PISTACIA LENTISCUS L. TÜRÜNÜN BOTANİK, ETNOFARMAKOLOJİK, FİTOKİMYASAL VE FARMAKOLOJİK AKTİVİTELERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2022, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 576 - 599, 29.05.2022

Sultan Pekacar , Didem Deliorman Orhan

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1080466

Abstract

Amaç: Pistacia, içerisinde P. lentiscus gibi tıbbi türleri ihtiva eden Anacardiaceae familyasına ait, Akdeniz havzası boyunca yaygın dağılıma sahip bir cinstir. P. lentiscus’un çeşitli kısımları geleneksel tıpta pek çok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, P. lentiscus türünün botanik özellikleri, geleneksel kullanımları, fitokimyasal içeriği ve farmakolojik aktiviteleri ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgiler özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Literatür taramaları bu türün antioksidan, antimutajenik, animikrobiyal, antiviral, antienflamatuvar, gastrointestinal hastalıklar, karaciğer ve serum biyokimyasal parametreler üzerindeki etkileri, antiaterosklerotik ve antidiyabetik, antiparaziter, antitümör, antikolinesteraz, nöroprotektif ve yara iyileştirici aktivitelerin de olduğu çok çeşitli farmakolojik aktiviteler bakımından değerlendirildiğini göstermiştir. P. lentiscus terpenoitler, fenolik bileşikler, yağ asitleri ve steroller gibi çeşitli fitokimyasal bileşenleri ihtiva etmektedir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda P. lentiscus türünün çeşitli farmasötik şekillerde doğal kaynaklı ilaçların geliştirilmesi ve ticarileştirilmesi için önemli bir kaynak olduğu, ama risk faktörlerini daha iyi aydınlatmak adına daha fazla preklinik ve klinik çalışmaya gereksinim duyulduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Etnofarmakoloji, farmakolojik aktivite, fitokimya, Pistacia, Pistacia lentiscus

EVALUATION OF BOTANICAL, ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PISTACIA LENTISCUS L. SPECIES

Abstract

Objective: Pistacia is a genus with widespread distribution throughout the Mediterranean basin, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, which includes species such as P. lentiscus. Various parts of the P. lentiscus species are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. In this review, comprehensive information about the botanical features, traditional uses, phytochemical content and pharmacological activities of P. lentiscus has been tried to be summarized.

Result and Discussion: Literature surveys have shown that this species has been evaluated for a wide variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal diseases, effects on liver and serum biochemical parameters, antiatherosclerotic and antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antitumor, anticholinesterase, neuroprotective and wound healing activities. P. lentiscus contains various phytochemical components such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and sterols. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the P. lentiscus species is an important resource for the development and commercialization of natural origin drugs in various pharmaceutical forms, but more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to better elucidate the risk factors.

Keywords

Ethnopharmacology, pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, Pistacia, Pistacia lentiscus

References

• [1] Bahmani, M., Saki, K., Asadbeygi, M., Adineh, A., Saberianpour, S., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Bahmani, F., Bahmani, E. (2015). The effects of nutritional and medicinal mastic herb (Pistacia atlantica). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(1), 646-653.
• [2] Bozorgi, M., Memariani, Z., Mobli, M., Salehi Surmaghi, M.H., Shams-Ardekani, M.R., Rahimi, R. (2013). Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): a review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. The Scientific World Journal, 1-33. [CrossRef]
• [3] Rauf, A., Al-Awthan, Y.S., Muhammad, N., Shah, M.M., Mitra, S., Emran, T.B., Bahattab, O., Mubarak, M.S. (2021). Pharmacological Investigation of Genus Pistacia. P.H.El-Shemy (Ed.), Medicinal Plants from Nature [Working Title]. IntechOpen. [CrossRef]
• [4] Rauf, A., Patel, S., Uddin, G., Siddiqui, B.S., Ahmad, B., Muhammad, N., Mabkhot, Y.N., Hadda, T.B. (2017). Phytochemical, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological profile of genus Pistacia. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 86, 393–404. [CrossRef]
• [5] Mahjoub, F., Akhavan Rezayat, K., Yousefi, M., Mohebbi, M., Salari, R. (2018). Pistacia atlantica Desf. A review of its traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacology. Journal of Medicine and Life, 11(3), 180–186. [CrossRef]
• [6] TÜBİVES. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. Web Sitesi. From http://194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php?sayfa=hizli_ara. Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2022.
• [7] Ahmed, Z.B., Yousfi, M., Viaene, J., Dejaegher, B., Demeyer, K., Vander Heyden, Y. (2021). Four Pistacia atlantica subspecies (atlantica, cabulica, kurdica and mutica): A review of their botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 265, 113329. [CrossRef]
• [8] Milia, E., Bullitta, S.M., Mastandrea, G., Szotáková, B., Schoubben, A., Langhansová, L., Quartu, M., Bortone, A., Eick, S. (2021). Leaves and Fruits Preparations of Pistacia lentiscus L.: A Review on the Ethnopharmacological Uses and Implications in Inflammation and Infection. Antibiotics (Basel), 10(4), 425. [CrossRef]
• [9] Tanker, N., Koyuncu, M., Coşkun, M. (2007). Farmasötik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 265-266.
• [10] Pachi, V.K., Mikropoulou, E.V., Gkiouvetidis, P., Siafakas, K., Argyropoulou, A., Angelis, A., Mitakou, S., Halabalaki, M. (2020). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, Anacardiaceae): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 254, 112485. [CrossRef] [11] Fernandez, A., Camacho, A., Fernandez, C., Altarejos, J., Pérez, P. (2000). Composition of the essential oils from galls and aerial parts of Pistacia lentiscus L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(1), 19-23. [CrossRef]
• [12] Congiu, R., Falconieri, D., Marongiu, B., Piras, A., Porcedda, S. (2002). Extraction and isolation of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil by supercritical CO2. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(4), 239-244. [CrossRef]
• [13] Duru, M.E., Cakir, A., Kordali, S., Zengin, H., Harmandar, M., Izumi, S., Hirata, T. (2003). Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species. Fitoterapia, 74(1-2), 170–176. [CrossRef]
• [14] Zrira, S., Elamrani, A., Benjilali, B. (2003). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco-a seasonal variation. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(6), 475-480. [CrossRef]
• [15] Assimopoulou, A.N., Papageorgiou, V.P. (2005). GC-MS analysis of penta- and tetra-cyclic triterpenes from resins of Pistacia species. Part I. Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Biomedical Chromatography, 19(4), 285–311. [CrossRef]
• [16] Benyoussef, E. H., Charchari, S., Nacer-Bey, N., Yahiaoui, N., Chakou, A., Bellatreche, M. (2005). The essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17(6), 642-644. [CrossRef]
• [17] Koutsoudaki, C., Krsek, M., Rodger, A. (2005). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(20), 7681–7685. [CrossRef]
• [18] Dob, T., Dahmane, D., Chelghoum, C. (2006). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(3), 335-338. [CrossRef]
• [19] Chryssavgi, G., Vassiliki, P., Athanasios, M., Kibouris, T., Michael, K. (2008). Essential oil composition of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Myrtus communis L.: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts. Food Chemistry, 107(3), 1120-1130. [CrossRef]
• [20] Mecherara-Idjeri, S., Hassani, A., Castola, V., Casanova, J. (2008). Composition and chemical variability of the essential oil from Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Algeria part I: leaf oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(1), 32-38. [CrossRef]
• [21] Paraschos, S., Magiatis, P., Gousia, P., Economou, V., Sakkas, H., Papadopoulou, C., Skaltsounis, A.L. (2011). Chemical investigation and antimicrobial properties of mastic water and its major constituents. Food Chemistry, 129(3), 907-911. [CrossRef]
• [22] Roitman, J. N., Merrill, G. B., Beck, J. J. (2011). Survey of ex situ fruit and leaf volatiles from several Pistacia cultivars grown in California. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(5), 934–942. [CrossRef]
• [23] Kawashty, S. A., Mosharrafa, S. A., El-Gibali, M., Saleh, N. A. (2000). The flavonoids of four Pistacia species in Egypt. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 28(9), 915–917. [CrossRef]
• [24] Romani, A., Pinelli, P., Galardi, C., Mulinacci, N., & Tattini, M. (2002). Identification and quantification of galloyl derivatives, flavonoid glycosides and anthocyanins in leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. Phytochemical Analysis, 13(2), 79–86. [CrossRef] [CrossRef]
• [25] Abdelwahed, A., Bouhlel, I., Skandrani, I., Valenti, K., Kadri, M., Guiraud, P., Steiman, R., Mariotte, A.M., Ghedira, K., Laporte, F., Dijoux-Franca, M.G., Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2007). Study of antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of gallic acid and 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose from Pistacia lentiscus. Confirmation by microarray expression profiling. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 165(1), 1–13. [CrossRef]
• [26] Longo, L., Scardino, A., Vasapollo, G. (2007). Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacia lentiscus L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Rubia peregrina L. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 8(3), 360-364. [CrossRef]
• [27] Bhouri, W., Derbel, S., Skandrani, I., Boubaker, J., Bouhlel, I., Sghaier, M.B., Kilani, S., Mariotte, A.M., Dijoux-Franca, M.G., Ghedira, K., Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2010). Study of genotoxic, antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of the digallic acid isolated from Pistacia lentiscus fruits. Toxicology In Vitro, 24(2), 509–515. [CrossRef]
• [28] Benhammou, N., Bekkara, F. A., Panovska, T. K. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica extracts. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(2), 022-028.
• [29] Sakagami, H., Kishino, K., Kobayashi, M., Hashimoto, K., Iida, S., Shimetani, A., Nakamura, Y., Takahashi, K., Ikarashi, T., Fukamachi, H., Satoh, K., Nakashima, H., Shimizu, T., Takeda, K., Watanabe, S., Nakamura, W. (2009). Selective antibacterial and apoptosis-modulating activities of mastic. In vivo, 23(2), 215–223.
• [30] Remila, S., Atmani-Kilani, D., Delemasure, S., Connat, J. L., Azib, L., Richard, T., Atmani, D. (2015). Antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae) leaf and fruit extracts. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7(3), 274-286. [CrossRef]
• [31] Bouyahya, A., Assemian, I. C. C., Mouzount, H., Bourais, I., Et-Touys, A., Fellah, H., Bakri, Y. (2019). Could volatile compounds from leaves and fruits of Pistacia lentiscus constitute a novel source of anticancer, antioxidant, antiparasitic and antibacterial drugs? Industrial Crops and Products, 128, 62-69. [CrossRef]
• [32] Boucheffa, S., Sobhi, W., Attoui, A., Selli, S., Kelebek, H., Semmeq, A., Benguerba, Y. (2021). Effect of the main constituents of Pistacia lentiscus leaves against the DPPH radical and xanthine oxidase: experimental and theoretical study. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 1–15. Advance online publication. [CrossRef]
• [33] Barbouchi, M., Elamrani, K., El Idrissi, M., Choukrad, M. (2021). Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L.) a Renewable Source of Pure Shikimic Acid and its Antioxidant Activity. Current Bioactive Compounds, 16(2), 145-150. [CrossRef]
• [34] Douissa, F.B., Hayder, N., Chekir‐Ghedira, L., Hammami, M., Ghedira, K., Mariotte, A.M., Dijoux‐Franca, M.G. (2005). New study of the essential oil from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) from Tunisia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(4), 410-414. [CrossRef]
• [35] Hayder, N., Ben Ammar, R., Abdelwahed, A., Kilani, S., Mahmoud, A., Ben Chibani, J., Mariotte, A-M., Ghedira, K., Dijoux-Franca, M-G., Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2005). Antibacterial and antimutagenic activitiy of extracts and essential oil from (Tunisian) Pistacia lentiscus. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 87(4), 567-573. [CrossRef]
• [36] Marone, P., Bono, L., Leone, E., Bona, S., Carretto, E., Perversi, L. (2001). Bactericidal activity of Pistacia lentiscus mastic gum against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Chemotherapy, 13(6), 611–614. [CrossRef]
• [37] Dabos, K.J., Sfika, E., Vlatta, L.J.,Giannikopoulos, G. (2010). The effect of mastic gum on Helicobacter pylori: a randomized pilot study. Phytomedicine, 17(3-4), 296–299. [CrossRef]
• [38] Mharti, F.Z., Lyoussi, B., Abdellaoui, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus used in Moroccan folkloric medicine. Natural Product Communications, 6(10), 1505–1506.
• [39] Bouslama, L., Benzekri, R., Nsaibia, S., Papetti, A., Limam, F. (2020). Identification of an antiviral compound isolated from Pistacia lentiscus. Archives of Microbiology, 202(9), 2569–2578. [CrossRef]
• [40] Milia, E., Usai, M., Szotáková, B., Elstnerová, M., Králová, V., D'hallewin, G., Spissu, Y., Barberis, A., Marchetti, M., Bortone, A., Campanella, V., Mastandrea, G., Langhansová, L., Eick, S. (2020). The Pharmaceutical Ability of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves Essential Oil Against Periodontal Bacteria and Candida sp. and Its Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Antibiotics (Basel), 9(6), 281. [CrossRef]
• [41] Dhieb, C., Trabelsi, H., Boukhchina, S., Sadfi-Zouaoui, N. (2021). Evaluation of Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of Tunisian Lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Fruit Oil. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 9(4), 177-181. [CrossRef]
• [42] Alhadad, A. O., Elmhdwi, M. F., Salem, G. S., Elshareef, S. M. (2021). Evaluation the in vitro antibacterial activity of acetone leaf extracts from Pistacia lentiscus against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(4), 100-105.
• [43] Kaliora, A.C., Stathopoulou, M.G., Triantafillidis, J.K., Dedoussis, G.V., Andrikopoulos, N.K. (2007). Chios mastic treatment of patients with active Crohn's disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(5), 748–753. [CrossRef]
• [44] Loizou, S., Paraschos, S., Mitakou, S., Chrousos, G.P., Lekakis, I., Moutsatsou, P. (2009). Chios mastic gum extract and isolated phytosterol tirucallol exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 234(5), 553–561. [CrossRef]
• [45] Triantafyllou, A., Bikineyeva, A., Dikalova, A., Nazarewicz, R., Lerakis, S., Dikalov, S. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of Chios mastic gum is associated with inhibition of TNF-alpha induced oxidative stress. Nutrition Journal, 10, 64. [CrossRef]
• [46] Maxia, A., Sanna, C., Frau, M.A., Piras, A., Karchuli, M.S., Kasture, V. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of Pistacia lentiscus essential oil: involvement of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Natural Product Communications, 6(10), 1543–1544.
• [47] Gioxari, A., Kaliora, A.C., Papalois, A., Agrogiannis, G., Triantafillidis, J.K., Andrikopoulos, N.K. (2011). Pistacia lentiscus resin regulates intestinal damage and inflammation in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(11), 1403–1411. [CrossRef]
• [48] Santarsiero, A., Onzo, A., Pascale, R., Acquavia, M.A., Coviello, M., Convertini, P., Todisco, S., Marsico, M., Pifano, C., Iannece, P., Gaeta, C., D'Angelo, S., Padula, M.C., Bianco, G., Infantino, V., Martelli, G. (2020). Pistacia lentiscus Hydrosol: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by NF-κB and the Citrate Pathway. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 4264815. [CrossRef]
• [49] Boutemine, I.M., Amri, M., Dorgham, K., Amir, Z.C., Benazzouz, S., Ameur, F., Layaida, K., Yssel, H., Touil-Boukoffa, C. (2021). Beneficial role of Pistacia lentiscus aqueous extract in experimental colitis: anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic effects. Inflammopharmacology, 29(4), 1225–1239. [CrossRef]
• [50] Liu, W., Gao, J., Li, M., Aisa, H.A., Yuan, T. (2021). Tirucallane triterpenoids from the mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Phytochemistry, 182, 112596. [CrossRef]
• [51] Dabos, K.J., Sfika, E., Vlatta, L.J., Frantzi, D., Amygdalos, G.I., Giannikopoulos, G. (2010). Is Chios mastic gum effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia? A prospective randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(2), 205–209. [CrossRef]
• [52] Rahimi, R., Baghaei, A., Baeeri, M., Amin, G., Shams-Ardekani, M.R., Khanavi, M., Abdollahi, M. (2013). Promising effect of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis on the basis of biochemical and cellular findings. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(12), 1901–1911. [CrossRef]
• [53] Naouar, M.S., Mekki, L.Z., Charfi, L., Boubaker, J., Filali, A. (2016). Preventive and curative effect of Pistacia lentiscus oil in experimental colitis. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 83, 577–583. [CrossRef]
• [54] Rostamani, H.R., Semnani, S., Yousefi, M. (2021). Persian traditional medicine in treatment of ulcerative colitis: A case report. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 8(1), 1-6. [CrossRef]
• [55] Barimani, S., Nimrouzi, M., Ebrahimi Daryani, N., Karimi, M., Heydari, S.T., Ebadiani, M., Hatami, K., Fallahzadeh, E. (2021). The Efficacy of a Persian Medicine Formulation on Adult Functional Constipation: A Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 22(4). [CrossRef]
• [56] Kakagia, D., Papalois, A., Lambropoulou, M., Papachristou, F., Trypsiannis, G., Anagnostopoulos, C., Pitiakoudis, M., Tsaroucha, A. (2020). The Use of Pistacia lentiscus chia Resin Versus Omeprazole in Protecting Male Rats Peptic Mucosa Against Cold Restraint Stress. Journal of Critical Care Medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures), 6(2), 100–110. [CrossRef]
• [57] Janakat, S., Al-Merie, H. (2002). Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia and Nicotiana glauca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83(1-2), 135–138. [CrossRef]
• [58] Maameri, Z., Djerrou, Z., Halmi, S., Djaalab, H., Riachi, F., Hamdipacha, Y. (2015). Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. Fatty Oil in Rats Intoxicated by Carbon Tetrachloride. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(2), 251-254.
• [59] Ljubuncic, P., Song, H., Cogan, U., Azaizeh, H., Bomzon, A. (2005). The effects of aqueous extracts prepared from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus in experimental liver disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(1-2), 198–204. [CrossRef]
• [60] Mehenni, C., Atmani-Kilani, D., Dumarçay, S., Perrin, D., Gérardin, P., Atmani, D. (2016). Hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects of Pistacia lentiscus leaf and fruit extracts. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(3), 653-669. [CrossRef]
• [61] Rehman, M.S.U., Kamran, S.H., Ahmad, M., Akhtar, U. (2015). Anti-diabetic activity of crude Pistacia lentiscus in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 10(3), 543-547. [CrossRef]
• [62] Vuorinen, A., Seibert, J., Papageorgiou, V.P., Rollinger, J.M., Odermatt, A., Schuster, D., Assimopoulou, A.N. (2015). Pistacia lentiscus Oleoresin: Virtual Screening and Identification of Masticadienonic and Isomasticadienonic Acids as Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1. Planta Medica, 81(6), 525–532. [CrossRef]
• [63] Ammari, M., Othman, H., Hajri, A., Sakly, M., Abdelmelek, H. (2018). Pistacia lentiscus oil attenuates memory dysfunction and decreases levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 140, 140–147. [CrossRef]
• [64] Dedoussis, G.V., Kaliora, A.C., Psarras, S., Chiou, A., Mylona, A., Papadopoulos, N.G., Andrikopoulos, N. K. (2004). Antiatherogenic effect of Pistacia lentiscus via GSH restoration and downregulation of CD36 mRNA expression. Atherosclerosis, 174(2), 293-303. [CrossRef]
• [65] Djerrou Z. (2014). Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Pistacia lentiscus fatty oil in egg yolk-fed rabbits: a comparative study with simvastatin. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 12(8), 561–566. [CrossRef]
• [66] Triantafyllou, A., Chaviaras, N., Sergentanis, T.N., Protopapa, E., Tsaknis, J. (2007). Chios mastic gum modulates serum biochemical parameters in a human population. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1), 43–49. [CrossRef]
• [67] Azaizeh, H., Halahleh, F., Abbas, N., Markovics, A., Muklada, H., Ungar, E.D., Landau, S.Y. (2013). Polyphenols from Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea latifolia impair the exsheathment of gastro-intestinal nematode larvae. Veterinary Parasitology, 191(1-2), 44–50. [CrossRef]
• [68] Ezz Eldin, H.M., Badawy, A.F. (2015). In vitro anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of Pistacia lentiscus mastic and Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 39(3), 465–473. [CrossRef]
• [69] Saric, T., Rogosic, J., Zupan, I., Beck, R., Bosnic, S., Sikic, Z., Skobic, D., Tkalcic, S. (2015). Anthelmintic effect of three tannin-rich Mediterranean shrubs in naturally infected sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 123(1), 179-182. [CrossRef]
• [70] Maaroufi, Z., Cojean, S., Loiseau, P.M., Yahyaoui, M., Agnely, F., Abderraba, M., Mekhloufi, G. (2021). In vitro antileishmanial potentialities of essential oils from Citrus limon and Pistacia lentiscus harvested in Tunisia. Parasitology Research, 120(4), 1455–1469. [CrossRef]
• [71] Oliveira, M., Lima, C.S., Ketavong, S., Llorent-Martínez, E.J., Hoste, H., Custódio, L. (2021). Disclosing the bioactive metabolites involved in the in vitro anthelmintic effects of salt-tolerant plants through a combined approach using PVPP and HPLC-ESI-MSn. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-17. [CrossRef] |
• [72] Kaliora, A.C., Stathopoulou, M.G., Triantafillidis, J.K., Dedoussis, G.V., Andrikopoulos, N.K. (2007). Alterations in the function of circulating mononuclear cells derived from patients with Crohn's disease treated with mastic. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(45), 6031–6036. [CrossRef]
• [73] He, M.L., Chen, W.W., Zhang, P.J., Jiang, A.L., Fan, W., Yuan, H.Q., Liu, W.W., Zhang, J.Y. (2007). Gum mastic increases maspin expression in prostate cancer cells. Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 28(4), 567–572. [CrossRef]
• [74] He, M.L., Li, A., Xu, C.S., Wang, S.L., Zhang, M.J., Gu, H., Yang, Y.Q., Tao, H.H. (2007). Mechanisms of antiprostate cancer by gum mastic: NF-kappaB signal as target. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 28(3), 446–452. [CrossRef]
• [75] Dimas, K., Hatziantoniou, S., Wyche, J. H., Pantazis, P. (2009). A mastic gum extract induces suppression of growth of human colorectal tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. In vivo, 23(1), 63–68.
• [76] Magkouta, S., Stathopoulos, G.T., Psallidas, I., Papapetropoulos, A., Kolisis, F.N., Roussos, C., Loutrari, H. (2009). Protective effects of mastic oil from Pistacia lentiscus variation chia against experimental growth of lewis lung carcinoma. Nutrition and Cancer, 61(5), 640–648. [CrossRef]
• [77] Doi, K., Wei, M., Kitano, M., Uematsu, N., Inoue, M., Wanibuchi, H. (2009). Enhancement of preneoplastic lesion yield by Chios Mastic Gum in a rat liver medium-term carcinogenesis bioassay. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 234(1), 135–142. [CrossRef]
• [78] Abidi, A., Aissani, N., Sebai, H., Serairi, R., Kourda, N., Ben Khamsa, S. (2017). Protective Effect of Pistacia lentiscus Oil Against Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress in Rat. Nutrition and Cancer, 69(3), 490–497. [CrossRef]
• [79] Xanthis, V., Fitsiou, E., Voulgaridou, G.P., Bogadakis, A., Chlichlia, K., Galanis, A., Pappa, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(1), 127. [CrossRef]
• [80] Benamar, H., Rached, W., Derdour, A., Marouf, A. (2010). Screening of Algerian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(1), 1-9. [CrossRef]
• [81] Djerrou, Z., Maameri, Z., Hamdi-Pacha, Y., Serakta, M., Riachi, F., Djaalab, H., Boukeloua, A. (2010). Effect of virgin fatty oil of Pistacia lentiscus on experimental burn wound's healing in rabbits. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines: AJTCAM, 7(3), 258–263. [CrossRef]
• [82] Khedir, S.B., Bardaa, S., Chabchoub, N., Moalla, D., Sahnoun, Z., Rebai, T. (2017). The healing effect of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil on laser burn. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1407–1414. [CrossRef]
• [83] Mezni, F., Miled, K., Khaldi, A., Larbi Khouja, M., Boubaker, S., Maaroufi, A. (2020). Wound healing effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. seed oil: confirmation of its uses in Mediterranean traditional medicine. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 19(3), 314-320.
• [84] Hemida, H., Doukani, K., Zitouni, A., Miloud, B., Beggar, H., Bouhenni, H. (2021). Assessment of wound healing activity of ethanolic extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves and Quercus ilex L. bark in full thickness skin excision in rats. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 1-9. [CrossRef]
• [85] Kishimoto, R., Kato, N., Koike, M., Iwashita, N., Takagi, Y., Fukuyama, T. (2021). Topical treatment with mastic (resin from Pistacia lentiscus) elicits anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic responses by modulating keratinocyte activation in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis. Phytomedicine, 91, 153679. [CrossRef]
• [86] Elloumi, W., Mahmoudi, A., Ortiz, S., Boutefnouchet, S., Chamkha, M., Sayadi, S. (2022). Wound healing potential of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Pistacia lentiscus distilled leaves in rats model. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 146, 112574. [CrossRef]
• [87] Pepe, A.E., Lelovas, P., Pachi, V.K., Halabalaki, M., Galanos, A., Mikou, P., Poutos, D.P., Papadomichelakis, G., Kourkoulis, S., Pasiou, E., Mitakou, S., Karatzas, T., Triantafyllou, A., Dontas, I.A. (2021). Chios Mastic Gum Consumption Has a Protective Effect on Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Rats. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 26(2), 166–176. [CrossRef]
• [88] Djerrou, Z., Djaalab, H., Riachi, F., Serakta, M., Chettoum, A., Maameri, Z., Boutobza, B., Hamdi-Pacha, Y. (2013). Irritantcy potential and sub acute dermal toxicity study of Pistacia lentiscus fatty oil as a topical traditional remedy. African journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines, 10(3), 480–489. [CrossRef]
• [89] Benalia, N., Boumechhour, A., Ortiz, S., Echague, C. A., Rose, T., Fiebich, B. L., Chemat, S., Michel, S., Deguin, B., Dahamna, S., Boutefnouchet, S. (2021). Identification of alkylsalicylic acids in Lentisk oil (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and viability assay on Human Normal Dermal Fibroblasts. Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 28, 22. [CrossRef]