluluğunun Azotlu Gübre Kullanımına Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi. 9(2), 60-71.
  • Rajkhowa, D.J., Sarma, A.K., Bhattacharyya, P.N., Mahanta, K. 2019. Bioconversion of agricultural waste and its efficient utilization is the hilly ecosystem of Northeast India. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 8, 11–20.
  • Resmi Gazete, 2018. Tarımda Kullanılan Organik, Mineral ve Mikrobiyal Kaynaklı Gübrelere Dair Yönetmelik. Tarih: 23.02.2018, Sayı: 30341.
  • Rostami R., Nabaei A., Eslami A., Najafı S.H. 2010. Survey of optimal conditions for worm’s growth and vermicompost production of prepared food wastes. Internal Medicine Today. 15 (4), 76-83.
  • Sharma, D., Pandey, A.K., Yadav, K.D., Kumar, S. 2021. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling for enhancing maturity parameters during vermicomposting of floral waste. Bioresource Technology. 324, 124672.
  • Sharma, K., Garg, V.K. 2018. Solid-state fermentation for vermicomposting, in: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 373-413.
  • Silva, J.C., Siqueira, A.J.N., Maia, H.B., Nunes, R.R. 2021. Vermicomposting corn waste under cultural and climatic conditions of the Brazilian Backwoods. Bioresource Technology Reports. 15, 100730.
  • Söyler, O. 2020. Türkiye’de Tarımsal Üretimde Kimyasal Gübre Kullanımı ile İlgili Problemler ve Çözüm Yolları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. 5. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi tam metin kitabı (ISBN:978-605-70159-9-0) 26-27 Aralık 2020, Diyarbakır.
  • Su, J-Q., Wei, B., Qu-Yang, W-Y., Huang, F-Y., Zhao, Y., Xu, H-J., Zhu, Y-G. 2015. Antibiotic Resistome and Its Association with Bacterial Communities during Sewage Sludge Composting. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(12), 7356-7363.
  • Sülük, 2022. Sabit C/N Oranında Farklı Materyallerden Kompost Ve Solucan Kompost Çayı Üretimi, Üretilen Kompost Çaylarının Zenginleştirilmesi Ve Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi: Elma İşleme Atıkları Örneği, Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Sülük, K., Tosun, İ., Ekinci, K. 2016. Co-composting of two-phase olive-mill pomace and poultry manure with tomato harvest stalks. Environmental Technology. 38(8), 923-932.
  • Şahin, G. 2016. Türkiye'de Gübre Kullanım Durumu ve Gübreleme Konusunda Yaşanan Problemler. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi. 22 (1), 19-32.
  • Şevik, F., Tosun, İ., Ekinci, K. 2018. The effect of FAS and C/N ratios on co-composting of sewage sludge, dairy manure and tomato stalks. Waste Management. 80, 450-456.
  • Toledo,M., Gutiérrez, M.C., Siles, J.A., Martín, M.A. 2018. Full-scale composting of sewage sludge and market waste, Stability monitoring and odor dispersion modeling. Environmental Research. 167, 739-750.
  • TÜİK, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, İstatistiksel Tablolar, Kimyasal gübre kullanımı (2009-2021). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111 (Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2022)
  • USCC. 2002. The US Composting Council Research and Education Foundation, and the United States Department of Agriculture. Test methods for the examination of composting and compost (TMECC). Edaphos International, Houston, TX.
  • Vig, A.P., Singh, J., Wani, S.H., Dhaliwal, S.S. 2011. Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny). Bioresource Technology. 102, 7941-7945.
  • Wong, J.W.C., Lee, D.J., Nair, J., Garg, V.K., Suthar, S., Yadav, A. 2012. Management of food industry waste employing vermicomposting technology. Bioresource Technology. 126, 437-443.
  • Yadav, A., Garg, V.K. 2019. Biotransformation of bakery industry sludge into valuable product using vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology. 274, 512-517.
  • Yang, Y., Wang, G., Li, G., Ma, R., Kong, Y., Yuan, J. 2021. Selection of sensitive seeds for evaluation of compost maturity with the seed germination index. Waste Management, 136, 238-243.
  • Zucconi, F.M., Forte, M., Monaco, A., De Bertoldi, M. 1981. Biological evaluation of compost maturity. BioCycle. 22, 27–29.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmental Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kemal Sülük 0000-0003-1853-8872

İsmail Tosun 0000-0003-4296-9883

Kamil Ekinci 0000-0002-7083-5199

Project Number FDK-2018-6012
Publication Date June 28, 2023
Submission Date December 3, 2022
Acceptance Date February 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sülük, K., Tosun, İ., & Ekinci, K. (2023). ELMA İŞLEME ATIKLARI KOMPOSTUNDAN SOLUCAN KOMPOSTU ÜRETİMİ. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 11(2), 844-856. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1214009