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A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 1, 103 - 108, 01.01.2017

Ahsen Ezel Bildik

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.74987

Abstract

A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas

Abstract: Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is a common sizing agent, which is suitable for any kind of cellulose and its derivatives. To control of the penetration of liquids from paper surface is important by terms of printability and protecting the products from liquids. AKD sizing applications are becoming increasingly important in parallel with technologic development of industrial applications. It is necessary to examine the present state of the paper industry and the traditional practices in order to successful sizing. Pulp and paper industry, still major practitioner of the AKD, has the proper experience about AKD production and application. Besides that, there is growing interest about AKD applications certain area of engineering. This review is a brief outline showing experiments on AKD from researchers.

Keywords: AKD, alkyl ketene dimer.

Çeşitli alkil keten dimer (AKD) uygulama alanlarına bir bakış açısı

Özet: Alkil Keten Dimer (AKD) selüloz ve türevleri için uygun olan yaygın bir iç tutkallama ajanıdır. Kâğıt yüzeyine veya tüm kâğıda sıvıların nüfuzunu kontrol etmek basılabilirdik açısından ve ürünlerin sıvılara karşı korunması açısından önemlidir. AKD tutkallama uygulamaları kâğıt uygulamalarının teknolojik gelişimine paralel olarak giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Başarılı tutkallama için kâğıt sanayi ve geleneksel uygulamaların mevcut durumunu incelemek gerekir. Kâğıt hamuru ve kâğıt endüstrisi, AKD’nin hala en büyük uygulayıcısıdır, AKD üretim ve uygulama hakkında deneyime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, AKD uygulamalarına mühendisliğin çeşitli alanlarında artan ilgi vardır.
Bu derleme araştırmacıların AKD uygulama deneylerini gösteren kısa bir özettir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: AKD, alkil keten dimer.

Received (Geliş): 14.07.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 06.10.2016 -   Accepted (Kabul): 12.10.2016

Cite (Atıf): Bildik, A.E., 2017. A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(1): 103-108. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.74987

References

  • Lee, H. L., Luner, P., 2005. Effect of relative humidity and unreacted AKD on AKD sizing. Nordic Pulp Paper Resource Journal 20(2): 227-231.
  • Aitomäki, Y., Oksman, K., 2014. Reinforcing efficiency of nanocellulose in polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers 85: 151-156.
  • Bildik, A.E., Hubbe, M.A., Gurboy, K.B., 2016. Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) sizing of paper under simplified treatment conditions. Tappi Journal 15(8): 545-552.
  • Boone, S.R., 1997. Internal Sizing II: Alkaline Ketene Dimer Sizes (AKD). In Tappi Sizing Short Course, Sesion 4. Nashville, TN.
  • Crouse, B., Wimer, D.G., 1990. Alkaline Sizing: An Overview. Paper Presented at the 1990 Neutral-Alkaline Papermaking Short Course Held 16-18 Oct. 1990 (pp. 5-38). Orlando, FL, USA: TAPPI Press.
  • Davies, J.W., Roberson, W.H., Weisgerber, C.A., 1956. A new sizing agent for paper - alkylketene dimers. Tappi Journal 39(1): 21-23.
  • Davison, R.W. 1992. Internal Sizing. In Pulp and Paper Manufacture (p. 39). Joint Text Book Commitee of Tappi and CPPA.
  • Downey, W.F., 1953. USA Patent No. US2627477 A.
  • Dufresne, A., 2012. Nanocellulose: From Nature to High Performance Tailored Materials. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Eichhorn, S., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M., Marcovich, N., Capadona, J., Rowan, S., Renneckar, S., 2010. Review: Current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science 45(1): 1-33.
  • Eklund, D., Linström, T., 1991. Paper Chemistry, An Introduction. Grankulla, Finland: DT paper Science Publications.
  • FAO, 2015. Pulp and Paper Capacities. Anket, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roma.
  • Garnier, G., Wright, J., 1998. Wetting mechanism of alkyl ketene dimers on cellulose films. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 145: 153-165.
  • Guan, L., Tian, J., Cao, R., Li, M., Cai, Z., & Shen, W., 2014. Barcode-like paper sensor for smartphone diagnostics: an application of blood typing. Analytical Chemistry 86(22), 11362–11367.
  • Hodgson, K.T., 1994. A review of paper sizing using alkyl ketene dimer versus alkenyl succinic. Anhydride. Appita Journal 47(5): 402.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2000. Wetting and Penetration of Liquids into Paper. In Encyclopedia of Materials Technologies (pp. 6735-6739). Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2005. Acidic and Alkaline Sizing for Printing, Writing and Drawing Papers. The Book and Paper Group Annual, 23, 139-151.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2006a. Paper's resistance to wetting. BioResources 2(1): 106-145.
  • Hundhausen, U., Militz, H., Mai, C., 2009. Use of Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) for surface modification. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products (67): 37–45.
  • ISO, 2015. Istanbul Chamber of Industry. Retrieved September 27, 2015, from http://www.iso.org.tr/basin/basin-bultenleri/?page=2
  • ITC, 2015. Trademap. Retrieved 09 27, 2015, from http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx
  • ITC, 2015. Trademap [Online]. Availablehttp://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx. (2015). Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  • Latta, J.L., 1997. Surface Sizing I: Overview and Chemistry (Session 5 ed.). (T. Press, Ed.) Nashville, TN: Tappi Sizing Short Course.
  • Lee, K.Y., Aitomäki, Y., Berglund, L.A., Oksman, K., Bismarck, A., 2014. On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. Composites Science and Technology 105: 15-27.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Nguyen, T., Shen, W., 2008. Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. Analytical Chemistry 80: 9131-9134.
  • Li, M., Tian, J., Al-Tamimi, M., Shen, W., 2012. Paper-based blood typing device that reports patient’s blood type. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51(22): 5497–5501.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Shen, W., 2010a. Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors. Cellulose 17(3): 649-659.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Garnier, G., Shen, W., 2010b. Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 76(2): 565-569.
  • Lindstrom, T., Soderberg, G., 1986. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Part 1. Studies on the amount of alkylketene dimer required for sizing different pulps. Nordic Pulp Paper Research Journal 1(1): 26-33.
  • Linnenkoper, K., 2015. Recyclinginternational. Retrieved September 27, 2015,
  • from http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news
  • Martinez, A.W., Philips, S.T., Buttle, M.J., Whitesides, G.M., 2007. patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. Angewandte Chemie International ed. in English 46(8): 1318-1320.
  • Marton, S.H., 1986. Direct evidence for covalent bonding between ketene dimer sizing agents and cellulose. Wood Chemistry Technology 6(1): 89-112.
  • Marton, J., 1990. Practical aspects of alkaline sizing on kinetics of alkyl ketene dimer Reactions: Hydrolysis of Alkyl Ketene Dimer. Tappi Journal 73(11): 139-143.
  • Neimo, L., 1999. Internal Sizing of Paper. In L. Neimo (Ed.), Papermaking Chemistry (pp. 151-203). Helsinki, Finland: Tapi Press Fapet Oy.
  • Odberg, L., Lindstrom, T., Liedberg, B., Gusta, J., 1987. Evidence for β–ketoester formation during the sizing of paper with alkylketene dimmers. Tappi Journal 70(4): 135–142.
  • Pulp and Paper Industry Foundation Annual Report, 2015. Pulp and Paper Industry Foundation, Istanbul.
  • Roberts, J.C., Garner, D.N., 1984. The reaction of ketene dimer. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 275-280.
  • Roberts, J.C., Garner, D.N., 1985. The mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer sizing of paper, Part 1. Tappi Journal 118-121.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1996. Neutral and Alkaline Sizing. In J. C. Raberts (Ed.), Paper Chemistry, 2nd Edition (p. 140). Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1997a. Chemical control of water penetration in paper. Proc. SPIE-Iont.Soc. Optical Engineering (3227): 20-39.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1997b. A Review of Advances in Internal Sizing of Paper. In 1. F. Transactions (Ed.), The Fundemantels of Papermaking Materials, (p. 209). Cambridge.
  • Russler, A., Wieland, M., Bacher, M., Hanniges, U., Miethe, P., Liebner, F., Rosenau, T. 2012. AKD-modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels in supercritical CO2. Cellulose 19(4): 1337-1349.
  • Seo, W.S., Cho, N.S., Ohga, S., 2008. Possibility of hydrogen bonding between AKD and cellulose molecules during AKD sizing. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 53(2): 405-410.
  • Shen, W., Filonanko, Y., Truong, Y., Parker, I.H., Brack, N., Pigram, P., Liesegang, J., 2000. Contact angle measurement and surface energetics of sized and unsized paper. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 173(1-3): 117-126.
  • Song, X., Chen, F., Liu, F., 2012. Preparation and characterization of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) modified cellulose composite membrane. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(2): 417-421.
  • Strazdins, E., 1989. Chemistry and Application of Rosin Sizing. In W. Reynolds (Ed.), The Sizing of Paper Second Edition (pp. 1-32). Atlanta: Tappi.
  • William, E., Scott, P.D., 1996. Principles of Wet End Chemistry. Atlanta, GA, USA: Tappi Press.
  • Yan, Y., Amer, H., Rosenau, T., Zollfrank, C., Dörrstein, J., Jobst, C., Li, J., 2016. Dry, Hydrophobic Microfibrillated Cellulose Powder Obtained in a Simple Procedure Using Alkyl Ketene Dimer. Cellulose 23: 1189–1197.
  • Yoshida, Y., Isogai, A., 2012. Nanofibrillation of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)-treated cellulose in tetrahydrofuran. Cellulose 20(1): 3-7.

Çeşitli alkil keten dimer (AKD) uygulama alanlarına bir bakış açısı

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 1, 103 - 108, 01.01.2017

Ahsen Ezel Bildik

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.74987

Abstract

A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas

Abstract: Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is a common sizing agent, which is suitable for any kind of cellulose and its derivatives. To control of the penetration of liquids from paper surface is important by terms of printability and protecting the products from liquids. AKD sizing applications are becoming increasingly important in parallel with technologic development of industrial applications. It is necessary to examine the present state of the paper industry and the traditional practices in order to successful sizing. Pulp and paper industry, still major practitioner of the AKD, has the proper experience about AKD production and application. Besides that, there is growing interest about AKD applications certain area of engineering. This review is a brief outline showing experiments on AKD from researchers.

Keywords: AKD, alkyl ketene dimer.

Çeşitli alkil keten dimer (AKD) uygulama alanlarına bir bakış açısı

Özet: Alkil Keten Dimer (AKD) selüloz ve türevleri için uygun olan yaygın bir iç tutkallama ajanıdır. Kâğıt yüzeyine veya tüm kâğıda sıvıların nüfuzunu kontrol etmek basılabilirdik açısından ve ürünlerin sıvılara karşı korunması açısından önemlidir. AKD tutkallama uygulamaları kâğıt uygulamalarının teknolojik gelişimine paralel olarak giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Başarılı tutkallama için kâğıt sanayi ve geleneksel uygulamaların mevcut durumunu incelemek gerekir. Kâğıt hamuru ve kâğıt endüstrisi, AKD’nin hala en büyük uygulayıcısıdır, AKD üretim ve uygulama hakkında deneyime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, AKD uygulamalarına mühendisliğin çeşitli alanlarında artan ilgi vardır.
Bu derleme araştırmacıların AKD uygulama deneylerini gösteren kısa bir özettir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: AKD, alkil keten dimer.

Received (Geliş): 14.07.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 06.10.2016 -   Accepted (Kabul): 12.10.2016

Cite (Atıf): Bildik, A.E., 2017. A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(1): 103-108. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.74987

References

  • Lee, H. L., Luner, P., 2005. Effect of relative humidity and unreacted AKD on AKD sizing. Nordic Pulp Paper Resource Journal 20(2): 227-231.
  • Aitomäki, Y., Oksman, K., 2014. Reinforcing efficiency of nanocellulose in polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers 85: 151-156.
  • Bildik, A.E., Hubbe, M.A., Gurboy, K.B., 2016. Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) sizing of paper under simplified treatment conditions. Tappi Journal 15(8): 545-552.
  • Boone, S.R., 1997. Internal Sizing II: Alkaline Ketene Dimer Sizes (AKD). In Tappi Sizing Short Course, Sesion 4. Nashville, TN.
  • Crouse, B., Wimer, D.G., 1990. Alkaline Sizing: An Overview. Paper Presented at the 1990 Neutral-Alkaline Papermaking Short Course Held 16-18 Oct. 1990 (pp. 5-38). Orlando, FL, USA: TAPPI Press.
  • Davies, J.W., Roberson, W.H., Weisgerber, C.A., 1956. A new sizing agent for paper - alkylketene dimers. Tappi Journal 39(1): 21-23.
  • Davison, R.W. 1992. Internal Sizing. In Pulp and Paper Manufacture (p. 39). Joint Text Book Commitee of Tappi and CPPA.
  • Downey, W.F., 1953. USA Patent No. US2627477 A.
  • Dufresne, A., 2012. Nanocellulose: From Nature to High Performance Tailored Materials. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Eichhorn, S., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M., Marcovich, N., Capadona, J., Rowan, S., Renneckar, S., 2010. Review: Current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science 45(1): 1-33.
  • Eklund, D., Linström, T., 1991. Paper Chemistry, An Introduction. Grankulla, Finland: DT paper Science Publications.
  • FAO, 2015. Pulp and Paper Capacities. Anket, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roma.
  • Garnier, G., Wright, J., 1998. Wetting mechanism of alkyl ketene dimers on cellulose films. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 145: 153-165.
  • Guan, L., Tian, J., Cao, R., Li, M., Cai, Z., & Shen, W., 2014. Barcode-like paper sensor for smartphone diagnostics: an application of blood typing. Analytical Chemistry 86(22), 11362–11367.
  • Hodgson, K.T., 1994. A review of paper sizing using alkyl ketene dimer versus alkenyl succinic. Anhydride. Appita Journal 47(5): 402.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2000. Wetting and Penetration of Liquids into Paper. In Encyclopedia of Materials Technologies (pp. 6735-6739). Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2005. Acidic and Alkaline Sizing for Printing, Writing and Drawing Papers. The Book and Paper Group Annual, 23, 139-151.
  • Hubbe, M.A., 2006a. Paper's resistance to wetting. BioResources 2(1): 106-145.
  • Hundhausen, U., Militz, H., Mai, C., 2009. Use of Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) for surface modification. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products (67): 37–45.
  • ISO, 2015. Istanbul Chamber of Industry. Retrieved September 27, 2015, from http://www.iso.org.tr/basin/basin-bultenleri/?page=2
  • ITC, 2015. Trademap. Retrieved 09 27, 2015, from http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx
  • ITC, 2015. Trademap [Online]. Availablehttp://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx. (2015). Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  • Latta, J.L., 1997. Surface Sizing I: Overview and Chemistry (Session 5 ed.). (T. Press, Ed.) Nashville, TN: Tappi Sizing Short Course.
  • Lee, K.Y., Aitomäki, Y., Berglund, L.A., Oksman, K., Bismarck, A., 2014. On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. Composites Science and Technology 105: 15-27.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Nguyen, T., Shen, W., 2008. Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. Analytical Chemistry 80: 9131-9134.
  • Li, M., Tian, J., Al-Tamimi, M., Shen, W., 2012. Paper-based blood typing device that reports patient’s blood type. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51(22): 5497–5501.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Shen, W., 2010a. Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors. Cellulose 17(3): 649-659.
  • Li, X., Tian, J., Garnier, G., Shen, W., 2010b. Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 76(2): 565-569.
  • Lindstrom, T., Soderberg, G., 1986. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Part 1. Studies on the amount of alkylketene dimer required for sizing different pulps. Nordic Pulp Paper Research Journal 1(1): 26-33.
  • Linnenkoper, K., 2015. Recyclinginternational. Retrieved September 27, 2015,
  • from http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news
  • Martinez, A.W., Philips, S.T., Buttle, M.J., Whitesides, G.M., 2007. patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. Angewandte Chemie International ed. in English 46(8): 1318-1320.
  • Marton, S.H., 1986. Direct evidence for covalent bonding between ketene dimer sizing agents and cellulose. Wood Chemistry Technology 6(1): 89-112.
  • Marton, J., 1990. Practical aspects of alkaline sizing on kinetics of alkyl ketene dimer Reactions: Hydrolysis of Alkyl Ketene Dimer. Tappi Journal 73(11): 139-143.
  • Neimo, L., 1999. Internal Sizing of Paper. In L. Neimo (Ed.), Papermaking Chemistry (pp. 151-203). Helsinki, Finland: Tapi Press Fapet Oy.
  • Odberg, L., Lindstrom, T., Liedberg, B., Gusta, J., 1987. Evidence for β–ketoester formation during the sizing of paper with alkylketene dimmers. Tappi Journal 70(4): 135–142.
  • Pulp and Paper Industry Foundation Annual Report, 2015. Pulp and Paper Industry Foundation, Istanbul.
  • Roberts, J.C., Garner, D.N., 1984. The reaction of ketene dimer. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 275-280.
  • Roberts, J.C., Garner, D.N., 1985. The mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer sizing of paper, Part 1. Tappi Journal 118-121.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1996. Neutral and Alkaline Sizing. In J. C. Raberts (Ed.), Paper Chemistry, 2nd Edition (p. 140). Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1997a. Chemical control of water penetration in paper. Proc. SPIE-Iont.Soc. Optical Engineering (3227): 20-39.
  • Roberts, J.C., 1997b. A Review of Advances in Internal Sizing of Paper. In 1. F. Transactions (Ed.), The Fundemantels of Papermaking Materials, (p. 209). Cambridge.
  • Russler, A., Wieland, M., Bacher, M., Hanniges, U., Miethe, P., Liebner, F., Rosenau, T. 2012. AKD-modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels in supercritical CO2. Cellulose 19(4): 1337-1349.
  • Seo, W.S., Cho, N.S., Ohga, S., 2008. Possibility of hydrogen bonding between AKD and cellulose molecules during AKD sizing. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 53(2): 405-410.
  • Shen, W., Filonanko, Y., Truong, Y., Parker, I.H., Brack, N., Pigram, P., Liesegang, J., 2000. Contact angle measurement and surface energetics of sized and unsized paper. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 173(1-3): 117-126.
  • Song, X., Chen, F., Liu, F., 2012. Preparation and characterization of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) modified cellulose composite membrane. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(2): 417-421.
  • Strazdins, E., 1989. Chemistry and Application of Rosin Sizing. In W. Reynolds (Ed.), The Sizing of Paper Second Edition (pp. 1-32). Atlanta: Tappi.
  • William, E., Scott, P.D., 1996. Principles of Wet End Chemistry. Atlanta, GA, USA: Tappi Press.
  • Yan, Y., Amer, H., Rosenau, T., Zollfrank, C., Dörrstein, J., Jobst, C., Li, J., 2016. Dry, Hydrophobic Microfibrillated Cellulose Powder Obtained in a Simple Procedure Using Alkyl Ketene Dimer. Cellulose 23: 1189–1197.
  • Yoshida, Y., Isogai, A., 2012. Nanofibrillation of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)-treated cellulose in tetrahydrofuran. Cellulose 20(1): 3-7.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Review (Derleme Articles)
Authors

Ahsen Ezel Bildik

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 67 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bildik, A. E. (2017). A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 67(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.74987
AMA Bildik AE. A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. January 2017;67(1):103-108. doi:10.17099/jffiu.74987
Chicago Bildik, Ahsen Ezel. “A Perspective on Various Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Application Areas”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67, no. 1 (January 2017): 103-8. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.74987.
EndNote Bildik AE (January 1, 2017) A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67 1 103–108.
IEEE A. E. Bildik, “A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas”, J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 103–108, 2017, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.74987.
ISNAD Bildik, Ahsen Ezel. “A Perspective on Various Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Application Areas”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67/1 (January 2017), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.74987.
JAMA Bildik AE. A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67:103–108.
MLA Bildik, Ahsen Ezel. “A Perspective on Various Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Application Areas”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, vol. 67, no. 1, 2017, pp. 103-8, doi:10.17099/jffiu.74987.
Vancouver Bildik AE. A Perspective on various alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) application areas. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67(1):103-8.
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