Research Article
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Year 2022, , 952 - 962, 10.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1151470

Abstract

References

  • Aksu, H. (2019). Dijitopya: Dijitaldönüşümyolculukrehberi. İstanbul: PusulaYayınEvi.
  • Bursal, M. (2019). Spssiletemelverianalizleri. Ankara: AnıYayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., KılıçÇakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E. Karadeniz, Ş. veDemirel, F. (2012). BilimselAraştırmaYöntemleri. Ankara: PegemAkademi.
  • Çınar, O., veDursun, A. (2012). Mobbing, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İş Tatmin iİlişkisi: Aksu, H. (2019). Dijitopya: Dijital Dönüşüm Yolculuk Rehberi. İstanbul: PusulaYayınevi.
  • Bursal, M. (2019). Spss ile Temel Veri Analizleri. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E. Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: PegemAkademi.
  • Çınar, O., ve Dursun, A. (2012). Mobbing, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İş Tatmini İlişkisi: Atatürk Üniversitesi Araştırma Hastanesinde Yapılan Bir Alan Araştırması. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 52.
  • Duan, H., Li, J., Fan, S., Lin, Z., Wu, X., and Cai, W. (2021, October). Metaverse For Social Good: A University Campus Prototype. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 153-161.
  • Gadalla, E., Keeling, K., and Abosag, I. (2013). Metaverse-Retail Service Quality: A Future Framework for Retail Service Quality in the 3D Internet. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1493-1517.
  • Gavin, O. (2021), “British Tech Companıes Ma-King The Tech Educatıon and Traınıng Meta-Verse A Realıty”, Fenews, https:// www.fenews.co.uk/skills/british-tech-companies-ma-king-the-tech-education-and-training-metaverse-a-re-ality/. (ErişimTarihi: 23 Ocak 2022).
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel AkademikYayıncılık
  • Ko, S. Y., Chung, H. K., Kim, J. I., and Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering, 10(8), 331-338.
  • Kunthara, S. (2021), VCs Will Spend Billions More to Make the Metaverse a Reality, Crunchbase, (16 Kasım 2021), https://news.crunchbase.com/news/me-taverse-startups-funding-investors/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘Dijital Büyük Patlamada’ Fırsatlar ve Endişelere Yönelik Algılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8 (15) 245-266.
  • Lee, L. H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., ... & Hui, P. (2021). All one needs to know about metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.05352.
  • MacCallum, K., and Parsons, D. (2019, September). Teacher Perspectives on Mobile Augmented Reality: The Potential of Metaverse for Learning. In World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (pp. 21-28).
  • Metaverse School, https://metaverse.school/. (ErişimTarihi: 01 Haziran 2022).
  • Mozumder, M. A. I., Sheeraz, M. M., Athar, A., Aich, S., and Kim, H. C. (2022). Overview: Technology Roadmap of The Future Trend of Metaverse Based on IoT, Blockchain, AI Technique, and Medical Domain Metaverse Activity. 24th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) (pp. 256-261). IEEE.
  • Nachmias, C. F., Nachmias, D. (1996). Research Methods in The Social Sciences. (5th Edition). New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., and Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-art, Technologies, Applications and Challenges. arXiv:2111.09673.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Parkı, S. M., and Kim, Y. G. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications and Open Challenges. IEEE Access. 1(1); 99-111
  • PSU, (2018), World Campus Researches Effectiveness of VR Headsets and Video in Online Classes, https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/wor-ld-campus-researches-effectiveness-vrheadsets-and-vi-deo-online-classes/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Türkiye’de Yaşayan Bireylerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(Siz)Liği Algısı. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2); 101-121.
  • Seok, W. H. (2021). Analysis of metaverse business model and ecosystem. Electronics and Telecommunications Trends, 36(4), 81-91.
  • Süleymanoğulları, M., Özdemir, A., Bayraktar, G., and Vural, M. (2022). Metaverse ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması / Metaverse Scale: Study of Validity and Reliability. Anatolia Sport Research, 3(1), 47-58.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial Musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1); 1-2.
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021). Founder’s Letter, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/. Erişimtarihi: 30.05.2022.
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Araştırma Hastanesinde Yapılan Bir Alan Araştırması. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 52.
  • Duan, H., Li, J., Fan, S., Lin, Z., Wu, X., & Cai, W. (2021, October). Metaverse for social good: A university campus prototype. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 153-161.
  • Gadalla, E., Keeling, K., &Abosag, I. (2013). Metaverse-retail service quality: A future framework for retail service quality in the 3D internet. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1493-1517.
  • Gavin, O. (2021), “British Tech Companıes Ma-Kıng The Tech Educatıon And Traınıng Meta-Verse A Realıty”, Fenews, https:// www.fenews.co.uk/skills/british-tech-companies-ma-king-the-tech-education-and-training-metaverse-a-re-ality/. (ErişimTarihi: 23 Ocak 2022).
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Ko, S. Y., Chung, H. K., Kim, J. I., & Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering, 10(8), 331-338.
  • Kunthara, S. (2021), VCs will spend billions more to make the metaverse a reality, Crunchbase, (16 Kasım 2021), https://news.crunchbase.com/news/me-taverse-startups-funding-investors/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘DijitalBüyükPatlamada’ FırsatlarveEndişelereYönelikAlgılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8(15) 245-266. doi: 10.21645/intermedia.2021.109
  • Lee, B. K. (2021). The Metaverse world and our future. Review of Korea Contents Association, 19(1), 13-17.
  • Lee, L., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., ... & Hui, P. (2021). All One Needs to Know about Metaverse: A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity, Virtual Ecosystem, and Research Agenda.
  • MacCallum, K., & Parsons, D. (2019, September). Teacher perspectives on mobile augmented reality: The potential of metaverse for learning. In World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (pp. 21-28).
  • Maltaverne, B. (2017). “What is the Digital Transformation of Procurement Really About?”https://medium.com/procurement-tidbits/what-is-the-digital-transformation-of-procurement-really-about-9d2148e04638(ErişimTarihi: 21.06.2022).
  • Metaverse School, https://metaverse.school/. (ErişimTarihi: 01 Haziran 2022).
  • Mozumder, M. A. I., Sheeraz, M. M., Athar, A., Aich, S., & Kim, H. C. (2022). Overview: Technology roadmap of the future trend of metaverse based on ıot, blockchain, aı technique, and medical domain metaverse activity. 24th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) (pp. 256-261). IEEE.
  • Nachmias, C. F., Nachmias, D. (1996). Research methods in the social sciences. (5th Edition). New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., &Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-art, technologies, applications, and challenges. arXiv:2111.09673.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Park, S. M., & Kim, Y. G. (2022). A Metaverse: taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access. 1(1); 99-111
  • PSU, (2018), World Campus researches effectiveness of VR headsets and video in online classes, https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/wor-ld-campus-researches-effectiveness-vrheadsets-and-vi-deo-online-classes/.(ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Türkiye’de yaşayan bireylerin toplumsal cinsiyet eşit(siz)liği algısı. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2); 101-121.
  • Seok, W. H. (2021). Analysis of Metaverse Business Model and Ecosystem. Electronics and Telecommunications Trends, 36(4), 81-91.
  • Süleymanoğulları, M., Özdemir, A., Bayraktar, G., &Vural, M. (2022). Metaverse ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması / Metaverse scale: Study of validity and reliability. Anatolia Sport Research, 3(1), 47-58.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.) Pearson, Boston
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1); 1-2.
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021). Founder’s Letter, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/. Erişimtarihi: 30.05.2022

What do university students think about the metaverse?

Year 2022, , 952 - 962, 10.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1151470

Abstract

Metaverse is a new concept which is frequently discussed in many fields such as health, art, sports, entertainment, education, trade, and marketing. The scope and actuality of this concept, which expresses a new digital world beyond the universe, necessitated this study. In this study; gender, age, duration of social media usage and levels of metaverse knowledge, awareness and attitude of university students have been tried to be analyzed statistically in terms of variables such as playing digital games, using e-commerce, communicating with other individuals in virtual channels and the availability of crypto money. The survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was preferred in the study. Independent Sample T Test and Pearson Correlation tests were used to analyze data with a normal distribution. The universe of the research includes students studying at Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University in the 2021-2022 academic year, and the sample of the research includes 271 students (122 females and 149 males), studying in different departments of the same university. Apart from the personal information form, the 'Metaverse Scale’ developed by Süleymanoğulları et al. was chosen as a data collection tool. According to the results, male participants' metaverse knowledge, attitude, and awareness levels are higher than females in the sub-dimensions of digitalization and lifestyle. While a positive and weak relationship was found between the participants’ average daily social media usage time and the technology sub-dimension average score, the analysis results indicate that the levels of the participants who engage in e-commerce in the technology, digitalization, and lifestyle sub-dimensions are higher than the others. Finally, it has been found that the metaverse knowledge, attitude and awareness levels of the students with crypto money in the sub-dimensions of technology, digitalization and lifestyle are higher than those in the other group. According to the results of this study, it can be said that the metaverse attitudes, awareness and knowledge levels of the university students who constitute the research sample group differ depending on sociocultural and socioeconomic factors.

References

  • Aksu, H. (2019). Dijitopya: Dijitaldönüşümyolculukrehberi. İstanbul: PusulaYayınEvi.
  • Bursal, M. (2019). Spssiletemelverianalizleri. Ankara: AnıYayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., KılıçÇakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E. Karadeniz, Ş. veDemirel, F. (2012). BilimselAraştırmaYöntemleri. Ankara: PegemAkademi.
  • Çınar, O., veDursun, A. (2012). Mobbing, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İş Tatmin iİlişkisi: Aksu, H. (2019). Dijitopya: Dijital Dönüşüm Yolculuk Rehberi. İstanbul: PusulaYayınevi.
  • Bursal, M. (2019). Spss ile Temel Veri Analizleri. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E. Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: PegemAkademi.
  • Çınar, O., ve Dursun, A. (2012). Mobbing, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İş Tatmini İlişkisi: Atatürk Üniversitesi Araştırma Hastanesinde Yapılan Bir Alan Araştırması. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 52.
  • Duan, H., Li, J., Fan, S., Lin, Z., Wu, X., and Cai, W. (2021, October). Metaverse For Social Good: A University Campus Prototype. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 153-161.
  • Gadalla, E., Keeling, K., and Abosag, I. (2013). Metaverse-Retail Service Quality: A Future Framework for Retail Service Quality in the 3D Internet. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1493-1517.
  • Gavin, O. (2021), “British Tech Companıes Ma-King The Tech Educatıon and Traınıng Meta-Verse A Realıty”, Fenews, https:// www.fenews.co.uk/skills/british-tech-companies-ma-king-the-tech-education-and-training-metaverse-a-re-ality/. (ErişimTarihi: 23 Ocak 2022).
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel AkademikYayıncılık
  • Ko, S. Y., Chung, H. K., Kim, J. I., and Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering, 10(8), 331-338.
  • Kunthara, S. (2021), VCs Will Spend Billions More to Make the Metaverse a Reality, Crunchbase, (16 Kasım 2021), https://news.crunchbase.com/news/me-taverse-startups-funding-investors/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘Dijital Büyük Patlamada’ Fırsatlar ve Endişelere Yönelik Algılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8 (15) 245-266.
  • Lee, L. H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., ... & Hui, P. (2021). All one needs to know about metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.05352.
  • MacCallum, K., and Parsons, D. (2019, September). Teacher Perspectives on Mobile Augmented Reality: The Potential of Metaverse for Learning. In World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (pp. 21-28).
  • Metaverse School, https://metaverse.school/. (ErişimTarihi: 01 Haziran 2022).
  • Mozumder, M. A. I., Sheeraz, M. M., Athar, A., Aich, S., and Kim, H. C. (2022). Overview: Technology Roadmap of The Future Trend of Metaverse Based on IoT, Blockchain, AI Technique, and Medical Domain Metaverse Activity. 24th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) (pp. 256-261). IEEE.
  • Nachmias, C. F., Nachmias, D. (1996). Research Methods in The Social Sciences. (5th Edition). New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., and Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-art, Technologies, Applications and Challenges. arXiv:2111.09673.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Parkı, S. M., and Kim, Y. G. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications and Open Challenges. IEEE Access. 1(1); 99-111
  • PSU, (2018), World Campus Researches Effectiveness of VR Headsets and Video in Online Classes, https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/wor-ld-campus-researches-effectiveness-vrheadsets-and-vi-deo-online-classes/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Türkiye’de Yaşayan Bireylerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(Siz)Liği Algısı. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2); 101-121.
  • Seok, W. H. (2021). Analysis of metaverse business model and ecosystem. Electronics and Telecommunications Trends, 36(4), 81-91.
  • Süleymanoğulları, M., Özdemir, A., Bayraktar, G., and Vural, M. (2022). Metaverse ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması / Metaverse Scale: Study of Validity and Reliability. Anatolia Sport Research, 3(1), 47-58.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial Musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1); 1-2.
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021). Founder’s Letter, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/. Erişimtarihi: 30.05.2022.
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Araştırma Hastanesinde Yapılan Bir Alan Araştırması. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 52.
  • Duan, H., Li, J., Fan, S., Lin, Z., Wu, X., & Cai, W. (2021, October). Metaverse for social good: A university campus prototype. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 153-161.
  • Gadalla, E., Keeling, K., &Abosag, I. (2013). Metaverse-retail service quality: A future framework for retail service quality in the 3D internet. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1493-1517.
  • Gavin, O. (2021), “British Tech Companıes Ma-Kıng The Tech Educatıon And Traınıng Meta-Verse A Realıty”, Fenews, https:// www.fenews.co.uk/skills/british-tech-companies-ma-king-the-tech-education-and-training-metaverse-a-re-ality/. (ErişimTarihi: 23 Ocak 2022).
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Ko, S. Y., Chung, H. K., Kim, J. I., & Shin, Y. (2021). A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering, 10(8), 331-338.
  • Kunthara, S. (2021), VCs will spend billions more to make the metaverse a reality, Crunchbase, (16 Kasım 2021), https://news.crunchbase.com/news/me-taverse-startups-funding-investors/. (ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘DijitalBüyükPatlamada’ FırsatlarveEndişelereYönelikAlgılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8(15) 245-266. doi: 10.21645/intermedia.2021.109
  • Lee, B. K. (2021). The Metaverse world and our future. Review of Korea Contents Association, 19(1), 13-17.
  • Lee, L., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., ... & Hui, P. (2021). All One Needs to Know about Metaverse: A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity, Virtual Ecosystem, and Research Agenda.
  • MacCallum, K., & Parsons, D. (2019, September). Teacher perspectives on mobile augmented reality: The potential of metaverse for learning. In World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (pp. 21-28).
  • Maltaverne, B. (2017). “What is the Digital Transformation of Procurement Really About?”https://medium.com/procurement-tidbits/what-is-the-digital-transformation-of-procurement-really-about-9d2148e04638(ErişimTarihi: 21.06.2022).
  • Metaverse School, https://metaverse.school/. (ErişimTarihi: 01 Haziran 2022).
  • Mozumder, M. A. I., Sheeraz, M. M., Athar, A., Aich, S., & Kim, H. C. (2022). Overview: Technology roadmap of the future trend of metaverse based on ıot, blockchain, aı technique, and medical domain metaverse activity. 24th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) (pp. 256-261). IEEE.
  • Nachmias, C. F., Nachmias, D. (1996). Research methods in the social sciences. (5th Edition). New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., &Daneshmand, M. (2021). A Survey on Metaverse: The State-of-the-art, technologies, applications, and challenges. arXiv:2111.09673.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Park, S. M., & Kim, Y. G. (2022). A Metaverse: taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access. 1(1); 99-111
  • PSU, (2018), World Campus researches effectiveness of VR headsets and video in online classes, https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/wor-ld-campus-researches-effectiveness-vrheadsets-and-vi-deo-online-classes/.(ErişimTarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Türkiye’de yaşayan bireylerin toplumsal cinsiyet eşit(siz)liği algısı. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2); 101-121.
  • Seok, W. H. (2021). Analysis of Metaverse Business Model and Ecosystem. Electronics and Telecommunications Trends, 36(4), 81-91.
  • Süleymanoğulları, M., Özdemir, A., Bayraktar, G., &Vural, M. (2022). Metaverse ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması / Metaverse scale: Study of validity and reliability. Anatolia Sport Research, 3(1), 47-58.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.) Pearson, Boston
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1); 1-2.
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021). Founder’s Letter, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/. Erişimtarihi: 30.05.2022
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adem Özdemir 0000-0003-3127-6846

Mustafa Vural 0000-0002-9297-6240

Mesut Süleymanoğulları 0000-0001-5867-2844

Gökhan Bayraktar 0000-0002-8408-3143

Publication Date December 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Özdemir, A., Vural, M., Süleymanoğulları, M., Bayraktar, G. (2022). What do university students think about the metaverse?. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 5(4), 952-962. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1151470


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