Heart Rate Variability, Flow and Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Novice Archers’ Shooting Accuracy

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 65 - 73, 31.08.2019

Nihal Dal , Erman Doğan

Abstract

We examined whether
Heart Rate Variability (HRV), together with flow and trait emotional
intelligence may predict variations in arrow shooting accuracy for novice
archers. 30 novice archers ranging in age from 18 to 23 volunteered.
Participants first completed the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Inventory.
Then, participants’ resting HRV was measured for 4 minutes. Afterwards,
participants shot 10 arrows from 18 m to an 80 cm diameter target while their
HRV was measured. Accuracy was determined in terms of radial distance (error)
from the center of the target. In order to calculate an overall performance
score, the median value of the 10 arrows was calculated for each participant.
Results showed that HRV, certain flow dimensions, and trait emotional
intelligence may have account for variations in novice archers’ shooting
accuracy. On the basis of the results obtained from the current study, we
conclude that the determination of performance or shooting accuracy should be
based on both physiological and psychological characteristics, in this case,
HRV, flow, and emotional intelligence. This information might be beneficial for
coaches, athletes, or other practitioners aiming to develop archers’
performance.

Keywords

HRV, low to high frequency ratio, flow, emotional intelligence, archery

References

• Abernethy, B., Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S., van der Kamp, J., & Jackson, R. C. (2007). Attentional processes in skill learning and expert performance. In Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 245–263).
• Aşçı, F. H., Çağlar, E., Eklund, R. C., Altıntaş, A., & Jackson, S. (2007). The adaptation study of dispositional flow scale-2 and flow state scale-2. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 18(4), 182–196.
• Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., Huang, S. H., & McKenney, D. (2004). Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: Testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.’s (1998) measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 555–562.
• Bakker, A. B. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 400–414. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007
• Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011). Flow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 442–450. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.003
• Carrillo, A. E., Christodoulou, V. X., Koutedakis, Y., & Flouris, A. D. (2011). Autonomic nervous system modulation during an archery competition in novice and experienced adolescent archers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(9), 913–917. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.568514
• Elbe, A., Strahler, K., Krustrup, P., Wikman, J., & Stelter, R. (2010). Experiencing flow in different types of physical activity intervention programs: Three randomized studies, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(1), 111–117. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01112.x
• Flett, M. R. (2015). Is flow related to positive feelings or optimal performance? Path analysis of challenge-skill balance and feelings. Sport Science Review, 24(1-2), 5–26. doi:10.1515/ssr-2015-0006
• Fullagar, C. J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009). Flow at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 595-615.
• Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (2003). Vagal influence on working memory and attention. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48(3), 263–274. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(03)00073-4
• Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133–150.
• Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Evaluation of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE): A new approach to promote flow in athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 3(4), 334–356.
• Koehn, S., & Morris, T. (2012). The relationship between performance and flow state in tennis competition. The Journal of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 52(4), 437-447.
• Koehn, S., Morris, T., & Watt, A. P. (2013). Flow state in self-paced and externally-paced performance contexts: An examination of the flow model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6), 787–795. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.06.001
• Laborde, S., Brüll, A., Weber, J., & Anders, L. S. (2011). Trait emotional intelligence in sports: A protective role against stress through heart rate variability? Personality and Individual Differences, 51(1), 23–27. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.003
• Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R. C., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(2), 195–202. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195
• Luft, C. D. B., Takase, E., & Darby, D. (2009). Heart rate variability and cognitive function: Effects of physical effort. Biological Psychology, 82(2), 186–191. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.07.007
• Malliani, A., Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., & Cerutti, S. (1991). Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation, 84(2), 482–492. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.482
• Matthews, G., Emo, A. K., Funke, G., Zeidner, M., Roberts, R. D., Costa, P. T., & Schulze, R. (2006). Emotional intelligence, personality, and task-induced stress. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(2), 96–107. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.12.2.96
• Mikolajczak, M., & Luminet, O. (2008). Trait emotional intelligence and the cognitive appraisal of stressful events: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1445–1453. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.012
• Montano, N., Porta, A., Cogliati, C., Costantino, G., Tobaldini, E., Casali, K. R., & Iellamo, F. (2009). Heart rate variability explored in the frequency domain: A tool to investigate the link between heart and behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.006
• Neumann, D. L., & Thomas, P. R. (2009). The relationship between skill level and patterns in cardiac and respiratory activity during golf putting. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(3), 276–282. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.001
• Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., Guzzetti, S., Rimoldi, O., Furlan, R., Pizzinelli, P., … Piccaluga, E. (1986). Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circulation Research, 59(2), 178–193. doi:10.1161/01.RES.59.2.178
• Park, G., Vasey, M. W., Van Bavel, J. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2013). Cardiac vagal tone is correlated with selective attention to neutral distractors under load. Psychophysiology, 50(4), 398–406. doi:10.1111/psyp.12029
• Petrides, K., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 277–293. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00084-9
• Petrowski, K., Herold, U., Joraschky, P., Mück-Weymann, M., & Siepmann, M. (2010). The effects of psychosocial stress on heart rate variability in panic disorder. German Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), 66–73.
• Reyes del Paso, G. a., Langewitz, W., Mulder, L. J. M., van Roon, A., & Duschek, S. (2013). The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies. Psychophysiology, 50(5), 477–487. doi:10.1111/psyp.12027
• Robazza, C., Bortoli, L., & Nougier, V. (2000). Performance emotions in an elite archer: A case study. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 23(2), 144–163.
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167–177.
• Swann, C., Keegan, R. J., Piggott, D., & Crust, L. (2012). A systematic review of the experience, occurrence, and controllability of flow states in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 807–819. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.006
• Tatar, A., Tok, S., & Saltukoglu, G. (2011). Adaptation of the revised schutte emotional intelligence scale into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(4), 325–338. doi:10.5455/bcp.20110624015920
• Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009). Claude Bernard and the heart–brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004
• Tok, S., Binboǧa, E., Guven, S., Çatikkas, F., & Dane, S. (2013). Trait emotional intelligence, the big five personality traits and isometric maximal voluntary contraction level under stress in athletes. Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research, 19(16), 133–138. doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2013.04.005
• Ullén, F., de Manzano, Ö., Almeida, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., … Madison, G. (2012). Proneness for psychological flow in everyday life: Associations with personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 167–172. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.003