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Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 2, 150 - 156, 01.07.2017

Evren Terzi

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.292273

Abstract

Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes

Abstract: The effect of extractives on the thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (storax) wood was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sawdust samples from the heartwood of L. orientalis were extracted with either cold water (48 h), hot water (48 h) or ethanol/toluene (1:2 v/v) (6 h) before thermal analysis to evaluate the effects of polar and apolar extractives on the thermal behavior of the wood. The thermogravimetry (TG) curves showed that the polar and apolar extractives promoted char formation, increased the amount of residue, and improved the thermal behavior of L. orientalis wood. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves, on the other hand, demonstrated that thermal degradation of un-extracted and cold water-extracted wood samples occurred in a single step, while a two-step degradation pattern was seen for hot water- and ethanol/toluene-extracted wood samples. It was also observed that the first degradation reactions in hot water and ethanol/toluene-extracted wood samples were faster than those in un-extracted and cold water-extracted wood samples. Despite the amount of extracted apolar compounds, which was about two times less than the polar compounds, the removal of apolar compounds affected the thermal properties of L. orientalis wood to the same degree as the polar compounds. It can be expressed that the apolar extractives significantly affected the thermal behavior of L. orientalis wood.

Keywords:  Wood extractives, Thermogravimetric analysis, Liquidambar orientalis, Storax wood, Thermal degradation, Natural fire retardants 

Ekstraksiyon işlemleri öncesi ve sonrası Liquidambar orientalis mill. odununun termal davranışı

Özet: Liquidambar orientalis Mill. odununun termal davranışı üzerine ekstraktif maddelerin etkisi termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. L. orientalis öz odunundan elde edilen öğütülmüş odun unu örnekleri termal analizler öncesinde polar ve apolar ekstraktiflerin odunun termal davranışı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amacıyla soğuk su (48 s), sıcak su (48 s) ve etanol/toluen (1:2 v/v) (6 s) ekstraksiyonlarına tabi tutulmuştur. Termogravimetri (TG) eğrileri polar ve apolar ekstraktiflerin kömürleşmiş tabaka oluşumunu desteklediğini, kalıntı madde miktarını artırdığını ve L. orientalis odunun termal davranışını iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Türevsel termogravimetri (DTG) eğrileri ise ekstraksiyon işlemi uygulanmamış ve soğuk su ile ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş odun unu örneklerinde termal bozulmanın tek aşamada gerçekleşirken sıcak su ve etanol/toluen ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş örneklerde termal bozulmanın iki aşamada gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sıcak su ve etanol/toluen ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş örneklerde ilk termal bozulma reaksiyonlarının ekstraksiyon işlemi uygulanmamış ve soğuk su ile ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş odun unu örneklerine göre daha hızlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ekstrakte edilen apolar bileşiklerin miktarı polar bileşiklerin yaklaşık yarısı kadar olmasına rağmen apolar bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunun L. orientalis odununun termal özellikleri üzerine polar bileşikler ile aynı seviyede etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, L. orientalis odununun apolar ekstraktiflerinin odunun termal davranışını önemli derecede etkileyebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Odun ekstraktiflerin, Termogravimetrik analiz, Liquidambar orientalis, Sığla odunu, Termal bozulma, Doğal yangın geciktiriciler 

Received (Geliş): 14.02.2017 - Revised (Düzeltme): 30.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 25.04.2017

Cite (Atıf): Terzi, E., 2017. Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. Journal of the Faculty of  Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 150-157. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.292273

Keywords

Wood extractives Thermogravimetric analysis Storax wood Thermal degradation Natural fire retardant

References

  • Alan, M., Kaya, Z., 2003. EUFORGEN technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for oriental sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • Bozkurt, A.Y., Göker, Y., Kurtoğlu, A., 1989. Some properties of the Liquidambar orientalis (Sığla ağacının bazı özellikleri). Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 39(B1): 43-52 (in Turkish).
  • Chauvette, G., Heitz M., Rubio, M., Khorami, J., Chornet, E., Ménard, H., 1985. TG/DTG as a rapid method for the characterization of solid residues derived from liquefaction of lignocellulosics. Thermochimica Acta 84(1): 1-5.
  • Cordero, T., Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M., Garcia, F., Rodriguez, J.J., 1991. Thermal decomposition of wood in oxidizing atmosphere. A kinetic study from non-isothermal TG experiments. Thermochimica Acta 191(1): 161-178.
  • Doğu, D., Koç, K.H., As, N., Atik, C., Aksu, B., Erdinler, S., 2002. Tree information and general evaluation with industrial design in Turkey (Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların temel kimlik bilgileri ve kullanıma yönelik genel değerlendirme). Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 51(B2): 69-84.
  • González-Laredo, R.F., Rosales-Castro, M., Rocha-Guzmán, N.E., Gallegos-Infante, J.A., Moreno-Jiménez, M.R., Karchesy, J.J., 2015. Wood preservation using natural products. Madera y Bosques, 21: 63-76
  • Emandi, A., Vasiliu, C.I., Budrugeac, P., Stamatin, I., 2011. Quantitative investigation of wood composition by integrated FT-IR and thermogravimetric methods. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 45(9-10): 579-584.
  • Fang, M.X., Shen, D.K., Li, Y.X., Yu, C.J., Luo, Z.Y., Cen, K.F., 2006. Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentration by using TG-FTIR analysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 77(1): 22-27. Gašparovič, L., Koreňová, Z., Jelemenský, Ľ., 2009. Kinetic study of wood chips decomposition by TGA. 36th International Conference of SSCHE, Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, May 25-29, Tatransk´e Matliare, Slovakia.
  • Hirata, T., Kawamoto, S., Nishimoto, T., 1991. Thermogravimetry of wood treated with water-insoluble retardants and a proposal for development of fire-retardant wood materials. Fire and Materials 15(1): 27-36.
  • Kartal, S.N., Terzi, E., Yoshimura, T., Arango, R., Clausen, C.A., Green III, F., 2012. Preliminary evaluation of storax and its constituents: Fungal decay, mold and termite resistance. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 70: 47-54.
  • Le Van, S.L., 1989. Thermal degradation. In: Schniewind, Arno P., (ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Wood & Wood Based Material, 1st Edition, Pergmon Press, Elmsford, NY, 217-273.
  • Marcovich, N.E., Villar, M.A., 2003. Thermal and mechanical characterization of linear low-density polyethylene/wood flour composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 90(10): 2775-2784. Mészáros, E., Jakab, E., Várhegyi, G., 2007. TG/MS, Py-GC/MS and THM-GC/MS study of the composition and thermal behavior of extractive compounds of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 79 (1-2): 61-70.
  • Niu, M., Zhao, G. J., Alma, M. H., 2011. Thermogravimetric studies on condensed wood residues in polyhydric alcohols liquefaction. BioResources 6(1): 615-630.
  • Orfao, J.J.M., Antunes, F.J.A., Figueiredo, J.L., 1999. Pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model. Fuel 78(3): 349-358.
  • Özturk, M., Çelik, A., Güvensen, A., Hamzaoğlu, E., 2008. Ecology of Tertiary Relict Endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Forest Ecology and Management 256(4), 510-518.
  • Prins, M.J., Ptasinski, K.J., Janssen, F.J.J.G., 2006. Torrefaction of wood - Part 1. Weight loss kinetics. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 77(1): 28-34.
  • Shen, D.K., Gua, S., Luo, K.H., Bridgwater, A.V., Fang, M.X., 2009. Kinetic study on thermal decomposition of woods in oxidative environment. Fuel 88(6): 1024-1030.
  • Shebani, A.N., van Reenen, A.J., Meincken, M., 2008. The effect of wood extractives on the thermal stability of different wood species. Thermochimica Acta 471(1-2): 43-50.
  • TAPPI 1999a. T 207 cm-99-Water solubility of wood and pulp, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI Press Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • TAPPI 1999b. T 204 cm-97-Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, TAPPI Press Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • Terzi, E., Kartal, S.N., Ibanez, C.M., Köse, C., Arango, R., Clausen, C.A., Green III, F., 2012. Biological performance of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. heartwood. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 75: 15-22.
  • Terzi, E., Sütçü, H., Pişkin, S., Kartal, S.N., 2009. Thermal behavior of zinc borate-treated wood. Document No. IRG 09-30511. 40th Annual Meeting of International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG), Beijing, China.
  • Tondi, G., Wieland, S., Wimmer, T., Thévenon, M.F., Pizzi, A., Petutschnigg, A., 2012. Tannin-boron preservatives for wood buildings: mechanical and fire properties. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70(5): 689-696.
  • Várhegyi, G., Grønli, M.G., Di Blasi, C., 2004. Effects of sample origin, extraction and hot water washing on the devolatilization kinetics of chestnut wood. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43(10): 2356-2367.

Ekstraksiyon işlemleri öncesi ve sonrası Liquidambar orientalis mill. odununun termal davranışı

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 2, 150 - 156, 01.07.2017

Evren Terzi

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.292273

Abstract

Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes

Abstract: The effect of extractives on the thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (storax) wood was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sawdust samples from the heartwood of L. orientalis were extracted with either cold water (48 h), hot water (48 h) or ethanol/toluene (1:2 v/v) (6 h) before thermal analysis to evaluate the effects of polar and apolar extractives on the thermal behavior of the wood. The thermogravimetry (TG) curves showed that the polar and apolar extractives promoted char formation, increased the amount of residue, and improved the thermal behavior of L. orientalis wood. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves, on the other hand, demonstrated that thermal degradation of un-extracted and cold water-extracted wood samples occurred in a single step, while a two-step degradation pattern was seen for hot water- and ethanol/toluene-extracted wood samples. It was also observed that the first degradation reactions in hot water and ethanol/toluene-extracted wood samples were faster than those in un-extracted and cold water-extracted wood samples. Despite the amount of extracted apolar compounds, which was about two times less than the polar compounds, the removal of apolar compounds affected the thermal properties of L. orientalis wood to the same degree as the polar compounds. It can be expressed that the apolar extractives significantly affected the thermal behavior of L. orientalis wood.

Keywords:  Wood extractives, Thermogravimetric analysis, Liquidambar orientalis, Storax wood, Thermal degradation, Natural fire retardants 

Ekstraksiyon işlemleri öncesi ve sonrası Liquidambar orientalis mill. odununun termal davranışı

Özet: Liquidambar orientalis Mill. odununun termal davranışı üzerine ekstraktif maddelerin etkisi termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. L. orientalis öz odunundan elde edilen öğütülmüş odun unu örnekleri termal analizler öncesinde polar ve apolar ekstraktiflerin odunun termal davranışı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amacıyla soğuk su (48 s), sıcak su (48 s) ve etanol/toluen (1:2 v/v) (6 s) ekstraksiyonlarına tabi tutulmuştur. Termogravimetri (TG) eğrileri polar ve apolar ekstraktiflerin kömürleşmiş tabaka oluşumunu desteklediğini, kalıntı madde miktarını artırdığını ve L. orientalis odunun termal davranışını iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Türevsel termogravimetri (DTG) eğrileri ise ekstraksiyon işlemi uygulanmamış ve soğuk su ile ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş odun unu örneklerinde termal bozulmanın tek aşamada gerçekleşirken sıcak su ve etanol/toluen ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş örneklerde termal bozulmanın iki aşamada gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sıcak su ve etanol/toluen ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş örneklerde ilk termal bozulma reaksiyonlarının ekstraksiyon işlemi uygulanmamış ve soğuk su ile ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş odun unu örneklerine göre daha hızlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ekstrakte edilen apolar bileşiklerin miktarı polar bileşiklerin yaklaşık yarısı kadar olmasına rağmen apolar bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunun L. orientalis odununun termal özellikleri üzerine polar bileşikler ile aynı seviyede etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, L. orientalis odununun apolar ekstraktiflerinin odunun termal davranışını önemli derecede etkileyebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Odun ekstraktiflerin, Termogravimetrik analiz, Liquidambar orientalis, Sığla odunu, Termal bozulma, Doğal yangın geciktiriciler 

Received (Geliş): 14.02.2017 - Revised (Düzeltme): 30.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 25.04.2017

Cite (Atıf): TTerzi, E., 2017. Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. Journal of the Faculty of  Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 150-157. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.292273

Keywords

Odun ekstraktiflerin Termogravimetrik analiz Liquidambar orientalis Sığla odunu Termal bozulma Doğal yangın geciktiriciler

References

  • Alan, M., Kaya, Z., 2003. EUFORGEN technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for oriental sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • Bozkurt, A.Y., Göker, Y., Kurtoğlu, A., 1989. Some properties of the Liquidambar orientalis (Sığla ağacının bazı özellikleri). Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 39(B1): 43-52 (in Turkish).
  • Chauvette, G., Heitz M., Rubio, M., Khorami, J., Chornet, E., Ménard, H., 1985. TG/DTG as a rapid method for the characterization of solid residues derived from liquefaction of lignocellulosics. Thermochimica Acta 84(1): 1-5.
  • Cordero, T., Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M., Garcia, F., Rodriguez, J.J., 1991. Thermal decomposition of wood in oxidizing atmosphere. A kinetic study from non-isothermal TG experiments. Thermochimica Acta 191(1): 161-178.
  • Doğu, D., Koç, K.H., As, N., Atik, C., Aksu, B., Erdinler, S., 2002. Tree information and general evaluation with industrial design in Turkey (Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların temel kimlik bilgileri ve kullanıma yönelik genel değerlendirme). Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 51(B2): 69-84.
  • González-Laredo, R.F., Rosales-Castro, M., Rocha-Guzmán, N.E., Gallegos-Infante, J.A., Moreno-Jiménez, M.R., Karchesy, J.J., 2015. Wood preservation using natural products. Madera y Bosques, 21: 63-76
  • Emandi, A., Vasiliu, C.I., Budrugeac, P., Stamatin, I., 2011. Quantitative investigation of wood composition by integrated FT-IR and thermogravimetric methods. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 45(9-10): 579-584.
  • Fang, M.X., Shen, D.K., Li, Y.X., Yu, C.J., Luo, Z.Y., Cen, K.F., 2006. Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentration by using TG-FTIR analysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 77(1): 22-27. Gašparovič, L., Koreňová, Z., Jelemenský, Ľ., 2009. Kinetic study of wood chips decomposition by TGA. 36th International Conference of SSCHE, Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, May 25-29, Tatransk´e Matliare, Slovakia.
  • Hirata, T., Kawamoto, S., Nishimoto, T., 1991. Thermogravimetry of wood treated with water-insoluble retardants and a proposal for development of fire-retardant wood materials. Fire and Materials 15(1): 27-36.
  • Kartal, S.N., Terzi, E., Yoshimura, T., Arango, R., Clausen, C.A., Green III, F., 2012. Preliminary evaluation of storax and its constituents: Fungal decay, mold and termite resistance. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 70: 47-54.
  • Le Van, S.L., 1989. Thermal degradation. In: Schniewind, Arno P., (ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Wood & Wood Based Material, 1st Edition, Pergmon Press, Elmsford, NY, 217-273.
  • Marcovich, N.E., Villar, M.A., 2003. Thermal and mechanical characterization of linear low-density polyethylene/wood flour composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 90(10): 2775-2784. Mészáros, E., Jakab, E., Várhegyi, G., 2007. TG/MS, Py-GC/MS and THM-GC/MS study of the composition and thermal behavior of extractive compounds of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 79 (1-2): 61-70.
  • Niu, M., Zhao, G. J., Alma, M. H., 2011. Thermogravimetric studies on condensed wood residues in polyhydric alcohols liquefaction. BioResources 6(1): 615-630.
  • Orfao, J.J.M., Antunes, F.J.A., Figueiredo, J.L., 1999. Pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model. Fuel 78(3): 349-358.
  • Özturk, M., Çelik, A., Güvensen, A., Hamzaoğlu, E., 2008. Ecology of Tertiary Relict Endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Forest Ecology and Management 256(4), 510-518.
  • Prins, M.J., Ptasinski, K.J., Janssen, F.J.J.G., 2006. Torrefaction of wood - Part 1. Weight loss kinetics. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 77(1): 28-34.
  • Shen, D.K., Gua, S., Luo, K.H., Bridgwater, A.V., Fang, M.X., 2009. Kinetic study on thermal decomposition of woods in oxidative environment. Fuel 88(6): 1024-1030.
  • Shebani, A.N., van Reenen, A.J., Meincken, M., 2008. The effect of wood extractives on the thermal stability of different wood species. Thermochimica Acta 471(1-2): 43-50.
  • TAPPI 1999a. T 207 cm-99-Water solubility of wood and pulp, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. TAPPI Press Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • TAPPI 1999b. T 204 cm-97-Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, TAPPI Press Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  • Terzi, E., Kartal, S.N., Ibanez, C.M., Köse, C., Arango, R., Clausen, C.A., Green III, F., 2012. Biological performance of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. heartwood. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 75: 15-22.
  • Terzi, E., Sütçü, H., Pişkin, S., Kartal, S.N., 2009. Thermal behavior of zinc borate-treated wood. Document No. IRG 09-30511. 40th Annual Meeting of International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG), Beijing, China.
  • Tondi, G., Wieland, S., Wimmer, T., Thévenon, M.F., Pizzi, A., Petutschnigg, A., 2012. Tannin-boron preservatives for wood buildings: mechanical and fire properties. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70(5): 689-696.
  • Várhegyi, G., Grønli, M.G., Di Blasi, C., 2004. Effects of sample origin, extraction and hot water washing on the devolatilization kinetics of chestnut wood. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43(10): 2356-2367.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles (Araştırma Makalesi)
Authors

Evren Terzi

Publication Date July 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 67 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Terzi, E. (2017). Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 67(2), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.292273
AMA Terzi E. Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. July 2017;67(2):150-156. doi:10.17099/jffiu.292273
Chicago Terzi, Evren. “Thermal Behavior of Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. Wood before and After Extraction Processes”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67, no. 2 (July 2017): 150-56. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.292273.
EndNote Terzi E (July 1, 2017) Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67 2 150–156.
IEEE E. Terzi, “Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes”, J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 150–156, 2017, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.292273.
ISNAD Terzi, Evren. “Thermal Behavior of Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. Wood before and After Extraction Processes”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67/2 (July 2017), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.292273.
JAMA Terzi E. Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67:150–156.
MLA Terzi, Evren. “Thermal Behavior of Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. Wood before and After Extraction Processes”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, vol. 67, no. 2, 2017, pp. 150-6, doi:10.17099/jffiu.292273.
Vancouver Terzi E. Thermal behavior of Liquidambar orientalis mill. wood before and after extraction processes. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67(2):150-6.
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