Association Between Smoking Exposure and Obesity in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 19 - 27, 25.08.2020

Gülşen Göney , Cengiz Gazeloğlu , Mustafa Nal

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity and smoking, has become a public health concern and both of them are like a treated disease increasing every day. Tobacco smoke is the most important source of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. The chemicals that cause obesity, called obesogen, are quite new and important research topic. Objective: Past decade study results show that toxic chemical substance exposure increased obesity prevalence. This study aim to investigate smoking, obesity, and their relationship in Turkey.
Methods: Study designed as cross sectional analysis of a survey. The 25‑question survey was administered to man. The 31‑question survey was administered to female. Body Mass Index was calculated and subjects were classified as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese according to WHO criteria. Also smoking status in study group were also recorded. The datas were analyzed using SPSS.
Results: The research group consists of 406 (205 female, 201 male) (Mage 38,51±8.33) adult and between the ages of 18-65 years old (Male Mage=40.28±8.39; Female Mage=36.77±7.92). Results of this study 44.03% of adults were obese, 36.8% smoked, and 18.0% smoked and were obese. The relationship between cigarettes smoked and body-mass index was non-significant (p>0.05).
Conclusions and Recommendations: This is a seminal study to evaluate the possible risk of obesity in Turkish smokers. In the futue a new studies should be made in Turkey aimed to investigate the relationship passive smoking exposure and obesity.

Keywords

Tobacco products, Smoking, Obesogens, Obesity

Türkiye’de Sigara Maruziyeti ve Obezite İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Giriş: Obezite ve sigara içimi önemli birer halk sağlığı sorunu olup etkilenen kişi sayısı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Sigara içimi toksik ve karsinojenik kimyasallara maruziyetin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Obezojen olarak adlandırılan obeziteye neden olan kimyasallar oldukça yeni ve önemli araştırma konuları arasındadır.
Amaç: Son on yılda yapılan araştırmalar toksik kimyasallara maruziyetin obezite yaygınlığını arttırdığını göstermiştir. Sunulan çalışma Türkiye’de sigara maruziyeti ve obezite ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışma kesitsel anket çalışması olarak planlanmıştır. Erkek bireylere 25 soru kadınlara ise 31 soru içeren anketler uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan tüm gönüllülerin Beden Kitle Indeksı hesaplanarak Dünya Sağlık Örgütü kriterlerine göre zayıf, normal, aşırı kilolu ve obez şeklinde kategorilere ayrılmıştır. Ayrıca sigara alışkanlıkları da kayıt altına alınmıştır. Veriler SPSS programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışma grubu 18-65 yaş aralığında erkekler için 40.28±8.39, kadınlar için 36.77±7.92 ve tüm çalışma grubunda ise yaş ortalaması 38.51±8.33 olan 406 (205 kadın, 201 erkek) kişiden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre yetişkinlerin %44.03’ü obez, %36.8’i sigara içen ve %18’i ise hem sigara içen hem de obeziteye sahip kişiler olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, sigara içimi ve beden kitle indeksi arasındaki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığını göstermiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç ve Öneriler: Sunulan çalışma Türkiye’de yetişkinlerde sigara içimi ile obezite arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirildiği ilk çalışma olma özelliğindedir. Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre Türkiye’de yetişkinlerde sigara içimi ve obezite arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Sigaranın obezojenik etkisinin değerlendirilmesi için pasif maruziyetin etkilerini de araştıran yeni çalışmaların yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

Tütün ürünleri, Sigara, Obezojenler, , Obezite

References

• Amisola, R. V., & Jacobson, M. S. (2003). Physical activity, exercise, and sedentary activity: Relationship to the causes and treatment of obesity. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 14(1), 23.
• Behl, M., Rao, D., Aagaard, K., Davidson, T. L., Levin, E. D., Slotkin, T. A., ... & Thayer, K. A. (2012). Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: a national toxicology program workshop review. Environmental health perspectives, 121(2), 170-180.
• Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Paccaud, F., & Cornuz, J. (2008). Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(4), 801-809.
• Courtemanche, C., Tchernis, R., & Ukert, B. (2018). The effect of smoking on obesity: Evidence from a randomized trial. Journal of health economics, 57, 31-44.
• Dare, S., Mackay, D. F., & Pell, J. P. (2015). Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population. PloS one, 10(4), e0123579.
• Gao, Y. J., Holloway, A. C., Zeng, Z. H., Lim, G. E., Petrik, J. J., Foster, W. G., & Lee, R. M. (2005). Prenatal exposure to nicotine causes postnatal obesity and altered perivascular adipose tissue function. Obesity research, 13(4), 687-692.
• Ginawi, I. A., Bashir, A. I., Alreshidi, Y. Q., Dirweesh, A., Al-Hazimi, A. M., Ahmed, H. G., ... & Ahmed, M. H. (2016). Association between obesity and cigarette smoking: A community-based study. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 6(5), 149-153.
• Göney G. (2019). Maternal sigara maruziyeti çocukluk döneminde obezojenik etkili midir? Turkish Journal of Public Health, 17(2):217-220.
• Göney, G. (2016). Obesogens, International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Nutrition Research, 56-70.
• Grün, F., & Blumberg, B. (2006). Environmental obesogens: organotins and endocrine disruption via nuclear receptor signaling. Endocrinology, 147(6), s50-s55.
• Grün, F., & Blumberg, B. (2007). Perturbed nuclear receptor signaling by environmental obesogens as emerging factors in the obesity crisis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 8(2), 161-171.
• Grün, F., & Blumberg, B. (2009). Endocrine disrupters as obesogens. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 304(1-2), 19-29.
• Healton, C. G., Vallone, D., McCausland, K. L., Xiao, H., & Green, M. P. (2006). Smoking, obesity, and their co-occurrence in the United States: cross sectional analysis. Bmj, 333(7557), 25-26.
• Irigaray, P., Ogier, V., Jacquenet, S., Notet, V., Sibille, P., Méjean, L., ... & Yen, F. T. (2006). Benzo [a] pyrene impairs β‐adrenergic stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis and causes weight gain in mice: A novel molecular mechanism of toxicity for a common food pollutant. The FEBS journal, 273(7), 1362-1372.
• Johnson, M. D., Kenney, N., Stoica, A., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Singh, B., Chepko, G., ... & Reiter, R. (2003). Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland. Nature medicine, 9(8), 1081.
• Kaats, G. R., Blum, K., Fisher, J. A., & Adelman, J. A. (1996). Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study. Current Therapeutic Research, 57(10), 747-756.
• Kaats, G. R., Blum, K., Pullin, D., Keith, S. C., & Wood, R. (1998). A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: a replication and extension of a previous study. Current Therapeutic Research, 59(6), 379-388.
• Kieser, J. A., Groeneveld, H. T., & Da Silva, P. C. (1997). Dental asymmetry, maternal obesity, and smoking. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102(1), 133-139.
• Lv, J., Chen, W., Sun, D., Li, S., Millwood, I. Y., Smith, M., ... & Tan, Y. (2015). Gender-specific association between tobacco smoking and central obesity among 0.5 million Chinese people: the China Kadoorie Biobank Study. PloS one, 10(4), e0124586.
• Marrero, M. B., Lucas, R., Salet, C., Hauser, T. A., Mazurov, A., Lippiello, P. M., & Bencherif, M. (2010). An α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist reduces weight gain and metabolic changes in a mouse model of diabetes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 332(1), 173-180.
• McConnell, R., Gilliland, F., Goran, M., Allayee, H., Hricko, A., & Mittelman, S. (2016). Does near-roadway air pollution contribute to childhood obesity?. Pediatric obesity, 11(1), 1.
• Newbold, R. R., Padilla‐Banks, E., Snyder, R. J., & Jefferson, W. N. (2007). Perinatal exposure to environmental estrogens and the development of obesity. Molecular nutrition & food research, 51(7), 912-917.
• Newbold, R. R., Padilla-Banks, E., & Jefferson, W. N. (2009). Environmental estrogens and obesity. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 304(1-2), 84-89.
• Onakpoya, I., Posadzki, P., & Ernst, E. (2013). Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obesity reviews, 14(6), 496-507.
• Oken, E., Levitan, E. B., & Gillman, M. W. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of obesity, 32(2), 201-210.
• Padilla, M. A., Elobeid, M., Ruden, D. M., & Allison, D. B. (2010). An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99-02. International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(9), 3332-3347.
• Power, C., & Jefferis, B. J. (2002). Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: a study of maternal smoking. International journal of epidemiology, 31(2), 413-419.
• Sun, Q., Yue, P., Deiuliis, J. A., Lumeng, C. N., Kampfrath, T., Mikolaj, M. B., ... & Brook, R. D. (2009). Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Circulation, 119(4).
• Sun, M., Jiang, Y., Sun, C., Li, J., Guo, X., Lv, Y., ... & Jin, L. (2019). The associations between smoking and obesity in northeast China: a quantile regression analysis. Scientific reports, 9(1), 3732.
• Tomasi, D., Wang, G. J., Wang, R., Backus, W., Geliebter, A., Telang, F., ... & Volkow, N. D. (2009). Association of body mass and brain activation during gastric distention: implications for obesity. PloS one, 4(8), e6847.
• Toschke, A., Koletzko, B., Slikker, W., Hermann, M., & von Kries, R. (2002). Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. European journal of pediatrics, 161(8), 445-448.
• Watanabe, T., Tsujino, I., Konno, S., Ito, Y. M., Takashina, C., Sato, T., ... & Nakamura, H. (2016). Association between smoking status and obesity in a nationwide survey of Japanese adults. PloS one, 11(3), e0148926.
• Wenger, D., Gerecke, A. C., Heeb, N. V., Schmid, P., Hueglin, C., Naegeli, H., & Zenobi, R. (2009). In vitro estrogenicity of ambient particulate matter: contribution of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 29(3), 223-232.
• Wilson, B. E., & Gondy, A. (1995). Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 28(3), 179-184.
• Winsløw, U. C., Rode, L., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2015). High tobacco consumption lowers body weight: a Mendelian randomization study of the Copenhagen General Population Study. International journal of epidemiology, 44(2), 540-550.
• World Health Organization. (2019). Health Topics Obesity 2019. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/
• Xu, X., Liu, C., Xu, Z., Tzan, K., Zhong, M., Wang, A., ... & Sun, Q. (2011). Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution induces insulin resistance and mitochondrial alteration in adipose tissue. Toxicological Sciences, 124(1), 88-98.
• Yan, Z., Zhang, H., Maher, C., Arteaga-Solis, E., Champagne, F. A., Wu, L., ... & Miller, R. L. (2014). Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, adiposity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ methylation in offspring, grand-offspring mice. PloS one, 9(10), e110706.
• Yeh, H. C., Duncan, B. B., Schmidt, M. I., Wang, N. Y., & Brancati, F. L. (2010). Smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Annals of internal medicine, 152(1), 10.